Somatoform Disorder

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Somatoform disorder is someone who appears to have a physical medical ailment but doctors cannot find the origin of the illness. For something to categorize as a Somatoform Disorder, the physical symptoms must be serious enough to interfere with the patients employment or relationships, and must be symptoms that are not under the patients voluntary control. In general, somatoform disorder deals with the physical aspects of unknown illnesses, and on the other hand, dissociative disorders deal with the patient's sense of identity or memory. There are seven different kinds of somatoform disorders, each with their own description, or way to be identified. The major problem with somatoform disorders is that it is very hard to recognize and treat because the illness is well camouflaged to appear like normal illnesses. This would create situations where people are being treated for sicknesses that they do not really have, which is an overuse medical services and resources.

The Different Sub-Disorders

Somatization disorder, used to be known as Briquets syndrome since he was the man who first recognized it, require four symptoms of pain, two symptoms in the digestive tract, one symptom involving the sexual organs, and one symptom related to the nervous system. Somatization disorder is a chronic disorder that is persistent throughout a person's life and is likely to appear in families.

Conversion disorder is a condition that the patients senses, ability to walk, or move are impaired without a medical, neurological disease, or cause. Instead, psychological factors are believed to be the causes. Typically, the disorders appear when the patient is under stress or trauma and the disorder rears its head to try to get the patient out of the situation. When speaking of conversion disorders, doctors may refer to the primary or secondary gain, which is the effect that the disorder has on the patient's lives.

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Pain disorder is where the patient suffers from chronic headaches, back problems, arthritis, muscle aches and cramps, or pelvic pain. In some cases, the pain comes from psychological factors only, and in other cases, there is a mix of psychological factors, and an actual medical condition. Sadly, this disorder is relatively common in the United States because of the frequency of work-related injuries.

Hypochondriasis, formerly known as hypochondriacal neurosis, is where the someone has excessive fear or preoccupation with having a serious illness in spite of medical testing and reassurance.

Body dysmorphic disorder is the preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in one's appearance. The patient can be preoccupied with any part of the body, but typically would be with the face, hands, or their breast or genitals. Is probably the only somatoform disorder where men and women have equal occurrences of the disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder is a relatively new category in DSM-IV

There have been many theories as to what the causes of the disorders are. Family stress is believed the most common cause of these disorders in children and adolescents. Somatization disorder and hypochondriasis may surface from the patients unconscious reflection of parent's behaviors. This is likely if the patients parent derived secondary gain from their symptoms.

Somatoform disorders patients can be given antianxiety or antidepressant drugs if diagnosed with mood or anxiety disorder. However, most believe that it is better not to give the patients any drugs as treatment, but in some cases, it has been very successful. Alternative treatment such as acupuncture, hydrotherapy, therapeutic massage, meditation, botanical medicine, and homeopathic treatment can help people with pain or somatization disorders would be able to ease their pain, and soul in some situations.

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Children's Minds – Margaret Donaldson

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Donaldson states in the preface of the book that her aim is to present "the evidence (that) now compels us to reject certain features of Jean Piaget's theories of intellectual development." The book does offer supporting evidence and discussions regarding this rejection of some of his foundational assumptions and conclusions but also carries out an in-depth analysis and review of the education system and practices in the United Kingdom, together with discussion and critique of other leading theorists, for example Chomsky. These additional subjects increase the scope of the book from a review of Piagetian theories to a broader review of development psychology.

The book asks a series of questions to develop its initial argument from the school playground until returning to the school playground at the end of the book. It starts with a review of the state of children's education in the UK, with a suggestion that the education system for younger children (infant and junior) succeeds admirably to turn out enthusiastic, self-confident children who enjoy their educational experience. It then looks at the senior school system, which it suggests, in most cases turns out disillusioned children who take their failure at school into their adult lives. It also exposes unhappy teachers who blame the intellect, or lack of, on the children's minds, rather than their teaching or the education system itself.

A number of Piaget's theories are discussed throughout the book. These include egocentricity, decentring, object permanence, class inclusion and conservationism, for which it provides examples of other research that suggests that Piaget grossly underestimated the children's abilities by using unnecessarily complicated experiments, which did not make 'human sense' to the participants and therefore did not achieve the results possible. Donaldson believes that "children are not at any stage as egocentric as Piaget has claimed".

Language is discussed in detail and includes the various theories of language from the early associationist philosophy of speech, to later in the 60's, Chomsky's theories that humans were equipped with a 'Language Acquisition Device', which is an innate Universal Grammar tool. It is theorised that this LAD innately knew the generic rules of grammar of human speech. Later in the 170's John McNamara theorises that children make sense of what people do and then add language, as follows

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"The primary thing is now held to be the grasp of meaning the ability to 'make sense' of things, and above all to make sense of what people do, which of course includes what people say. On this view, it is the child's ability to interpret situations which makes it possible for him, through active processes of hypothesis-testing and inference, to arrive at a knowledge of language". It is further shown that the ability to develop language may help their reasoning.

Clark Hull's proposition is discussed, that reasoning lies in the "putting together of two 'behavioural segments' in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal". Donaldson questions this definition, but goes about proving that 5-year-old children are capable of the logic demanded by this task, albeit in a manner designed to make sense to the participants.

The book explores the concept of 'Human sense' in some detail. It proposes that the better you are at tackling problems without having to be sustained by human sense the more likely you are to succeed in our education system. People who use hands are adjudged failures or they have refused to live by the intellectual demands of education. This non-intellectual apartheid could be because the education system is not set up to develop the aptitude or the taste for intellectual schooling in many young people. Without this set-up, children in education, it is reported, grow bored and disillusioned, if they are unable to achieve the competence and results they desire. It is shown that you cannot educate by reward, by punishment or by letting children educate themselves, so what is left? The book highlights a major dilemma, which is how to intellectually stimulate the majority of the populace to want to be intellectually educated. It is only a small minority of pupils that reach intellectual competence. It is reported that it may be the convenience of having failures, in essence, to do the manual labour and non-intellectual work that is why society has not strived to change the system. A young educated population would not be easy to employ on present production lines.

The book is written in a scientific format and is aimed at an educated audience of psychologists, other professionals involved in development, educationalists and perhaps concerned parents. Although the book is not written in the most gripping prose, the ideas and the enthusiasm with which they are conveyed, make it a compelling read.

It was written to introduce a number of alternative concepts, theories and viewpoints to Piaget's commonly accepted theories. The book achieves this admirably, including details of a number of experiments by different psychologists, expanding on experimental matter completed by Piaget. These experiments expand on Piaget's work and are generally carried out in a more 'Human Sense' and are designed for the children in a more thoughtful manner. It does not present a new theory but is a critique of accepted ideas, which, Donaldson feels should be re-evaluated.

Considering that this study of Piaget was the main intention of the book, it wanders through other developmental psychology theories and into education. Because of this wandering, the book is perhaps a little confused and possibly a little hard to logically follow.

Aside from these trivial reservations it is an outstanding book, which proposes some interesting theories and ideas and offers a new approach to many of the previously held Piagetian views in developmental psychology. It is a 'must read' for anyone interested in childhood, Piagetian psychological theories and more than that for anyone who is concerned about the education system in general.

END

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Anti legalization of marijuana

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Dear Congressman, I am honored to be writing to you on such a significant topic of national concern. Average citizens are annoyed and just plain fatigued with the drugs and crime problems in America. These upright citizens, that contribute to the growth of American society, are being told that legalization is a reasonable alternative to dealing with these problems in their communities. Legalization of any drug is not a positive way to fight crime. In fact, there is no legitimate reason to legalize drugs. The Legalization of marijuana is the starting point of the pro-legalization of drugs movement. The issue of legalizing marijuana is truly a controversial one, and certainly one that requires a plethora of considerations at the top levels of the legislative branch. When considering the possibility of legalizing marijuana as a recreational drug, there are a number of concerns that come to mind. Is marijuana physically harmful to the user? Is marijuana an addictive drug? Does the use of marijuana lead to dependency situations? Does it act as gateway to more hazardous drugs? Does the notion of legalizing marijuana send an immoral, wrong message to the youth of America? Mr. Congressman, the answer to all these questions is YES. According to the DEA (18), the supreme ruler of drug knowledge in America, there are over 10,000 scientific studies that prove marijuana is a harmful and addictive drug. Yet there is no reliable study that proves marijuana has any medical value. Marijuana is an unstable mixture of over 45 chemicals, which when smoked are converted to over thousands. Most of these are toxic, psychoactive chemicals which are unstudied and appear in uncontrolled strengths. Marijuana leads to many different consequences depending on the personality and general characteristics of the individual using the drug. These may include, but are not limited to premature cancer, addiction, coordination and perception impairment, mental disorders, hostility and increased aggressiveness, general unconcern of life, memory loss, reproductive disabilities, and impairment to the immune system. Marijuana is currently up to 5 times more potent than it was in the 160s, which makes the drug even more addictive. In 14, a U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that marijuana should remain a Schedule I drug highly addictive with no medical usefulness. Marijuana is a harmful substance. The use of marijuana for the purposes of intoxication leads to a number of serious health risks. Research has proven that marijuana damages short term memory, distorts perceptions, impairs complex motor skills, alters the heart rate, can lead to severe anxiety, and can cause paranoia and lethargy. A condition called Amotivational syndrome take places after chronic use. It is defined by Dr. Harry Avis (16), professor of psychology as, a condition characterized by a lack of ambition or desire to succeed, presumed to be the result of smoking marijuana. As reported in The Medical Journal of Australia, Marijuana causes birth defects, fetal damage, lung cancer, long-term impairment of memory, schizophrenia, suppression of the immune system, and even leukemia in the children of marijuana-smoking mothers (Nahas & Latour, 1). The National Institute on Drug Abuse (16) reported that the chemicals found in marijuana smoke suppresses the neurons in the information-processing system of the hippocampus. This is the part of the brain that is crucial for learning, memory, and the integration of sensory experiences with emotions and motivation. Marijuana, should it be legalized, would ruin many Americans abilities to learn, and would abruptly decay the development and progress of the American Society. Marijuana is dangerous, and it is more dangerous than it ever has been. The federal Drug Abuse Warning Network, or DAWN, claims that recent statistics show increases in the number of patients mentioning marijuana in hospital emergency rooms (The Marijuana Debate Goes On, 18). Inexperienced users may suffer acute anxiety the first time they use it. This could be a direct result of the increase in potency of marijuana. Growers have access to the latest agricultural technologies and scientific methods which enable them to grow more powerful marijuana. Growers have become extremely sophisticated about developing varieties of marijuana with high concentrations of THC (Is Marijuana Dangerous? Is It Addictive?, 15). THC, or Delta--tetrahydrocannabinol is one of the 400 chemicals in marijuana. It accounts for most of marijuanas psychoactive, or mind-altering, effects (Facts About Marijuana and Marijuana Abuse, 16). The levels of THC found in the modern drug markets marijuana are much higher than they have ever been. The concentration of THC will keep increasing in the future. This directly leads to more and stronger addictions to marijuana. One argument that the pro-legalization movement pleads is that there are thousands of legal medical drugs on the market that have possible side effects that can be dangerous to the user. One effect can be dependency and addiction to prescription drugs. Now, sure there are perception drugs on the market that are potentially dangerous to the person taking the drugs, but their effects are nothing compared to that of marijuana. Such a comparison can be made with a knife and a gun. Both are potentially lethal and dangerous. Just being careless with a knife can result in death or injury, but with the gun, all one has to be is stupid enough to mess with it. Also, recreational marijuana users are not taking marijuana under a doctors supervision, or taking a prescribed dosage from a pharmacist. This argument is by no means grounds for possible consideration of legalizing marijuana. The addictive ability of marijuana has been studied and discussed for some time now. Many studies have transpired to verify these addictive effects. It is said that marijuana is not physically addictive but is psychologically addictive. None the less, there are obvious signs that marijuana users become addicted in some manner. Nationwide about 100,000 people a year seek treatment to get off marijuana, according to Alan I. Leshner, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Is Marijuana Dangerous? Is It Addictive, 15). Dr. David Smith, founder of Haight-Ashbury Free Clinics in San Francisco, says that, the clinics there treat about 100 youths a month who seek help with marijuana dependency (Is Marijuana Dangerous? Is It Addictive, 15). Most people probably arent aware, but an organization called Marijuana Anonymous actually exists. The only requirement for membership is a desire to stop using marijuana. Such an organization would not exist if addiction and dependency were not associated with marijuana use. The physically harmful and addictive effects of marijuana should be grounds enough to stop the legalization campaigns. We need to stay focused though, on a much more critical problem our nation faces with this pro-drug crusade. That is protecting the American children from throwing their lives away on drugs. If marijuana were legalized with restrictions, similar to the age restrictions on tobacco and alcohol, the use of marijuana by children under such an age would increase. If its legal, children would get the notion that it isnt harmful. The physical effects of marijuana mentioned previously are much more dangerous to the youths of America, whos minds and bodies have not even finished developing. The Office of National Drug Control Policys Statement on Marijuana for Medical Purposes (17) says, marijuana use among kids has increased 78 percent in the last four years alone. With drug use by young people increasing, we must not send a mixed message to our youth about the dangers of marijuana. The recent proposals for legalization and the medical usage laws are sending messages to the American children that it is ok to smoke pot. And it simply is not. Our nations goals must be to reduce, not promote the use of illicit drugs by our children. Marijuana is the first step that children take into the dark world of drug abuse. It acts as a gateway to more serious problems. The idea is that cocaine and heroin users dont just start out with cocaine and heroin. They start with drugs like marijuana that are easier to get, to try, and are less legally offensive. According to the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (18), teens 1-17 who use marijuana are 85 times more likely to use cocaine than non-marijuana users. The CASA president, Joseph A. Califano, says, that the gateway effect means that recent increases in marijuana use among teens will translate into 80,000 more children who will try cocaine in their lifetime, of whom 58,000 will become (narcotics) addicts(The Marijuana Debate Goes on, 18). The number of children that will use cocaine will increase should marijuana be legalized. No-one debates the issue of legalizing cocaine. And no one should. Cocaine, heroin, crack, and every other illicit drug out there should all remain illegal too. There is no debate about the dangers of these drugs. When local drug dealers know that your younger brother, sister, or child has tried smoking pot they see a new customer for some of their more dangerous drugs. If marijuana is a gateway to hard drugs, it is likely due to its illicit status that the purveyors of pot can put your adolescent in touch with the local crack connection (Clark, 17). These drugs can kill the first time that they are used. There is no dispute about the dangers of addiction and withdrawal that accompany the use of such drugs. Do you want these dealers hassling the children of America? Legalizing marijuana would set us on a slippery slope toward accepting any and all drugs. Many pro-legalization organizations try to compare prohibition of alcohol to the illegal status of marijuana. They try to make claims that marijuana isnt as dangerous as alcohol and should then be legal as well. This argument could be debated for years, supported by scientists with physical studies backing up both sides of the issue. Alcohol is definitely a dangerous and addictive drug. It leads to thousands of deaths a year, be it drunk driving or other crimes executed while intoxicated. It truthfully doesnt matter which drug would eventually be deemed the most dangerous. The fact of the matter is that this pro-legalization argument is not a valid reason to legalize marijuana. The alcohol situation that transpired during the early part of this century was totally different from the current situation with marijuana. Prohibition of alcohol was repealed after just 1 years while prohibition against marijuana has lasted for more than seventy five years. Alcohol prohibition struck directly at tens of millions of Americans of all ages, including many of societies most powerful members. Marijuana prohibition threatens far fewer Americans. Most of which are young and relatively subordinate Americans. Alcohol prohibition was repealed and marijuana prohibition was retained, not because scientists had proved that alcohol was the less dangerous of the various psychoactive drugs, but because of the prejudices and preferences of the majority of Americans. Marijuana has no place in American society. The cost to society of the two legal drugs, alcohol and tobacco, has been and still is enormous. As De Leon (14) puts it, we certainly dont need to add any more problems by increasing the availability of marijuana. Even if it is relatively ineffective, we have developed social control over the use of legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. Among most drinkers, solitary drinking, drinking and driving, and being intoxicated are socially sanctioned, while drinking moderately with family and friends and taking precautions about driving are encouraged. No such controls prevail over marijuana or any other drugs. (Avis, 16). Marijuana should remain illegal because of the enormous number of side effects and the addictions that result from use. The illegality of drugs helps to discourage at least some people from trying them. Making marijuana widely available would undoubtedly increase at least experimental use, and given the stronger potency of modern marijuana, most users would go on to develop abuse-related problems (MacCaoun, 1). Marijuana is still a drug! That fact can not be changed no matter how many people vote on it. Drugs lead to Crime. And Crime breaks down society. Average citizens, fed up with crime and drugs, are being told that legalization is a reasonable alternative. As Thomas A. Constantine, administrator for the DEA, puts it (Speaking Out, 1), legalization is not an alternative, but rather a surrender which will reduce our quality of life. Health and social costs associated with the increased availability of marijuana would break our economy. Crime would not decrease. The moral fiber of our country would be ripped apart.

Bibliography

Works Cited Avis, Harry. (16). Drugs & Life. Chicago Brown & Benchmark. 17-156, 45-65. Clark, Thomas W. (17, May/June). Keep Marijuana Illegal. Humanist, 57, p. 14. De Leon, G. (14). Some Problems with the anti-prohibitionist position on the legalization of drugs. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 1-7,14. Is Marijuana Dangerous? Is It Addictive?... (15, July 8). CQ Researcher, p. 666-667. MacCoun, R. (1). Drugs and the law A psychological analysis of drug prohibition. Psychological Bulletin, 11, 47-51. Nahas, C.G., & Latour, C. (1). The Human Toxicity of Marijuana. Medical Journal of Australia, 156, 45-47. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (16, May/April). NIDA publication Facts About Marijuana and Marijuana Abuse [Publication posted on the World Wide Web]. Washington, DC. Retrieved April 15, 1 from the World Wide Web http//www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_NOTES/NNVol11N/MarijuanaTearoff.html Office of National Drug Control Policy. (17, August 4). ONDCP publication ONDCP Statement on Marijuana for Medical Purposes [Publication posted on the World Wide Web]. Washington, DC. Retrieved April , 1 from the World Wide Web http//www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/policy/medmj.html Shalala, Donna E. (15, August 18). Say No to Legalization of Marijuana. Wall Street Journal, pp. A10. The Marijuana Debate Goes on. (18, November 0). CQ Researcher, p. 1018-101. U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. (1, February 10). DEA press release DEA Arrests, Seizures Rise in 18 As National Crime Rate Drops [Press Release on the World Wide Web]. Washington, DC. Retrieved April 8, 1 from the World Wide Web http//www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/legaliz/contents.htm U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. DEA publication Say It Straight The Medical Myths of Marijuana [Publication posted on the World Wide Web]. Washington, DC. Retrieved April 8, 1 from the World Wide Web http//www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/sayit/myths.htm U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. DEA publication Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization [Publication posted on the World Wide Web]. Washington, DC. Retrieved April 8, 1 from the World Wide Web http//www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/legaliz/contents.htm

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My Country

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My name is Armine Tadevosyan, age of twenty three.

I have so many things to reveal to you that may be a mystery.

If you guess from what country I am coming,

It will be the key point of being exciting.

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It may be easy to guess or maybe not,

But, if you're smart enough, I'll tell you what.

Just look at my name and ponder a second,

Which derives from the name of my homeland.

You will find my name to be not only neat and old,

But also that it encloses in it all the history of the world.

You may get surprised and ask me how?

I'll jump and open the page of the Bible to show,

A sacred name of a Mountain called Ararat,

Where Noah's ark landed after the 40-day flood.

This holy symbol is another name of my country

Which is very famous as the Ararat Valley.

Oh, a paradise spot, which reminds you of the Garden of Eden,

Which appealed to Noah's family and all creatures he had with him.

It was there where Noah talked to his sons and gave his word,

To make their way into the countries of the world.

Now, my friends, if you have found,

Your ancestors were English, Polish or German,

It's not true, the roots of each of your lineage

Ends up as an Armenian.

Isn't it fantastic? Maybe yes, maybe no,

But it's always fascinating to know about it more.

It's a country with thousands of mountains and stony blocks,

Where people squeeze their bread out of the rocks.

It's a country of Christian religion for 1700 years of age,

Which became the main cause for the nation to appear in a cage.

My land is surrounded by four Moslem countries -

Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran and Iraq, who act as enemies.

This poor country has never experienced any time of peace.

But still, due to our brave fathers and strong faith

It stands firm like a granite artwork piece.

I must shout, proclaim, be proud and boast

That my country was the first that accepted the Heavenly Host.

In 01 we adopted Christianity as a state religion,

Which changed the life of humans even in the dungeon.

And the thousands of old and new churches today

Are the silent witnesses of all these changes from that day.

Oh, I almost forgot, what about the people?

Who live there and make the living simple.

They are people; caring, hospitable and kind,

Whoever meets them once, always keep them in their mind.

They have great love to all nations without exception,

As they realize all of us are God's creation.

So, I hope these things didn't sound to you like an enigma,

It was just about a country,

Which is called ARMENIA.

Please note that this sample paper on My Country is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on My Country, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on My Country will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Evolution of Plate Tectonics

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A central problem in understanding the Earth system is the relationship

between mantle convection and near-surface structure, geophysics and

geochemistry. Unexplained anomalies of the plate tectonics (PT) model are the

postulated mechanism of generating the axial rift valley by upward movement of

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marginal fault blocks, contrary to observations in the Icelandic rift, and the

mechanism by which a postulated broad upwelling plume can yield the required

narrow zone of axial volcanism. These discrepancies are the basis for a

critical reappraisal of other evidence. It is shown that the generation of

oceanic magnetic stripes, which led to the ingenious spreading hypothesis, is

a result of narrowing of a formerly expanded ocean ridge volcanic system, and

resultant sequential cooling of crust and upper mantle, and does not require

ocean floor spreading. An alternative ridge model postulates sub-continent

upwelling, sub-ridge convergent flow and generation of mid-ocean ridge basalt

(MORB) by heterogeneous volatile-promoted melting at sub-axial zones where

oceanic crest is recycled into the mantle. That model is favored by the

results of convection experiments and confirmed by a series of independent

indicators heat flow beneath ridge flanks, coriolis curvature of fracture

zones (FZ), downstream development of convective rolls and near-transform

tectonic rotations. Sub-axial downflow is confirmed by North Atlantic positive

geoid anomalies, by high P-wave velocities deep below the ridge axis, and by

the synclinal flexload structure and compressional stress regime of

near-axial crest. Oceanic island volcanism is attributed to the same process,

crustal recycling at local sites of downflow focused by deep residual masses

that are relatively cold (radioactivity depleted) and viscous (volatile

depleted). The recycling model is confirmed, for both MORB and OIB, and

decompression melting of mantle plumes rejected, on several grounds (1) local

recycling of crest and resultant mantle hydration are indicated by diapirs of

serpentinized mantle along fracture zones and ridge axes; () distinctive

isotopic signatures in oceanic basalt require local recycling of crest and

sediments to the magma source; () the principal oceanic island groups,

exemplified by the Hawaiian islands, lack the positive heat flow anomaly

expected over a plume and are underlain by zones of relatively high seismic

velocities. The proposed local recycling accounts for several previously

puzzling features of global geochemical systems, including the carbon budget,

the lead paradox and the isotopic array of heavy noble gases in oceanic

basalt. Deduced end-member components, defined by isotope ratios, can be

attributed to regionally variable mixtures of upper mantle with terrigenous

and pelagic sediments, subaerial and suboceanic basalt, and with depleted

lower mantle, proposed to have been available during a Pacific-centered

Mesozoic mantle surge. There is no need to appeal to the several currently

favored isolated reservoirs in the upper and lower mantle. Seismic data for

continental ranges, exemplified by the Alpine region, show that the plate

collision model is misleading in view of increasing evidence for upper mantle

deformation by viscous creep. Continental rift systems are re-examined on the

basis that the oceanic axial zone can be traced to the African rifts, via

Afar, and are therefore taken to be a result of a similar dynamic system. It

is shown that dominant upwelling plumes are focused beneath the thick keels of

ancient cratons and that rift systems, typically at craton margins, are

collapse structures in zones of convergence and downflow.

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Kirstie marshall

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· all businesses and organizations, small or large, should allow women to be able to breastfeed at their workplace, but not in the workface. There should be a separate room that can facilitate a breastfeeding mother that allows privacy for a mother to breastfeed or express milk, away from distractions and dangerous situations in the interests of the child businesses and organizations, small or large, should allow women to be able to breastfeed at their workplace, but not in the workface

· . There should be a separate room that can facilitate a breastfeeding mother that allows privacy for a mother to breastfeed or express milk, away from distractions and dangerous situations in the interests of the child

Charlotte was due for a feed so I whacked her on my breast and waked in, sat down and then Gavin(the sergeant of arms) came in and told me there was actually a room set aside…. For me t actually feed her.

· Its not sending a message out to the community that we really want to hear. The government allocates money to breastfeeding so its going against what the government has promoted.

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· For starters, a hungry new baby requires its mother to sit still for about half an hour every two or three hours. Milk production suffers if a mother becomes ill, or doesnt drink enough water, get enough rest and generally avoid stress, an unlikely scenario for a woman trying to juggle a demanding job as well. If the milk supply goes down, the baby becomes fractious and needs to suckle for longer, starting a vicious circle that has driven many a breastfeeding working mother to the bottle.

· How when she working

· New MP Kirstie Marshall became the poster girl for embattled working mothers last week when she was ejected from the Victorian Parliament for breastfeeding her 11-day-old baby during Question Time.

· But mothers of the future may not be grateful for this added pressure to be a lactating superwoman less than two weeks after giving birth. Breastfeeding is difficult enough even for a woman with nothing else to do. For a woman with a full-time job outside the home, it can be a nightmare.

· Bringing a baby into most workplaces would be far more difficult, not because of patriarchal discrimination, but through sheer logistics. You just cannot have babies and children roaming all over most adult work environments, making noise and causing havoc. Working parents who pay dearly for child care will not look kindly on those who treat the office like a free creche. And if you make an exception for nursing mothers, you are discriminating against bottle-feeding mothers

· In the end, those people championing breastfeed in the workplace is right have fallen for a mirage. This is not a symbol is not a symbol of working motherhood. It is the impossible dream Far better to

· maternity leave so that in those precious weeks after giving birth, women can concentrate exclusively on what really matters

· Another modern day issue that has arisen with the evolution of both parents working, is breastfeeding at the workplace and /or providing time for working mothers to express and collect their milk at work. Actually, this should be considered a right of all working mothers. As a matter of fact, there is a large concerted political lobby effort to make this into law. The advantages extend beyond those mentioned above; By allowing mothers to breastfeed or to express their milk at work, job satisfaction and hence productivity will increase to everyones benefit, including the employers

· Linda Pike, mother of two and secretary of a Hertfordshire Womens Institute, understands the relevance of a mother keeping the baby with her when it is impossible to find a babysitterYet, with a salary of £40,000 a year, she believes that an MP can afford to pay someone to take over when she goes off to speak, vote or listen.

· Breastfeeding in public or in appropriate places is fine but I cant take my baby to work with me to breastfeed! Its not about the breastfeeding, its about the fact that shes at work and should be working. Work is no place for a baby and most workplaces dont permit having a baby there. If she wants to be with the child that much then, like the rest of us, she should take maternity leave/time off.

· It is fair to say that it is natural and part of nature. But for some people it is very uncomfortable to have a women with her breast out in public. Even though she can place a cover over her and the baby. The fact is there are places provided for her to take her baby and feed her there. When you have a newborn these are the kind of things you must find out about. Was she going to change on the seat next to her? As for people feeding on buses etc they dont have a choice there is no changing room on a bus

· Maternity leave(PAID) and get to spend time with baby.

· Not everyone take their kids to work.

· could not be able to apply yourself 100% to her job with a baby by her side.

· Some people support breastfeeding but it must be pointed out that u cannot concentrate in the workplace.

· Perhaps in a modern society are to quick to look for east solutions and to judge.

· It is possible to continue breastfeeding the baby after returning to work. Working outside the home is often cited as a reason for the decline in breastfeeding rates around the world because breastfeeding and working outside are seen as mutually exclusive activities. But it has been observed that many working mothers have breastfed their babies successfully while the mother is at work and the baby is at home

· Breastfeed early in the morning.

· Also, breastfeed just before leaving for work and then again when you come back.

· If your place of work is near your home, come back home to breastfeed during breastfeeding breaks.

· Again breastfeed frequently after you come back in the evening.

· At night breastfeed the child as many times as possible.

· If creche facilities are available near to place of work then baby can be fed during breastfeeding breaks.

Express breastmilk during work in a clean container for storage to be given to baby later on or discard to relieve heaviness. This will ensure adequate milk production

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Year

1

Urban

Fieldwork

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Report

Introduction

Perth is the state capital of Western Australia and is located in the south-west corner of the state. It exhibits a strong degree of primacy and includes a number of functional zones. Distinctive urban land uses based on similar functions tend to be arranged in recognisable regions within an urban centre. These zones can be identified by their appearance and dominant activities. These zones include, the Central Business District, the Inner Mixed Zone, Residential areas both established and the newer growth, the Outer Business Districts, Secondary Industrial Areas, Special Purpose Areas and the Rural-Urban Fringe. The land rent mechanism below shows where the zones are economical viable at the distance from the CBD.

A transitional zone is a zone where a mixed pattern of land use is constantly changing. This is evident in two functional zones, the inner mixed zone and the rural urban fringe. As the central business district functions encroach on the older residential areas the inner mixed zone is considered a transition zone. The rural-urban fringe is considered as a transition zone as the residential areas infringe into these rural areas.

The Inner Mixed Zone

This zone surrounds the city centre and is a zone of mixed urban functions such as light industry and poor quality housing. It is also referred to as the blighted zone, or the inner city zone of transition. Its location adjacent to the CBD influences its functional characteristics. It is often one of the oldest areas within the city and contains a range of building stock of varying age and quality. Perths inner mixed zone is made up of the older inner suburbs such as West Perth, Leederville, North Perth, Northbridge and East Perth. Figure 8.8 shows the inner mixed zone location around the CBD.

East Perth is bounded by the railway, river, Bennett and Goderich streets. It was originally an important industrial area with little low quality housing mainly around the poorly drained areas of Claise Brook. The main city drains ran through this area. The opening of the Perth - Midland railway line promoted the growth of small scale light industries along this area. Due to the East Perth redevelopment project, shown in the diagrams below are some residential buildings made as a result of the project, much of the industrial functions have now moved away from this area. Recreational uses are also concentrated in this area with a number of parks such as Haig Park, Wellington Square and Queens Gardens. Gloucester Park and the WACA are found in East Perth. A product of riverside locations, they are now protected by inertia or zoning regulations. Commercial ribbons extend along Hay and Lords streets. There has been an increase in residential density as there have been recent developments in townhouses and apartments. East Perth represents the most heterogeneous part of the inner mixed zone. This is an area of urban blight.

Residential apartments in East Perth

Multistory apartments

West Perth is bounded by the freeway, Kings Park, Thomas Street and the railway. The West Perth subregion contrasts with the landuse patterns of East Perth. It originally was old residential area, but more classy then East Perth. There were large houses on big blocks and this area is now full. There is hardly any residential activity left in the area as the houses have been taken over for offices. A higher class status was enhanced by the inclusion of the parliamentary precinct and associated government offices. Commercial ribbons developed along Hay, Murray and Wellington streets, providing a mix of wholesale, retail and entertainment. The landuse has changed with the transformation of the area to an extension of the central business districts office zone. Small offices in medical, legal, advertising, architectural, engineering and accounting fields find this an ideal location. Figure 8.1 shows office redevelopment in West Perth

Northbridge is bounded by the railway, freeway and Newcastle and Stirling Streets. This was one of Perths original residential areas. There is a wide variety of land uses with smaller retail, entertainment and cultural establishments located here. Northbridges nightlife is shown in the diagrams below of popular nightclubs. This is the most ethnical diverse area of the city. There is evidence of transition e.g. the light industrial buildings along Roe street have been converted to a variety of other functions. Many of the functions are occurring in buildings they were not designed for e.g. offices in old houses. This is an area with semi-intensive residential with many semidetached homes on small blocks. This is Perths cultural centre with the museum, library and art gallery located here and as a result a planned cultural precinct has been developed between William and Beaufort streets.

The church night club

A bar on lake street

Associated with this zone is distinguishing characteristics. These characteristics are typical of inner mixed zones in other Australian cities. These characteristics include

· Intensive land use in a mixture of diverse forms, shown by dissimilar building types, reflecting high land values - less then CBD and more then the rest of the city.

· High degree of accessibility, reflecting a zone in transition between the employment and dormitory areas of the cities.

· Horizontal zonation is evident with functional sub regions.

· Great landuse mix, as the CBD expands into the inner mixed zone it results in a high degree of heterogeneity of land use.

· A mixture of residential and employment functions.

· High day time population, low night time population.

· Very congested with no parks and roads are congested as there is no parking.

· Old and new forms of buildings mixed together, e.g. old style terrace houses alongside newer educational facilities.

The inner mixed zone like all zones have processes which affect the area. Invasion and succession is a major process that affects the inner mixed zone. The process of invasion and succession applies most clearly in the inner mixed zone. Buildings will have deteriorated noticeably with age. The land value increases due to the proximity to the expanding CBD. If the CBD is expanding outwards, office and retail uses will invade on the deteriorated houses which will be renovated and converted to the new function or demolished along with factories and warehouses to make way for these newer functions. As this process continues over time, the invading landuse might be joined by others until they become the dominant function. When this occurs the stage of succession has been reached. The following diagram shows, figure 11.10, how each zone is being invaded

Urban blight is another process that affects the inner mixed zone. The process results in the social and physical deterioration of the inner-city areas. The lower rent to land value properties will deteriorate in anticipation for the invasion of other land uses. This is shown in the diagram below how people neglect their property. Land owners find little economic sense in upgrading or maintaining their property as they expect that they will be forced out due to economic pressures as the property could be worth more if taken over and renovated by a CBD function.

Urban Blight

Urban renewal, both redevelopment and gentrification, is a process in which most of the inner mixed zone has been affected by. Gentrification involves the process of upgrading the socioeconomic status of an inner-city residential area. It is not coordinated, large scale or government led. It is practically evident in Subiaco, Shenton Park and Leederville. Young couples of middle to high socioeconomic status may purchase cheaper homes here so they can renovate or demolish and rebuild them. Redevelopment is a government based process aimed at renewing large residential areas often into multistory apartment flats. A major example of this is the East Perth redevelopment scheme announced by the government in 10. The following picture shows how East Perth is being renewed by the building of new apartments.

Landuse competition is a major process that impacts on the inner mixed zone. Land values are high because of its nearness to the CBD but not as high as the CBD. The process of centralisation occurs as it is uneconomical to have urban functions scattered all over the whole of a hinterland. Conversely, all functions can not be carried out at one location. Functions `fight, in a sense, for the best location where it will profitable and accessible. As a result we get the agglomeration of economic functions in restricted areas. Such agglomeration occurs primarily because it provides a lower cost method to the alternative wide spread distribution. Examples of this include, wholesaling and industry in East Perth, entertainment, cultural and retail in Northbridge and administration and commercial in West Perth.

The Rural Urban Fringe

The rural urban fringe is the outer growing edge of the city located between the built-up area and the rural countryside. Urban and rural functions meet at the rural urban fringe. Its characteristics reflect the pressures which stem from the expansion of the city. Wanneroo, Spearwood, Guilford, Wangara and Middle Swan are some of Perths suburbs which lie in the rural urban fringe. Figure 10.40 shows the rural urban fringe in the swan valley region.

Associated with this zone is distinguishing characteristics. These characteristics include

· Land use conflicts caused by metropolitan overfill.

· Transition area with expanding urban functions moving into farming areas.

· Dynamic zone with land uses constantly changing and a mixture of landuse types.

· Undesirable urban functions such located in this area.

· Conflicts over the undesirable land uses - the `Nimby syndrome.

· Intensive agriculture with viticultural and horticultural activities.

· Space extensive activities such as marinas, wildlife parks, recreational theme parks, golf courses and equestrian centres.

· Strong ethnic concentration.

The boundary of the rural urban fringe is difficult to identify in various areas. It has a land use conflict caused by metropolitan over spill. As it contains the cheapest land, there are undesirable urban functions. These include sewerage treatment plants, waste disposal facilities, airports, military installations and speedways. Intensive agriculture is associated with the rural urban fringe, market gardens, vineyards, orchards and floriculture in particular. Hobby farms are popular in this area. This results in land use competition, where people try to buy the cheapest land in the city for land uses that take up a lot of space, industry and hobby farms for example. In keeping with the concept of the land rent mechanism, the most land intensive and profitable land uses will be in this area.

Land owners are not prepared to spend money on the appearance of their properties as it will not add to the value of the land, resulting in an urban shadow effect where the landowners wait to redevelop their rural holdings or sell to housing estate developers. Figure 11.1 shows the urban shadow on the rural urban fringe. The relatively quiet and natural environment offered by this area will often attract residential functions. This increase in new residential subdivisions can produce conflicts with the existing rural functions. Residential development is not uniform but occurs in pockets of widely dispersed low density housing, usually occupying the more desirable land. This is because of the rapid encroachment of residential and other urban land uses. Invasion and Succession is evident, which is a process that affects the rural urban fringe Residential functions are able to move into this outer region as there has been a significant improvement in the transport technology. With cars people are able to live further from the central business district and still travel to work easily. Now with improved public transport that extends to the outer suburbs such as Joondalup, people are able to use this and reduce the traffic congestion. This is due to functions seeking cheaper or larger land in which to develop. The rural urban fringe has strong ethnic concentrations, mainly Italians, Slovakians and Vietnamese involved with the intensive agriculture.

The rural urban fringe has also has many processes which affect it. Landuse competition is a major process that impacts on the rural urban fringe. This is the cheapest land (per unit area) in the city so land uses which take up a lot of space (e.g. industry, hobby farms) locate here. As the residential zones expand they will invade into the rural urban fringe developers want to take advantage of cheaper land values and build residential properties, often subdividing larger block to build duplex or triplex housing. As the city expands, less intensive land uses and displaced by more intensive ones and these in turn give way to the newly arrived urban functions.

As a result of this land use conflict, invasion and succession is evident. Succession is the complete invasion of a function into an area, as this has only happened to parts of the rural urban fringe, succession isnt a major process. Invasion has occurred quite frequently in area of the rural urban fringe. Farmland on the rural urban fringe is invaded by urban land uses, mainly houses and light industry. As time goes on there is more and more urban land uses and less rural, until eventually succession occurs.

Urban planning is another process that is evident in the rural urban fringe and it is one that has had a big influence. Urban planning attempts to channel the growth of a city in a particular way. The corridor plan of Perth determines where most housing expansion is occurring attracting growth along four main transport arteries radiating from the city centre. Planning is evident from the curvilinear pattern of road networks shown in the aerial photo below. In an attempt to slow traffic down more curvy roads were produced compared to the grid-like road patterns of the older suburbs.

Inertia is a process that affects the rural urban fringe. This resistance to change particularly affects functions that have long been established in the rural urban fringe. A main reason for this is the cost is too great and there could be land use conflicts if moved. Canning Vale prison is an example of how a function isnt moving anywhere. It is a specialised function and the cost associated with the re-location would be too high.

The rural urban fringe is also home to a variety of specialised, space intensive land uses, some of which are relegated to this area due to incompatibility with other urban functions. These land uses include industrial estates, such as that in Wangara, prisons, Canning Vale prison, sewerage treatment plants, water catchment areas and some quarrying.

Conclusion

The inner mixed zone and the rural urban fringe are two functional zones within Perth. They have their own distinctive characteristics for each zone, but share similar processes which affect them. Going on the fieldwork trip around Perths inner mixed zone and rural urban fringe was able to clarify the characteristics and processes of each of these zones. With the changing land uses we are able to see how these two zones are two zones of transition.

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