Vision and the Human Eye

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Shape. Colour. Depth. Brightness. Distance. Which single organ in the human body allows one to perceive these entities? The human eye. The eye is the most important organ in discovering the world around us. Although the eye measures only .5 centimeters in diameter, it can see as far away as a star and as tiny as a grain of sand. It can quickly adjust its focus between distant and near points, even while the head is moving. We use our eyes in everything we do- from reading and working to watching movies and playing games. Therefore, sight is a very precious, and fragile, sense. Though many do not ponder it, the ability to see and see clearly is quite a phenomenon. Here is an explanation of the structure of the human eye, how the eye sees, and some deficiencies that impair proper vision.

THE HUMAN EYE

When compared to the eye of various other species that can only differentiate between light and dark, the human eye is a fairly complex organ. Capable of distinguishing minute variations in shape, colour, and more, this light-sensitive organ is comprised of many different components. The entire eye, often referred to as the eyeball, is safely shielded inside the head. The spherical structure is approximately .5 centimeters in diameter with a pronounced bulge on the front surface. The outer part of the eyeball is consists of three tissue layers. The outermost layer, the sclera, acts as a protective covering. Also located near the sclera in the front of the eyeball are the iris, the pupil, and the cornea. The middle layer is known as the choroid, while the innermost layer is the light sensitive retina. For light to enter the eye and be directed towards the retina, it must pass through the cornea and then the lens. The lens is a flattened sphere compiled of numerous transparent layers of fibers. It is connected to the ciliary muscle. This muscle changes the lens' focal length by flattening the lens or making it more spherically shaped.

HOW WE SEE

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Though it is the organ associated with vision, the eye does not actually do the seeing. That is the task of the brain. In fact, what the eye does is see light rays reflected off of or by objects.

Primarily, light rays enter the eye via the convex cornea. When leaving the cornea, which provides the majority of the refracting power of the eye, the light rays proceed through the aqueous humour and the pupil to the lens. The lens bends the light rays closer together. Next, the ciliary muscle compresses and relaxes to modify the lens shape and, furthermore, change the focal length of the lens. On leaving the lens, the light travels through the vitreous humour, a liquid that maintains the shape of the eyeball and finally reaches the retina. With the help of the light sensitive rod and cone cells, an image is formed on the retina. The retinal image is inverted, so the optic nerve transports the electrical signals from the retina to the brain. There it is reinverted, creating the visual image of the object.

Focusing

If the human eye is capable of viewing a multitude of things, why can't it focus on nearby objects as well as distant ones at the same time? The refracting power of the lens is constantly being modified as the eye moves its focus between objects. Light rays from nearby objects spread out while those from distant objects run almost parallel. Therefore, the lens must greater accommodate for the light rays from nearby objects. As a result of this accommodation, the lens becomes rounder, thicker, and more powerful. When the eye must accommodate for the light rays from distant objects, the lens becomes flatter. It is for this reason that the eye cannot form a distinct image of a nearby object and a distant object at the same time.

Depth Perception

Depth perception is the capability to determine distance and/or thickness of an object. As the eyes are set slightly apart, each eye sees objects from a slightly different angle. Consequently, each eye transmits a slightly different message to the brain through the optic nerve. Each side of the brain receives electrical information to create visual images from each eyeball. Finally, the brain combines all of the electrical information, creating one visual image and providing depth perception. Normal depth perception requires that the eyes work together in a process called fusion or binocular vision. In this process, the eye muscles move the position of the eyeballs so that the light rays entering the eye fall at similar points on each retina. If the images' placements do not coincide with one another, they will be seen as double.

VISION DEFICIENCIES

Many people struggle with their vision from childhood through to old age. That is why vision deficiencies are the most common of all physical disorders. More than 100 million people in the United States wear eyeglasses or contact lenses for correctional purposes, as certain defects of the eye cannot be cured. However, defects such as shortsightedness (Myopia), farsightedness (Hyperopia), and astigmatism can all be corrected with the aid of various lenses. All of these focusing defects can tire and strain the eyes due to the constant adjusting in attempt to refocus images. Eyestrain and headaches are common symptoms of necessary vision correction.

Shortsightedness (Myopia)

Characterized by sharp near vision, but blurry distance vision, Myopia is the most common vision defect and seems to develop in childhood or adolescence. This defect of the eye occurs when the eyeball is too long from front to back and the eye muscles cannot make the lens thinner. As a result, light rays from distant objects meet before the retina. Once the light rays do reach the retina, they form a blurred image. In order to correct Myopia, concave lenses are used. These lenses, which are thinner in the middle than at the edges, bring the light rays together at the retina.

In the 170s, a surgical procedure called radial keratotomy was developed to correct myopia by reshaping the curvature in the cornea. More recently, a procedure entitled LASIK surgery (laser in situ kermatomeleusis) was contrived to perform the same task of lessening the effects of myopia. In this procedure, lasers are used to vapourize part of the cornea, flattening it. However, with LASIK eye surgery, there is a tendency that the myopia will partially return six to twelve months after the surgery. Though these procedures may eliminate the need for corrective lenses, their long-term effects are still unknown.

Farsightedness (Hyperopia)

Hyperopia occurs when the eyeball is too short from front to back. Unless proper accommodation takes place, the light rays from objects at short distances entering the eye meet behind the retina, causing a blurred image. In a normal eye, the lens remains almost flat for distance vision and becomes thicker for focusing nearby objects. However, with hyperopia, the eye muscles cannot make the eye lens thicker, clearly focusing the image. Therefore, a hyperoic eye receives sharp distant images, but blurred near ones. For correction of farsightedness, double convex lenses are used.

Astigmatism

Astigmatism, a defect with which one has the inability to focus light in different planes at one time, is usually the result of a misshapen cornea. Due to the abnormal shape, the light rays from an object do not come together at one specific point on the retina. Instead, some rays focus on the retina, some rays focus before the retina, and some rays focus after the retina. This defect produces blurred vision both nearby and at a distance. To correct this type of problematic vision, doctors prescribe cylindrical corrective lenses. These lenses have greater bending power in one axis than in others.

CONCLUSION

The power and significance of sight is something that is often overlooked until it is affected. However, through knowledge and understanding about vision, human eye, and certain vision deficiencies, one can truly appreciate what it is to see. Whether it is visiting a new city or watching a summer sunset, the ability to see allows us to observe the amazing and exciting world in which we live. No other organ but the eye empowers one to comprehend shape, colour, and brightness. Without sight, how would one easily recognize anything? Sight permits freedom to explore and seek. For that reason, sight is perhaps the most precious sense of all.

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Bradford and winthrop

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Throughout history, readers have been bombarded with tales filled with emotion and designed to make the reader think about what has been said. Through the writer's choice of stylistic and literary devices, a piece of writing can lead a reader in any direction he intends. John Winthrop, in his Model on Christian Charity, attempts to lead his listeners on the path to righteousness through their acts towards others, and through his literary style, the people listening are left with a clear vision of what Winthrop was trying to convey. And Jonathan Edwards, in his Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, is trying to lead his listeners back onto the trail that Winthrop had set out almost one hundred years before. Both Winthrop and Edwards use metaphor extensively throughout their writings, as is evidenced through Winthrop's vision of a "city on a hill" and Edward's extended comparison to the people of earth as being held in God's hand over the fiery pits of hell, and the writer's choice of words allows the reader and/or listener to fully comprehend the message that the writer is trying to convey.

John Winthrop, governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, knew that his new colony came from all walks of life, and that this vast diversity would make unity difficult. In order to give his people a sense of direction, he contrived the notion of the sermon, "A Model on Christian Charity." His most famous words, coming at the conclusion of his sermon, deliver his most poignant message

…the Lord makes it like that of New England. For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if wee shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors for Gods sake… (16).

His reference to a "city on a hill" is a direct reference the Bible, in which "a city that is set on a hill cannot be hid" (Matthew 514-15, p 16). Winthrop wants New England to be a new Israel, one in which all people will see and that will be a guide for all future colonies in America. All eyes, both American and English, as well as the rest of the world, will be watching to see how this new colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, will be able to survive. Winthrop's vision is for a solid, strong community, one that will set the standard for all who are to follow him.

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Winthrop also mentions a certain "shipwreck," one in which the people of his colony must strive to stay in God's grace or be eternally damned. Although not a literal shipwreck, his reference to destruction without salvation is an effective use of both metaphor as well as loaded speech. This reference to a shipwreck would have been, at this point in time, something almost all of his listeners would have been familiar with, especially being that they had just endured a crossing from England to America. There are other, less significant examples of Winthrop's use of metaphor, most notably his reference to love as "a bond of perfection. First, it is a bond or ligament…" (11). Each individual part makes up a whole, and love is the binding that holds everything together.

Writing almost a century after Winthrop, Jonathan Edwards was trying to force his listeners to turn back against their evil ways and return to the path of God. The Puritan man must tread lightly and avoid sins in order to enter the good graces of God. Otherwise, the undeserving man will plunge by God's own hand into the pits of hell. Mercy is not easy to come by, and those sinners who are not embraced by the kingdom of Heaven will live in eternal, painful misery. Jonathan Edwards's sermon was not intended to encourage his congregation, but rather to frighten them into pure submission to an all-powerful God. His point is driven home by Edward's extensive use of figurative language, including several metaphors and similes. The title of the piece alone references to his main metaphor, that of God's hand being the only tiny thread that prevents mere men from an eternity of misery. In effect, Edwards introduces repetition through the continuous use of the idea of man being held in the tenuous grasp of God's hand. In one example of this metaphor, Edwards says

O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have no interest in any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment (504).

Throughout his piece, this one idea, the idea that God's grace is a slippery, non-guaranteed gift, asserts itself time after time. He repeatedly makes mention of each man walking on God's thin hand, a hand which is the only barrier between salvation and damnation. If the man chooses a life of sin, he is released from God's hand into hell, not because of God's wrath, but because of his choices of sin. Edward's God seems to be somewhat indifferent to the fate of the men that tread this dangerous path. He releases or embraces the man only when his actions warrant it. It appears that God plays no part in the fate of men. He says, "Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downwards with great weight and pressure towards hell (50). Each transgression adds to his guilt, and eventually his good qualities weaken under the burden of the sins and can no longer hold him from the pits of hell.

Edwards also uses the metaphor of water. In explanation, he says

The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present; they increase more and more, and rise higher and higher, till an outlet is given; and the longer the stream is stopped, the more rapid and mighty is its course, when once it is let loose. It is true, that judgment against your evil works has not been executed hitherto; the floods of Gods vengeance have been withheld; but your guilt in the mean time is constantly increasing, and you are every day treasuring up more wrath; the waters are constantly rising, and waxing more and more mighty; and there is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, that holds the waters back, that are unwilling to be stopped, and press hard to go forward. If God should only withdraw his hand from the floodgate, it would immediately fly open… (50).

The water is held back by God's hand, and though the pressure continues to raise, God's hands hold back the flood that threaten. Though water can flow slowly over, the pressure continues to rise, and eventually this power will overtake the lives of men. God's hand holds back these floodwaters, and His vengeance is held in check until the guilt of sinners has built up too much pressure for the gate to withstand. At that point, God's hand will loose the waters (his wrath) and allow the dishonorable, sinning men of earth to be washed away.

Winthrop and Edwards both present their positions using metaphors extensively. Although each has his own style, both are trying to achieve the same goal'to turn men to Christ, whether it is before men have fallen, as is Winthrop's case, or whether it is after men have turned to wickedness and corruption and need to be led back to the right path. Each writer leaves the reader/listener with a certain vision in his mind, one of a community that works together in the glory of God or one in which God spares no mercy on the sinners of the world. Their use of metaphor allows their readers to fully comprehend what each is trying to convey'it allows the readers, even readers in today's society, to get a clear grasp of the images of God and his mercy and wrath that permeated their society. Winthrop's use of metaphor helps his listeners understand the significance of bonding together, as everyone will be watching this newly formed society. Edwards' use of metaphor is a scare tactic designed to help his audience see what their choices are leading them to. Both writers effectively create images in the reader's mind what the writer intends for him to see.

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Aboriginies

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Between 1788 and today the relationships between Aboriginal spirituality and Christian tradition have undergone a major development. Initially Christian relations with Aboriginal spirituality was mainly on an anthropological level, if it existed at all. Compassion was shown by men like Lacelot Threlkeld however there was no empathy toward the Aborigines and there was no attempt at understanding them. This came much later and only after great interplay between the two religous schools of thought. As time passed the relationships changed as members of the Christian tradition began to realise and feel responsible for the destruction of the Aboriginal culture. This realisation eventually led to more empathy being shown and to attempts, by members of the chrisitan tradition, to understand the Aborigines way of life. This new found understanding was to bring respect to the Aborigines and has influenced chiristianity, in Australia, to an extent.

Originally European Chrisitans attitude toward was one of arrogance and superiority. Early paintings show the Aborigine as a noble savage; tall, elegant and handsome. Art is a very concise way of describing the rapid deterioration of this initial noble savage view. By the early 1800s the art had changed the way it drew its Aborigine and they now appeared dirty, comical and ape- - like. This reflected European opinion which now saw the Aborigine as a comic savage and had lost its original respect for them.

This religious challenge often forced varied responses from the Aboriginal spiritual community. Believing, at first, that the Whites were spirits returned, the Aborigines greeted them and tried to provide a place for them in society. After this initial attempt at friendship, and when it became obvious that the returned spirits were not freindly the Aboriginis divised means of riding these returned spirits. Similar to their traditional anit-spirital rights these involves creating smoke screens, moving camp, and other rituals. This of course led only to further aggression as the arrogance of the Europeans to the Aboriginal culture meant they did not understand these rites.

Another example of the intial response came form Western Australia. Here the aborignals Noahs Ark type refuge lie in the centre of Australia. This would provide refuge for the Aboriginals as the Whites were drowned. Yet others came upon the belief that the dreaming had ended in 1788 and that their spirits had left to the place in the sky. So great was the religous challenge from the Europeans in certain places that those Aborignies that had been fully intiated, and held knowledge of the culture couldnt be bothered passing on their knowledge of the religion and their culture. Another factor that contributed to this sense of loss was the horrible toll disease played upon the Aboriginals, who had not developed immunities to the most common of European ailments.

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As an oral based culture this meant that the new generation could not become intiated in the spirituality of the dreaming and this knowledge was lost forever. As their religious knowledge was not passed on the Aborigines could no longer live life and survive as had their ancestors. This often meant they became fringe dwellers frowned upon by Europeans. Often there constant prescence at this low level of European culture drew them into drink and they were held in contempt by the rest of society both Aboriginal and European.

Initial attempts to understand Aboriginal spirituality came as mainly an anthropological view. People like Lancelot Threlkeld, a minister in the Lake Macquarie area, believed in Aboriginal rights as a human species, not as an individual culture. He learned the Awabakal tribes language so as to translate the bible for them. The problem was that when he had completed this; disease, violence and other factors had killed most of the tribe. At the Bicentenary celebrations in 188, changing Christian empathy toward Aborigines meant that the bible was published in this almost forgotten language. This provided a way in which the church could celebrate the Bicentenary of the landing of the First Fleet without excluding the Aboriginal community.

As the European Christians began to realize the inpact they were having on the Aboriginal culture they re-assessed some of their actions. Especially within the church and government ideas on the treatment of Aborigines changed. Unfortunately they still had not began to understand or respect Aboriginal spirituality.

Changes in attitude, when they did begin to materialize, came mainly from the mainstream Christian denominations, who were more open to change. The churches began to discuss Aboriginal spirituality and this affected both church and government treatment of them. The stolen generation and its impact on spirituality has forced churches to re-assess their behaviour. They found it to be wanting and so have been forced into a position where they show more empathy, understanding and respect.

Increasingly today Christians are using Aboriginal techniques of sharing their culture for their own purposes. It has meant an emphisis on community that the Aboriginals focused upon and to the individualive they have had to go back to basics. Learning from the Aborigines the Christian churches have realised the importance of story and song.

Christians have also adopted Aboriginal techniques of prosthetisation and have adopted a new focus on iconography. They are taking Christianity to the Aborigines in the Aborigines own language, if you will. This has lead to a revolution of Christianity and now there are Aboriginal ministries, congregations and special religious instruction for those Aborigines who follow Christianity to some degree. Lately there has been a movement toward reconciliation among the churches and church leaders of the religious community of Australia. They have recognised that they have a moral duty to account for actions of the government and church in the past. In 188 Church leaders offered puplic apologies for past church actions as part of a national sorry day. It is obvious that the Christian churches have had their views and opinions drastically changed as now they feel responsible for actions that require apologies. Today the church has a much more empathetic view and wishes to become a servent rather than attempting to push its beliefs upon the aboroginals.

Many Aboriginals have separated their White fella and Black fella business so as to continue their culture in the presence of pressure from European culture. They now see Whites as kin so they can follow their sense of community into normal life. Even Aborigines who live in urban or rural areas allow their lives to be guided by traditional religious principals, beliefs, values and kinship relations. Ethics taught by their belief in the dreaming can often allow them to assimilate easily into western culture and they can become accepted members of the White community. Recognition of their spirituality by Christians have encouraged Aborigines to be proud of themselves.

A lot of Aborigines have interrelated both Christian and Aboriginal spirituality into their own forms of belief, I believe in both ways - our own and the Christian. If we had taken both ways and thought of them seperately, we would have become confused. We believe in the old law and we want to keep it; and we believe in the bible too. So we have selected the good laws from both and put them together. This opinion, of Badangga of Elcho Island, is a case study for the beliefs of many contempory Aborigines who have made a compromise to keep their tradtitional spirituality alive in a world doctered by European Christian culture. They often incorporate Christian stories and traditions into there own spirituality and express these though story, art, song, dance and other religious rites. In this sense Aboriginal spirituality has compromised to overcome the challenge faced by the settlement of Europeans in Australia and has found a place among our society.

However the Aboriginal community still faces drastic social problems and the destruction of their spiritual lives is among the causes of this problem. Many Aboriginals have a sense of hoplessness or feel that there lives are somehow meaningless without this lost culture.

As you can see between 1788 and today Aboriginal spirituality has been greatly afftected by Christian Traditions, which had a very damging affect and almost destroyed the Aborigine way of life. Today, however, efforts are being made by both Christian traditions and within the spiritual community of the Aborigines to come to an understanding and compromise so that both traditions can continue into the future.

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Social Security act 1935

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For over sixty-seven years, the Social Security program has been the most flourishing domestic government program; offering guaranteed economic protection for Americans of all ages.

The aim of the Social Security program is to provide security and stability for people by sharing risks, and participation in social responsibility by saving and lending sacrifices to others. The most important objective is to generate mutual assistance among people and their families, when they face loss or reduction in income, or rising of expenses without creating any burden for others or the society.

According to Social Security Act historians, the social security program began with the Social Security Act of 15, originally titled the Economic Security Act. President Franklin D.Roosevelt led this Act after a lot of controversy and the Congress passed the Social Security Act finally in 15.

Social Security taxes and benefit payments began in January 17. Initially the government paid retirement benefits only to a family's primary worker, but in 1 it added survivor's benefits and benefits for the retiree's spouse and children. Disability benefits began in 156, and in 165 Congress signed Medicare into law. The Civil Service Commission adopted the Social Security Number as an official federal employee identifier in 161, and the Internal Revenue Service adopted it as the official taxpayer ID number in 16.

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The Social Security act also started recording the social security numbers. Between November 16 and June 17, more then 0 million social security numbers were processed. First, the Social Security Act distributed SS-4 applications to employers, asking them to report the number of employees in their businesses. Then the Social Security send the appropriate number of SS-5 forms to employees for them to complete. When these forms were returned to the post offices and typing centers, the Social Security Act assigned social security numbers typed them in the social security cards. Fred Happel, the New York artist who has created the Flying Tigers logo used during World War II, provided the design for the cards. The numbers are then sent to Social Security headquarters for official records.

The benefits provided by the Social Security are of two categories, i.e. 1) long term and ) short-term benefits. 1) The long-term benefits include, a) the old age benefit, b) Invalidity benefit, c) survivors benefit, d) special lump sum. ) The short-term benefits include, a) Funeral grant, b) maternity benefits, c) employment injury benefit and d) health insurance.

Long-term benefits can be paid in the form of monthly pensions to insured persons in the event of loss of income due to old age (retirement), invalidity or bread of the breadwinner where the survivors will be paid the pension. a) The old age benefit- is paid in cash to insured person who retires from employment and fulfills the required conditions. Immediately on retirement an insured person who qualifies will get a lump sum payment and thereafter-monthly payments. b) Invalidity benefit- is paid in cash to an insured person who has lost his/her earning capacity due to physical or a medical board will certify mental inability as. c) Survivors benefit- this benefit is aimed at providing financial support to the surviving dependents of the insured that dies while working. Spouses and children are immediate beneficiaries but in case the deceased has neither a spouse nor children the parents may qualify for the benefit if they depended upon the deceased person. d) Special Lump sum- any insured person who attained a retirement age but does not qualify for pension, he/she will be paid a special lump sum.

Short-term benefits are payable for short periods of time and for some maximum duration specified in the provisions. a) Funeral Grant- is a fixed lump sum cash grant payable to the person responsible for the funeral arrangements of a deceased person, who was an insured person. The amount payable shall be reviewed from time to time to ensure that is sufficient to meet reasonable burial expenses. b) Maternity benefits- this kind of benefit shall be payable to a female member who needs some support to take care of herself and her baby before and after confinement. c) Employment injury benefit- this benefit shall be payable to an insured person who in course of his/her employment happens to be injured or happens to contact any diseases which are related to nature of his employment. d) Health insurance- Social security offers medical care services and provisions of essential drugs to the insured person with the aim of relieving the insured person from the burden of cost sharing in medical services.

There are also other benefits such as Sickness or injuries benefit and Child allowance benefit etcetera.

The government, employers, and employees are enforced by the Act to pay contributions to the Social Security Fund. The employers and insured employees shall pay the contributions at the rate % of wages to cover six types of benefits, and the government will also pay one part. The employer deducts wages of an insured person at the amount to be paid for the contribution and pay contribution on the part of employer and employee within 15 days of next month.

There are some problems with this Act, such as,

· Social security's annual costs will exceed its income in 016, with perpetually increasing deficits thereafter.

· Social security will not be sustainable- either fiscally or politically- unless in the long run, its annual dedicated income exceeds its payment obligations, without relying on appropriations from the rest of the budget.

But there also some proposed solutions for these issues, 1) Modernization must not change social security benefits for retirees or near retirees. ) The entire social security surplus must be dedicated to social security only. ) Social security payroll taxes must not be increased. 4) Government must not invest social security funds in the stock market. 5) Modernization must preserve social security's disability and survivors' components. 6) Modernization must include individually controlled, voluntary personal retirement accounts, which will augment the social security safety net.

There are three reform models have been presented last year, which covers three major issues were unresolved previously, those are, 1) Reform model 1 establishes a voluntary personal account option but does not specify other changes in social security's benefit and revenue structure to achieve full long term sustainability. ) Reform model enables future retirees to receive social security benefits that are at least as great as today's retirees, even after adjusting for inflation, and increases social security benefits paid to low-income workers. Model establishes a voluntary personal account without raising taxes or requiring additional worker contributions. It achieves solvency and balances social security revenues and costs. ) Reform model establishes a voluntary personal account option that generally enables workers to reach or exceed current-law scheduled benefits and wage replacement ratios. It achieves solvency by adding revenues and by slowing benefit growth less than price indexing.

In the United States, Social security did not exist on the Federal level until the passage of the, Social Security Act of 15. This statute provided for a Federal program of old-age retirement benefits and a joint Federal-state venture of unemployment compensation. In addition, it dispensed Federal funds to aid the development at the state level of such programs as vocational rehabilitation, public health services, and child welfare services, along with assistance to the elderly and the handicapped. The act instituted a system of mandatory old-age insurance, issuing benefits in proportion to the previous earnings of persons over sixty-five and establishing a reserve fund financed through the imposition of payroll taxes on employers and employees. The original levy was 1 percent, but the rate has increased over the years. Only employees in industrial and commercial occupations were eligible for protection under the Social Security Act of 15, but numerous important amendments have expanded the categories of coverage. And still this is a major issue for all American's and every year some sort of modifications are made on the laws made in the year 15. And this whole changes or modifications are made to make people's life easier when they will be in an old age or something happened accidentally. So we all should take a special care to abide all the rules or laws made by the United States Government.

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Schizophrenia

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Understanding Schizophrenia

Abnormal Psychology

Nicole Wilson

November 6, 001

Help with essay on Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a serious brain illness that causes changes in how you think, feel, and behave. It is perhaps the most puzzling and disabling clinical syndrome. Schizophrenia most often corresponds to the popular conceptions to madness or lunacy (Nevid 000). The illness strips the mind of intimate connections between thoughts and emotions and replaces it with distorted perceptions, false beliefs, and illogical ideas. Some people think that it is the disease of having a split personality, which is not true.

There are many common symptoms of schizophrenia. Research has found that both positive and negative symptoms exist. Some common symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, problems in thinking, lack of motivation, moving slowly, and social isolation, lack of interest or initiative, change in affect (Csernansky 00). The positive symptoms are delusions- false beliefs that are not logical and have no basis in reality, and hallucinations- hearing or seeing things that are not real. Other senses such as touch, taste, or smell may also be affected. Negative symptoms include disorganized thinking, abnormal behavior, and speech- jumping from one topic to another. A person with schizophrenia may also experience problems concentrating and remembering details of life, lack of motivation to eat, bathe, or change clothing.

Problems relating to others and showing emotion because of change in affect, moving as little as possible, social isolation from the outside world and lack of interest or motivation

are often common in theses patients (Navid 00).

Schizophrenia usually develops in late adolescence or early adulthood. The average age for the first schizophrenic episode is experienced in the early or mid-twenties. Most common cases of schizophrenia start with what is called the prodromal phase, which is the period of deterioration. The prodramal phase is characterized by difficulty in meeting requirements of daily living and of daily responsibilities. Over time the person's behavior becomes more eccentric and absurd and psychotic symptoms become visible in the patient many call this the acute phase. Residual phase is known to follow the acute stage where the behavior returns to how it started in the prodromal phase. The patient continues to have impaired thinking and a lack of apathy for others. Many harbor strange beliefs of telepathy which make it difficult for them to live in society and function how they are expected to by others. Rarely if ever do patients return to normal behavior and more commonly they have continued patterns of the acute phases.

The exact cause of schizophrenia is unknown. A brain chemical imbalance, brain disease or injury, or genetic predisposition may cause it. It is important to remember that it is a psychiatric problem that is not the patient's fault, the parents' fault, or a demonic pocession. Stress does not cause schizophrenia; stress may make the symptoms worse. Major stressful situations may trigger some symptoms of schizophrenia (Whitehorn 00). Some examples include loss of a job, divorce or break up of a relationship, or serious financial problems. People with Schizophrenia can also become depressed. Having depression increases the risk that the person with schizophrenia may commit suicide. The depression can be treated to ease the illness of the patient.

There is no known cure for schizophrenia (Nevid 000). Treatment for the illness is often multifaceted; incorporating pharmacological, psychological, and rehabilitative approaches (Nevid 000). Out of the research that I have read and understood, there is a basic treatment plan is very important for the patient. I have summarized it as the" the three steps to wellness". Step 1 is to take the medications to reduce or eliminate symptoms. Medication must be taken daily to work effectively and help the patient function better. Step is to talk to a counselor and to attend a support group to learn skills to cope with the symptoms of the illness. A counselor may be a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, nurse, or rehabilitation therapist (Whitehorn 00). Step three is to structure day to day life and living arrangements to reduce stress and to provide safety for the patient. Attending a day treatment program and living in a supportive house may also provide the structure a patient suffering from schizophrenia may need by offering planned activities, teaching basic living skills, and modeling appropriate behavior. Talking with peers and the counselor at support groups may help the patient understand and solve many of the problems they are facing (Gunasekara 00).

There are medications used for treating schizophrenia labeled Antipsychotics. New "atypical medications tend to have fewer side effects than the "typical" or older group of antipsychotic medications. These medications are not addictive. Medications seem to relieve the symptoms common with schizophrenia. The most commonly antipsychotic drugs used are phenothiazines chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (mellaril), trifluoperazine (stelazine), and fluphenazine (prolixin), and haloperidol (Haldol). No one knows exactly how these drugs work, but they seem to block the dopamine receptors in the brain. The reduced dopamine activity seems to ease the acute signs of schizophrenia, such as the positive symptoms. When certain chemicals in your brain are not balanced you may not have the symptoms. Medications change the levels of these chemicals in your brain to help relieve the patient's symptoms (Whitehorn 00). When brain chemicals are balanced the patient will feel better, think more clearly, and function more normally. It may take the patients body a while to adjust to medication in its system. The human body and the brain require time to adjust to the changes that the medication causes. At first, the patient may experience uncomfortable side effects. These side effects often get better and with time the body and brain adjust to the medication. Medication itself is not sufficient in meeting the needs of a patient with schizophrenia. Drug therapy must be accompanied with some type of pschoeducational program to help the patient learn to cope with everyday activities. The patient and health care provider talk and decide the medication that is best for the specific patient (Gunasekara 00).

Many patients experience side effects, but they are manageable. If the patient has side effects, it is important that the patient does not stop taking the medication because the symptoms are likely to return. It is important that the patient talks to the health care provider about the side effects that are being experienced and the provider may adjust the dose or change the medication to help lessen the side effects (Csernansky 00). Common side effects of Atipsychotic medications depend on what kind of medication the patient is taking. Side effects of atypical antipsychotic medications may include fatigue, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, muscle stiffness, spasms, or cramps, low blood pressure, tremors, facial tics, difficulty with movement, restlessness, and weight gain (Whitehorn 00). The side effects of typical antipsychotic medications are the same as with atypical with a few added, such as lack of spontaneous speech, emotional expression, interest in activities excessive restlessness, and sleepiness.

The most important thing for the patient is to take their medications as prescribed, see the health care provider regularly, and to watch for warning sign of a relapse. It is important for the patient to continue to take their medication, even if they are feeling better. Going off the medication will cause the symptoms to return. The health care provider will decide when the patient is ready to stop (Whitehorn 00). The health care provider will talk with the patient to evaluate the patient's wellness. The health care provider may also do blood test and other physical evaluations to monitor the response to the medication. The counselor will help the patient to learn coping skills during individual or group sessions. If the patient notice any signs of relapse, it is important that they continue to take their medication and contact their health provider as soon as possible. Warning signs of relapse include hallucinations, excessive fear, and problems functioning. It is essential for the patient to develop a relapse prevention plan with the health care provider (Csernansky 00). Knowing what steps to take in advance if the patient begins to experience symptoms will help in the recovery (Nevid 000).

Please note that this sample paper on Schizophrenia is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Schizophrenia, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Schizophrenia will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Telling tales: Discuss how either Titanic or The Matrix create the meanings that combine to tell their stories.

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Telling tales: Discuss how either Titanic or The Matrix create the meanings that combine to tell their stories.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Telling tales: Discuss how either Titanic or The Matrix create the meanings that combine to tell their stories. paper right on time.

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The film "Titanic" directed by James Cameron has used many film techniques to create meanings that combine to tell "a fictional story within absolutely rigorous, historically accurate terms." The accuracy and special effects used within this fictional love story are intended for only one purpose they are used in order to create the feeling that the audience is actually there on the Titanic in 11. Many of the techniques used within this extremely successful movie include the plot, the extensive amount of computer graphics and visual effects, characters, costumes, language, camera shots, cinematography techniques and sounds effects used within the film as well as themes that are obvious.

Firstly, the plot of the movie is based on a true story of the R.M.S. Titanic, which was deemed "unsinkable" but unfortunately had hit an iceberg in April 11 during its voyage to America and sank to the bottom of the ocean carrying one thousand five hundred people to their deaths. The plot is simple, non-complicated and the conclusion of the film can be figured within minutes of the start of the film, which means that there are no surprises.

Secondly, the role of computer graphics within this particular film is an important one, because it shows that in such an advancing society like ours, computer graphics can produce something just as realistic as the "real-life" version. Cameron says that the "human relationship to technology has always been an important theme because the story focuses on the human cost involved when so-called technology fails." Computer graphics were used to enhance the images in order to create the feeling as though the viewer was also on the ship at that time. Some examples include calling for virtual stuntmen when it came time for "terrified" passengers to jump off the ship at the height of 450 feet. "It's too dangerous for real stuntmen to jump into water from more than about 50 feet."

The use of "smoke and mirrors" was also effective to give the underwater illusion. In order to achieve this effect, they did shots on a smoky stage to give the illusion of being underwater and create the moods which were needed. They then added computer graphic bubbles, fish and other elements to make it more realistic and so it would look like a typical underwater scene.

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Realism is achieved in many ways, one of which include the realistic-looking computer graphic actors which uses a technique called "motion capture" where actors walk around with markers on their bodies and clothes that send data to a computer. The computer then captures their motions and builds a "skeleton" where they then can add hair, facial features, skin texture and so on. This then enables to limit to a few close up characters with hundreds of computer-generated characters, which look just as real. Another effect was the digital iceberg complimented with real chunks of ice in water.

Thirdly, there are only a few important characters within the film, those of which include Jack, Rose, Cal, and Roses' mother. These characters were created to represent possible characteristics and ideas of people on the ship. The characters are used to represent the different groups of people of those times. These characters are clearly defined through their different costumes. The upper class society wore outfits and costuming which were a wonderful recreation of the Post-Victorian era of 11. The formality is also apparent through the way in which Rose acts throughout the film. The different languages used were noticeable, for example, the language problem between the crew and many of the lower class, non-English speaking nations is obvious. It portrays clearly the upper and lower class society of the times. The upper and lower class society have a fine line between them and this is clearly defined when towards then end of the movie, it is very well described during the ship's sinking, where the rich have the lifeboats to try to save themselves, and the poor are still inside the ship and forbidden to go and get on a lifeboat.

The wealthy were what mattered to society and women having no rights was also evident during this period of time. Women during this time had married men for financial security, just like what Rose's mother wanted Rose to do. Women also had to be escorted by someone of the opposite sex to dinner and men usually smoked cigars during that period.

Fourthly, various special techniques were used in regards of camera shots within this film. The use of camera is an important one, because the camera shots let us go beyond dialogue. Some of the most evident include the traditional method of using the foreground, middle ground and background to convince the viewer into believing an object is larger than it actually is. "Titanic" also adapted the use of horizontal, vertical as well as wide screen shots to make this more effective and create atmosphere. Another scene was when the camera focuses on young Rose's eye, and when it pans out it's Old Rose and we are back in the present time. It is an important scene because clearly shows the time gap between 11 and the present and was also very effectual.

The beautiful cinematography and special effects also contributed to making the movie even more breathtaking. Two other parts in the movie which were noticeable in terms of cinematographic techniques include

(1) the camera panning away from Rose as she's splashing into the ocean, so that we see all the others as well.

() () At the end, after old Rose has revealed a diamond in her hand, there's a flashback to young Rose discovering it in her pocket.

Technically, the film is also a success, the fade ins and fade outs from the wreck of the Titanic scene to the scene of the Titanic during its actual voyage was spectacular as it achieved the realistic effect of time passing. The shift between the modern and past scene was obvious transition and makes the story easy to follow. A special camera also had to be made to withstand the intense pressure at the bottom of the ocean. Also, to get the footage at the bottom of the ocean, it took a total of twelve dives to get all of the footage needed for the movie in "Titanic".

Lastly, the use of sounds effects is also an important one, which could be said as the most atmospheric device that Cameron adapted throughout the movie. With such music and sound, the film seemed more realistic, intense and emotional. Cameron used a wide variety of Irish as well as country music of that era to depict the third class passengers on the Titanic at that time. It also is to give the viewers of a feel of the lively atmosphere in the third class decks even though they are not rich. It is used to portray the number of Irish passengers travelling in third class to America. The theme of the music is then changed in tempo. The theme song "My heart will go on" sung by Celine Dion is an important song because it is used when the tragic begins when the Titanic hits the iceberg and everyone knows that they only have a few hours left to live.

An important message is sent across to the viewer whilst watching "Titanic", and James Cameron does this successfully as he shows the various reactions of the people who are on the ship and knows their fate. It then forces the viewer to think about how he or she might have reacted in he or she were also in that same situation at that time. This history-based film had a powerful impact on their audiences because it brought a dramatic event to life in a way that gave viewers a new understanding of that particular event.

It is the combination of all those above features such as the computer graphics used, the camera shots, characters portrayed, cinemagraphic techniques, etc. which are used in "Titanic" to create meaning and send the message across to viewers to reflect on the possible issues and themes which may arise from this movie. Cameron has done this successfully and "Titanic" deserves to be an Acadamy Award Winning movie.

Please note that this sample paper on Telling tales: Discuss how either Titanic or The Matrix create the meanings that combine to tell their stories. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Telling tales: Discuss how either Titanic or The Matrix create the meanings that combine to tell their stories., we are here to assist you. Your research paper on Telling tales: Discuss how either Titanic or The Matrix create the meanings that combine to tell their stories. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Benefits of Legalizing Drugs and Narcotics

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We as a society have come to acknowledge drugs as chemical substances, such as narcotics or hallucinogens that affect the central nervous system and cause changes in behavior and often addiction. In nearly every civilized country of the world there is a mutual understanding that drugs should not be used, so in effort to protect society from drug abuse the many governments of the world outlawed the substances. However, when the issue is logically thought out and dissected it is absolutely certain that the illegality of drugs does more harm to our society than good.

The current laws prohibiting the use and distribution of drugs are very similar to the speed limit regulations. In the sense that although they exist and are fairly well enforced they hardly ever serve their purpose in preventing people from carrying out the restricted actions. All of us have seen someone get pulled over for speeding numerous times and yet we still keep on doing so, we only slow down when a cop is nearby. The identical is true in respect to drugs; a user will not even consider quitting even after they've seen a hundred people get arrested for the offense, they will merely hide their syringes and narcotics while in the presence of an officer. If a law does not serve its purpose in preventing the soliciting of drugs and the abuse caused as a result of them, then according to common sense, there is no purpose of the law.

Almost every single government within the borders of the United States spends a great portion of its revenue on the War-on-Drugs. Accumulatively the state, local, and federal governments spend an excess of $50 billion dollars towards the War-on-Drugs (Jones par 4). What these governments have failed to realize is that the War-on Drugs was lost before it even started. The destruction of opium fields or the raiding of Meth labs does not do anything towards the ultimate goal of preventing drug use, it merely curbs the progress of the $400 billion industry for a couple of hours (U.N. Office for Drug Ctrl ). If there is a demand for something a supplier will always emerge. Thus the War is pointless, because no matter what kind of actions are taken there will always be a demand for drugs, and since this demand for drugs is potential profit, a supplier will also always emerge to meet the demand.

Since drugs are illegal, an enormously large black market has formed in order to accommodate ones biological cravings and the other's financial. The goal of every drug dealer is not to supply his or her clients with drugs so that they can get the high they've been waiting for all day. The goal of every drug dealer is to generate as much revenue as possible. Since most these people don't really have any morals and the rare few that do, don't consult them too often; there is virtually nothing stopping them from diluting the drugs with any substance they feel is appropriate. Cocaine, for example, is on average only 61 percent pure (Abt Associates 4). One anticipates that consuming drugs is bad enough, how about when they are diluted with Lysol or some other substance you'd think twice about before using on you're toilet?

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Also, since this market generates a great deal of profit, and the taxes aren't very high, it's obvious that a lot of people want access to it. Unfortunately for them organized criminals that control the market and that have done so for a very long time deny them access. If a couple of enormously large organizations control this multi-billion dollar market one can just imagine the type of revenues these cartels accumulate. This money is not donated to the Make-A-Wish Foundation or to help hungry children in Nicaragua, it is invested into terrorism or into any other hobby or recreational activity that the gang might be in to. Without a doubt mafias and gangs have terrorized the United States population for the greater part of the twentieth century and still continue to do so. These gangs acquire the money to buy out police officers and politicians from soliciting drugs. For instances, Columbian narcotics cartels spend over $100 million on bribes to Columbian officials (TED 4). Even organizations that are half a world away generate enough money from their drug trade that they are capable of threatening the lives and liberty of American citizens.

Since drugs are illegal one is not permitted to use or solicit them. So when an addict is caught shooting up in the alley on numerous occasions he is put into jail or prison, depending on the circumstances. In essence the government puts him into a confined location in which he will still have access to drugs, but now they spend an excess of twenty thousand dollars a year on him. That is in the neighborhood of $8.6 billion dollars a year just to keep drug violators behind bars (Bureau of Justice and Statistics 4). This, however, is not the only financial loss; since these violators take up an enormous amount of space in jails, new ones must be build. It is because of the lack of space in jails, as a result of these drug violators, that the sentences of such criminals as pedophiles and murderers are often shortened.

The United States government is capable of freeing from all of the problems and disadvantages listed above. The only action they have to take is legalize drugs. This will lead to the distribution of drugs and narcotics in retail stores such as Walgreen's. These drugs would be regulated by such organizations as the FDA, thus ensuring that there are no foreign substances present in the drug. Also, since the sale of drugs would be legal the government would have the power to tax it. The government would also have to put a price ceiling on the drugs so that the retail stores don't transform into the cartels they helped eliminate. Most importantly, is that if drugs were legalized we'd see an end to organized crime as we know it; mafias, cartels, and gangs will now longer have any means of generating profit. Minor street crimes would also decrease because drugs will be sold at prices a little over their cost so addicts will have to rob less people in order to attain the same high. Also the enormous amount of people in jail for drug charges would be released; this will not only provide more space for the criminals that actually have to be there but will also save the government over $8.6 billion dollars a year.

Obviously, a great deal of ethical questions are raised when discussing the issue of legalizing drugs. The most powerful argument against the legalization of drugs is the increase of addiction rates. I acknowledge the fact that addiction will increase primarily out of curiosity among teenagers. But I do not believe that these figures will be significantly higher than they are currently, because even though drugs are illegal they are still very ease to acquire. The $50 something billion that the government would be spending on the War-on-Drugs could be allocated towards rehabilitation clinics in order to assist addicts in quitting.

The habits one sets as a child stay with him forever, regardless of where he might go and who he might become. Therefore it is my uttermost belief that children should be educated about drugs at a very young age. If you show a kid graphic images of what the affects of cocaine are, those images will be embedded into the back of his head. These children will also need to be told that drugs are legal no because they're healthy but because if they are legal they lead to much worse consequences. This education will also be sponsored by a portion of the $50 billion the government will be saving with the presence of legal drugs.

In conclusion we as a society must weigh our options and decide between what is better for us as a whole insignificantly higher addiction rates or terrorism and all that comes with it.

Abt Associates. The Price of Illicit Drugs 181 through the Second Quarter of 000. Washington, DC ONDCP, Oct. 001.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. Profile of Jail Inmates 16. Washington, DC US Government Printing Office, April 16.

Jones, Steven. US CA What Does The Drug War Cost?. Media Awareness Project. 1 May 00 http//www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v/n667/a01.html

Trade and Environment Database (TED). TED Case Studies Columbia Coca Trade. Washington DC American University, 17

United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. Economic and Social

Consequences of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. New York, NY UNODCCP, 18.

Please note that this sample paper on The Benefits of Legalizing Drugs and Narcotics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Benefits of Legalizing Drugs and Narcotics, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Benefits of Legalizing Drugs and Narcotics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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How does Dickens creates suspense in "The Signalman"

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In the following essay I will discuss how Dickens creates suspense in "The Signalman" by exploring the settings and the characters. The novel was written by Charles Dickens in the 1th century. It is set in a deep cutting adjacent to a tunnel with a railway running through.

Suspense is created through supernatural, horror and ambiguity. A good suspense story should have all of these. I will explore these qualities which make up a good suspense story.

The story opens with the quote "Halloa! Below there" This short, but effective line becomes very decisive as the story unfolds. We don't know who's speaking and so creates tension already. The man he is shouting to below looks round to face the tunnel "Looked down the line". Any normal person would look upwards in response to this. Again Dickens is creating the unexplainable which builds up the tension and suspense. essaybank.co.uk

At this time we don't know who either of the men is. We know it is a ghost story so which one if any is the ghost. He is making you ask yourself questions which create suspense. You are already hooked and trying to figure out who is the ghost. He then goes on to describe the man below "There was something remarkable in his manner of doing so". This is evidence for the argument that he is possibly the ghost because of his weird actions. The actions create mystery which is effective to create the overall suspense. Also you still haven't had any kind of a physical description of the signalman so at this time you don't even know if he's human or not and you can't just make an assumption, you have to read on

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The story is set in the nineteenth century, a time when supernatural powers were still believable so someone reading this at the time would feel more of the pressure. The scene is set within a deep cutting at twilight and because of the darkness the two men don't get to see each other properly until they are face to face which is too late if one man kills the other. "I was near enough to have touched him". It makes you have the "Don't go down there" feeling so tension builds up more and more the closer they get to one another. Just before he goes down the cutting an unknown vibration shakes the ground "Vague vibration in the earth and air" He also uses a lot of effective adjectives like "Violent pulsation" this captures the senses and adds to the tension. This could be the final climax to the building pressure, but it ends up as being a train this; creates a lot of tension which is then lost after you are enlighten The cutting would be pretty dark; this darkness creates the suspended mood. It is also described as being "Extremely deep and unusually precipitous" and "Solitary and dismal". It seems like the place is very isolated and cut off from the real world, the perfect place for supernatural happenings "Great dungeon". The tunnel also creates suspension, why did he look down there in this first place and what could be down there It is described as "Barbarous, depressing and forbidding". The smells and surroundings make him a little bit reluctant to descend "Air of reluctanceThe story is only spread over a couple of days, but that is all it takes for him to get involved, also the story only ever takes place within the cutting. Is this so none of the tension is lost? "But I expressly intend to make you another visit". The two men meet both times at the bottom of the cutting at night "I will come at eleven". This keeps the tension due to the darkness, It would probably be lost if they were to meet on a sunny midday. Also the darkness impairs the narrators vision so he can't be sure what's out there. The signalman is evidently going to be an important character once they get talking and his actions are very weird to start off with; He stands intently in the railway with his hand on his chin, not moving a muscle until they are face to face "Before he stirred I was near enough to have touched him". Also when they do meet he makes no attempt to start the conversation, instead he looks at the red light "Look towards the red light" He seems very mysterious and unpredictable. As they begin to talk again the man becomes slightly hostile and the narrator speculates that he might be a ghost "This was a spirit". This is a very tense point in the novel because the ghosts identity may have already been revealed, but the signalman begins to show fear and asks if they have met before. It makes you think, why should the signalman show any fear? After their conversation the man leaves and the signalman tells him that on his return journey not call out those words. "Halloa! Below there". It builds tension over what these words really mean to the signalman and why he is scared of them.

The signalman himself looks mysterious "A dark sallow man". This would add to the reader's suspense and build up the tension as he gets closer.

They retreat to the signal box and from his long description you realise that he is quite a knowledgeable man "Worked at fractions and decimals". If he is so clever why is he a signalman? He is also a very skilled workman "Safest of men to be employed. These questions add mystery to his identity which in turn builds up the suspense. Within their talk, the signalman looks outside toward the tunnel more than once. This creates expectancy of what's going to happenIn the first conversation he tells the man that he is "troubled". This makes you ask the question what is he troubled about and does it have anything to do with his weird actions previously? Could he be or knows the ghost? These questions make you think about what's coming round the corner. This also builds suspense.

On the man's return visit he is told about the mysterious figure and how it disappeared. "It was gone". This long passage describing the ghost's actions adds tension and expectancy that it will come again. He also clears up his odd actions (when he looked down the tunnel). The ghost says those very same words. We now know that he is not the ghost so some tension is lost but it is now a matter of if the man will see the ghost and what it will say. He also tells the man of the lady who died in the carriage just after he had seen the figure "Within six hours after this appearance, the memorable accident happen". You begin to associate the spectre with death and who's death will it contribute to next. The story is written in first person so it feels like it is actually happening at the same time you read it. This is evident when he talks with and about the signalman "You look at me as if you had a dread of me". Neither you or him know what the response is going to be. His manner is described as "seemed to make the place strike colder to me, but I said no more". He describes it as it happens which adds suspense. This a weird description to give someone, could he be the ghostAs you here about the ghost, the gentleman's actions are very dismissive. This is true as it would be the natural response, but as they are in a deep cutting which hasn't much human contact you begin to believe him. The man has the same reactions when he hears about the second ghost. "Deception of his sense of sight". You have the same time to make a decision as he does, but you already know there will be a ghost.

The man seems brave and dismissive of things which could potentially harm him. Maybe too dismissive and this could get him into trouble, but he doesnt seem like he is a victim. The signalman has this role. In the end it is the gentlemans fault that the signalman dies because if he hadn't called down to him in the first place, the signalman would have looked up as the train came down the tunnel. "Below there, look out". The first words of the story are the most decisive words of the story. Could it have been fate? And no matter what had happened between the start of the story and his death, it couldn't have been prevented. "The words which I myself - not he had attached". He obviously feels responsible for his death and you feel that if he hadn't associated himself with the man none of this would of happened. This is quite a mysterious and even scary thoughtIt is evident that Dickens creates a lot of suspense throughout the story with the opening words and as he descends the cutting, looking at the signalman whose actions are very weird. Suspense is also created as the signalman tells the gentleman of the weird happenings recently. The settings are very mysterious and even prone to something like this happening. Dickens' ability to bring mystery, unexplainable, and first person narrative add up to make suspense in the story.

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Ethics

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What is ethics? Simply put, ethics involves learning what is right or wrong, and then doing the right thing, but the right thing is not nearly as straightforward as it seems to be.

Ethics is the careful study of standards of behavior that apply to real-world problems and decisions. It gives us insights into what we should do.

The minute we put the word 'should' in a sentence, we are probably talking about ethics. Colleges should (or should not) take race into account in admissions. Health care coverage should (or should not) be a substantial part of the state budget. Although ethics deals with right and wrong, it is not a discipline that always leads everyone to the same conclusions. It is not the captive of liberals or conservatives.

Of course, there are situations that are wrong by any standard. The recently reported advise given by former Enron Chairman Kenneth Lay to the investors to hold on their investments in the company while he himself kept selling the shares of the company is a case in point. But there are other issues where right and wrong is less clear. To guide our reflection on such difficult questions, philosophers, religious teachers and other thinkers have shaped various approaches to ethical decision-making.

Help with essay on ethics Many philosophers consider ethics to be the science of conduct. Ethics includes the fundamental ground rules by which we live our lives. Philosophers have been discussing ethics for at least 500 years, since the time of Socrates and Plato. Many ethicists consider emerging ethical beliefs to be state of the art legal matters, i.e., what becomes an ethical guideline today is often translated to a law, regulation or rule tomorrow. Values, which guide how we ought to behave, are considered moral values, e.g., values such as respect, honesty, fairness, responsibility, etc. Statements around how these values are applied are sometimes called moral or ethical principles.

Most ethical dilemmas in the workplace are not simply a matter of Should Bob steal from Jack? or Should Jack lie to his boss? Business ethics are a hot topic these days. With everything from insider trading to employee theft on the rise, it is no wonder that businesses are beginning to focus on the impact of ethical leadership. But along with this new focus comes a lot of gray area. Many times, managers are forced to decide on issues where there are arguments on both sides - a problem that makes ethical decision-making very difficult.

So what is Business Ethics? The concept has come to mean various things to various people, but generally its coming to know what it right or wrong in the workplace and doing whats right -- this is in regard to effects of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders. Attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change -- times much like those faced now by businesses, both nonprofit or for-profit. In times of fundamental change, values that were previously taken for granted are now strongly questioned. Many of these values are no longer followed. Consequently, there is no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex dilemmas about what is right or wrong. Attention to ethics in the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how they should act. Perhaps most important, attention to ethics in the workplaces helps ensure that when leaders and managers are struggling in times of crises and confusion, they retain a strong moral compass. However, attention to business ethics provides numerous other benefits, as well (these benefits are listed later in this document).

Many people react that business ethics, with its continuing attention to doing the right thing, only asserts the obvious (be good, dont lie, etc.), and so these people dont take business ethics seriously. For many of us, these principles of the obvious can go right out the door during times of stress. Consequently, business ethics can be strong preventative medicine. Anyway, there are many other benefits of managing ethics in the workplace.

Many ethicists assert theres always a right thing to do based on moral principle, and others believe the right thing to do depends on the situation -- ultimately its up to the individual.

Lets look at an example.

Sally started her consulting business a year ago and has been doing very well. About a month ago, she decided she needed to hire someone to help her since she was getting busier and busier. After interviewing several candidates, she decided to hire the best one of the group, Mary. She called Mary on Monday to tell her she had gotten the job. They both agreed that she would start the following Monday and that Mary could come in and fill out all of the hiring paperwork at that time.

On Tuesday, of the same week, a friend of Sallys called her to say that she had found the perfect person for Sally. Sally explained that she had already hired someone, but the friend insisted. Just meet this girl. Who knows, maybe you might want to hire her in the future! Rather reluctantly, Sally consented. Alright, if she can come in tomorrow, Ill meet with her, but thats all. Oh, Im so glad. I just know youre going to like her! Sallys friend exclaimed.

And Sally did like her. She likes her a lot. Sally had met with Julie on Wednesday morning. She was everything that Sally had been looking for and more. In terms of experience, Julie far surpassed any of the candidates Sally had previously interviewed, including Mary. On top of that, she was willing to bring in clients of her own that would only increase business. All in all, Sally knew this was a win-win situation. But what about Mary? She had already given her word to Mary that she could start work on Monday.

And yet she only had the resources to hire one person at this point. Clearly, the best business decision was to hire Julie. But what about the ethical decision? If her business did poorly or Mary couldnt provide enough support, the business would suffer. As a result, her family would suffer. Money was already tight, what with two boys in college. And yet she knew Mary also had a family she was supporting. Plus, she had been so enthusiastic about starting to work.

Obviously, Sally had a problem - an ethical problem. Should she hire Mary (whom shed already given her word) or Julie (who was obviously the best person for the job)? Questions like these touch on our deepest values. Depending on whom you would ask, you would get strong arguments for both decisions. This is what we mean when we talk about gray area. So what is the answer?

Managing ethics in the workplace holds tremendous benefit as well as challenges for leaders and managers, benefits both moral and practical. This is particularly true today when it is critical to understand and manage highly diverse values and in the workplace.

However, the field of business ethics has traditionally been the domain of philosophers, academics and social critics. Consequently, much of todays literature about business ethics is not geared toward the practical needs of leaders and managers -- the people primarily responsible for managing ethics in the workplace. The most frequent forms of business ethics literature today typically include a) philosophical, which requires extensive orientation and analysis; b) anthologies, which require much time, review and integration; c) case studies, which require numerous cases, and much time and analyses to synthesize; and d) focus on social responsibility, which includes many examples of good and bad actions taken by companies. This lack of practical information is not the fault of philosophers, academic or social critics. The problem is the outcome of insufficient involvement of leaders and managers in discussion and literature about business ethics. More leaders and managers must become involved.

Assumptions of Business Ethics

Suppose we contend that business is indeed an honorable profession? Does this mean that people in business can do no wrong?

Clearly not, but they would normally be quite worthy of respect and even admiration, when they carry out their professional tasks conscientiously, successfully. Even without any extracurricular deeds of charity or generosity, those in business, as those in education or science, could be seen as embarking upon morally worthwhile tasks. There are, however, pitfalls in business, as in any other profession, which is why business ethics is an important field of study, a sub-field of professional ethics (which is itself a sub-field of role ethics). Though, business ethics is what so often is said about it, an oxymoron. For anything so directly concerned with self-promotion couldn't possible be justified as being motivated impartially? With business as an honorable profession, it can now be appreciated that the field has some unique tasks where one faces temptations to go wrong, to become corrupted, no more or less so than in medicine, art, science, and education.

Please note that this sample paper on ethics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ethics, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on ethics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A good speculation about effects essay

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write an essay discussing a change that might happen in the futureThe New York Yankees are without dispute the most successful franchise in baseball history. They

But those facts alone are not what the Yankees are about. The Yankees are so much more than just a team that wins championships. It is the players (past and present) and the stories about these players that make the Yankees the team that they are. These stories are passed down from generation to generation. Stories of Yankee legends such as Babe Ruth bolting his 60th home run in 17. Babe Ruth would go on to become the most influential player the sport would ever know. Another unforgetable Yankee memorie is when Roger Maris broke Ruth's single season homerun record when he hit 61 homeruns in 161. Every year as the World Series approaches, fans always reminisce about the time Reggie Jackson hit three homeruns on three consecutive pitches to win the World Series in 177. It is the dream of most American youths to have been able to see those golden times first hand. Although many didn't see the history of the Yankees, they experienced history in the making as the 18 Yankees won the World Series while having the best record of any team in a single season. History and baseball greatness is overwhelmingly displayed in the Yankee symbol. The Yankees are so much more than just a baseball team, they are a symbol of teamwork, great talent, and unity. It has been seen throughout the years and it is seen with the team of 18. They took the symbol into the 10's and have further burned the Yankee symbol of greatness into the minds of all that watch them.

Yankee Stadium is, to many, the centerpiece of baseball history. It is the heart and soul of the Yankee tradition and it is a symbol of the greatness of baseball in general. Being one of the oldest stadiums in the game, Yankee stadium is not about modern amenities, it is about tradition. While other stadiums have changed the playing field to artificial turf, Yankee Stadium still has a natural grass playing field. The Stadium has changed little over the years. The white façade above the bleachers in centerfield still glistens in the summer sunlight. The fans still have the same ritual of rejecting caught balls from the bat of opposing players by throwing the balls back out on the field. Players sign autographs before the game just as their heroes did for them when they were children. Yankee Stadium is a place where the fans can revel in the history of America's pastime. A place where records have been broken, legends have been made, and moments have transcended time.

Visiting Yankee Stadium is a must-experience for any baseball fan. As a fan passes through the metal turnstile, the loud, deep voice of a vendor resonates in the fan's ear as he announces, "Programs! Scorecards! Get your programs here! Looking around reveals to each fan that Yankee Stadium is packed like Grand Central Station during the holidays. Excited fans frantically rush by as though they are running late for a train. Upon taking one's very first step into the stadium, emotions of awe, anticipation, and excitement drastically heighten, taking over one's body.

Cheap Custom Essays on a good speculation about effects essay

Over the years fans have adopted different pre-game rituals. The sweet smells of roasted peanuts, buttered popcorn, and hotdogs lure some fans to the food stand. The great variety of food and beverages leaves many unsure exactly what to order. Hotdogs always seem to be the bestseller and fans never hesitate to pile on the mustard, relish, ketchup, and sauerkraut. Fans attempt to quench their thirst by consuming beers as if threats of prohibition loom in the air. Others patiently stand in line at the restrooms, waiting for a chance to relieve themselves of several pre-game beers. Some fans jump at the chance to expand their wardrobe of Yankee paraphernalia. Everything from Yankee hats to Yankee tablecloths hold large price tags, but are nevertheless sold by pushy vendors. All fans do share one common ritual--making it to their seat before the start of the National Anthem.

The first glimpse of the inside of the stadium leaves you completely paralyzed by the pure beauty of it. It is like facing death and seeing the light at the end of the tunnel. At this moment the fan realizes that television doesn't do justice to the stadium. The first thing that grasps your attention is the field with its freshly cut grass, which is a perfect shade of green. You are enthralled by the way the darkness of the night contrasted with the brightness of the lights makes the stadium glow. The experience can only last a few moments because you must join in the hunt to find your seat. As you walk towards your seat, great Yankee moments are displayed on the big screen reminding fans of the events that have taken place at the stadium.

As fans rise for the singing of the national anthem, a silence blankets over the stadium. Attention is turned to the American flag blowing gracefully in the cool wind. The national anthem's words give chills down the spines of fans and fill their hearts with pride, not only for their country, but also for their team. The ritual is not even complete when the fans show their appreciation with whistles, cheers, and claps. As soon as the national anthem ends the thunderous chants begin. "Let's Go, Yankees, clap, clap, clap-clap-clap."

The PA announcer's voice sounds like it is coming from the heavens. It echoes across the stadium as he introduces the players. The players jog onto the field and tip their hats in appreciation to the warm welcoming by the fans. Fans greet the players just as the Pope is welcomed at the Vatican. The player's statistics flash up on the scoreboard to reveal impressive game records and a fuzzy digital picture of the individual. The great presence of the players only adds fuel to the fan's energy. Pride is displayed in the pinstripes of the player's uniforms.

As the fans wait for the opening pitch the anticipation level in the stadium is at its peak. This is a chance for the fans to sit and observe the surroundings. Looking around, fans notice large billboards with advertisements that appear randomly throughout the stadium. The red and white Budweiser sign in dead-a-way centerfield can put anyone in the mood for a "cold one". The walls in left and right field can make a hitter salivate, while the fans can only dream about their chance of knocking one over. Centerfield seems like no mans land, and one can only imagine what it would be like out there in front of 50,000 people. Comments about the lineup and predictions about the game are not unlikely to be heard inside the stadium. It is as though everyone is an expert and thinks that he or she should be the manager.

The first pitch is thrown and it just makes the outside corner of the plate for a called strike. The fans show their appreciation towards the umpire's generosity by cheering. The game is under way and the fans can sit back and enjoy what lies ahead. Some fans watch intensely, keeping careful record of every detail on their scorecards, while others can't help but to imagine having their moment in the spotlight. Dreaming of going up against a big league pitcher in front of thousands of fans, proudly wearing the white and navy pinstriped uniform. A once in a lifetime opportunity; an unending dream that young boys carry with them throughout life, even when they have young boys of their own.

With a swift swing, the long, slender wooden bat makes contact with the small round stitched ball, creating a cracking sound which sparks great excitement among the crowd and causes everyone to rise to their feet. Everyone carefully watches the ball sail through the air and waits to see where it's final destination will be. The ball clears the fence for a home run and the fans go wild. It begins to rain beer for a few seconds; the ladies try to dodge the downpour while the men welcome the alcoholic sprinkle. Heaven has shone down on Yankee Stadium, the Yanks are up and the game is rejuvenated.

A Yankee fan may not remember the many details of each game, but that fan will never forget the intense emotions felt while standing amongst a large crowd before the field. The game brought people together to share in America's great pastime. Young and old, rich and poor, groups of friends, fathers and sons all coming together as allies in the battle against the opposing team. Priceless memories that all of these people have shared will stay with them long after the game is over. As Yankee fans walk to their car, they know that it won't be too long before they purchase tickets to the next game, and when they do return, they will once again feel the excitement and be welcomed with open arms.

Please note that this sample paper on a good speculation about effects essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on a good speculation about effects essay, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on a good speculation about effects essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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