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Year

1

Urban

Fieldwork

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Introduction

Perth is the state capital of Western Australia and is located in the south-west corner of the state. It exhibits a strong degree of primacy and includes a number of functional zones. Distinctive urban land uses based on similar functions tend to be arranged in recognisable regions within an urban centre. These zones can be identified by their appearance and dominant activities. These zones include, the Central Business District, the Inner Mixed Zone, Residential areas both established and the newer growth, the Outer Business Districts, Secondary Industrial Areas, Special Purpose Areas and the Rural-Urban Fringe. The land rent mechanism below shows where the zones are economical viable at the distance from the CBD.

A transitional zone is a zone where a mixed pattern of land use is constantly changing. This is evident in two functional zones, the inner mixed zone and the rural urban fringe. As the central business district functions encroach on the older residential areas the inner mixed zone is considered a transition zone. The rural-urban fringe is considered as a transition zone as the residential areas infringe into these rural areas.

The Inner Mixed Zone

This zone surrounds the city centre and is a zone of mixed urban functions such as light industry and poor quality housing. It is also referred to as the blighted zone, or the inner city zone of transition. Its location adjacent to the CBD influences its functional characteristics. It is often one of the oldest areas within the city and contains a range of building stock of varying age and quality. Perths inner mixed zone is made up of the older inner suburbs such as West Perth, Leederville, North Perth, Northbridge and East Perth. Figure 8.8 shows the inner mixed zone location around the CBD.

East Perth is bounded by the railway, river, Bennett and Goderich streets. It was originally an important industrial area with little low quality housing mainly around the poorly drained areas of Claise Brook. The main city drains ran through this area. The opening of the Perth - Midland railway line promoted the growth of small scale light industries along this area. Due to the East Perth redevelopment project, shown in the diagrams below are some residential buildings made as a result of the project, much of the industrial functions have now moved away from this area. Recreational uses are also concentrated in this area with a number of parks such as Haig Park, Wellington Square and Queens Gardens. Gloucester Park and the WACA are found in East Perth. A product of riverside locations, they are now protected by inertia or zoning regulations. Commercial ribbons extend along Hay and Lords streets. There has been an increase in residential density as there have been recent developments in townhouses and apartments. East Perth represents the most heterogeneous part of the inner mixed zone. This is an area of urban blight.

Residential apartments in East Perth

Multistory apartments

West Perth is bounded by the freeway, Kings Park, Thomas Street and the railway. The West Perth subregion contrasts with the landuse patterns of East Perth. It originally was old residential area, but more classy then East Perth. There were large houses on big blocks and this area is now full. There is hardly any residential activity left in the area as the houses have been taken over for offices. A higher class status was enhanced by the inclusion of the parliamentary precinct and associated government offices. Commercial ribbons developed along Hay, Murray and Wellington streets, providing a mix of wholesale, retail and entertainment. The landuse has changed with the transformation of the area to an extension of the central business districts office zone. Small offices in medical, legal, advertising, architectural, engineering and accounting fields find this an ideal location. Figure 8.1 shows office redevelopment in West Perth

Northbridge is bounded by the railway, freeway and Newcastle and Stirling Streets. This was one of Perths original residential areas. There is a wide variety of land uses with smaller retail, entertainment and cultural establishments located here. Northbridges nightlife is shown in the diagrams below of popular nightclubs. This is the most ethnical diverse area of the city. There is evidence of transition e.g. the light industrial buildings along Roe street have been converted to a variety of other functions. Many of the functions are occurring in buildings they were not designed for e.g. offices in old houses. This is an area with semi-intensive residential with many semidetached homes on small blocks. This is Perths cultural centre with the museum, library and art gallery located here and as a result a planned cultural precinct has been developed between William and Beaufort streets.

The church night club

A bar on lake street

Associated with this zone is distinguishing characteristics. These characteristics are typical of inner mixed zones in other Australian cities. These characteristics include

· Intensive land use in a mixture of diverse forms, shown by dissimilar building types, reflecting high land values - less then CBD and more then the rest of the city.

· High degree of accessibility, reflecting a zone in transition between the employment and dormitory areas of the cities.

· Horizontal zonation is evident with functional sub regions.

· Great landuse mix, as the CBD expands into the inner mixed zone it results in a high degree of heterogeneity of land use.

· A mixture of residential and employment functions.

· High day time population, low night time population.

· Very congested with no parks and roads are congested as there is no parking.

· Old and new forms of buildings mixed together, e.g. old style terrace houses alongside newer educational facilities.

The inner mixed zone like all zones have processes which affect the area. Invasion and succession is a major process that affects the inner mixed zone. The process of invasion and succession applies most clearly in the inner mixed zone. Buildings will have deteriorated noticeably with age. The land value increases due to the proximity to the expanding CBD. If the CBD is expanding outwards, office and retail uses will invade on the deteriorated houses which will be renovated and converted to the new function or demolished along with factories and warehouses to make way for these newer functions. As this process continues over time, the invading landuse might be joined by others until they become the dominant function. When this occurs the stage of succession has been reached. The following diagram shows, figure 11.10, how each zone is being invaded

Urban blight is another process that affects the inner mixed zone. The process results in the social and physical deterioration of the inner-city areas. The lower rent to land value properties will deteriorate in anticipation for the invasion of other land uses. This is shown in the diagram below how people neglect their property. Land owners find little economic sense in upgrading or maintaining their property as they expect that they will be forced out due to economic pressures as the property could be worth more if taken over and renovated by a CBD function.

Urban Blight

Urban renewal, both redevelopment and gentrification, is a process in which most of the inner mixed zone has been affected by. Gentrification involves the process of upgrading the socioeconomic status of an inner-city residential area. It is not coordinated, large scale or government led. It is practically evident in Subiaco, Shenton Park and Leederville. Young couples of middle to high socioeconomic status may purchase cheaper homes here so they can renovate or demolish and rebuild them. Redevelopment is a government based process aimed at renewing large residential areas often into multistory apartment flats. A major example of this is the East Perth redevelopment scheme announced by the government in 10. The following picture shows how East Perth is being renewed by the building of new apartments.

Landuse competition is a major process that impacts on the inner mixed zone. Land values are high because of its nearness to the CBD but not as high as the CBD. The process of centralisation occurs as it is uneconomical to have urban functions scattered all over the whole of a hinterland. Conversely, all functions can not be carried out at one location. Functions `fight, in a sense, for the best location where it will profitable and accessible. As a result we get the agglomeration of economic functions in restricted areas. Such agglomeration occurs primarily because it provides a lower cost method to the alternative wide spread distribution. Examples of this include, wholesaling and industry in East Perth, entertainment, cultural and retail in Northbridge and administration and commercial in West Perth.

The Rural Urban Fringe

The rural urban fringe is the outer growing edge of the city located between the built-up area and the rural countryside. Urban and rural functions meet at the rural urban fringe. Its characteristics reflect the pressures which stem from the expansion of the city. Wanneroo, Spearwood, Guilford, Wangara and Middle Swan are some of Perths suburbs which lie in the rural urban fringe. Figure 10.40 shows the rural urban fringe in the swan valley region.

Associated with this zone is distinguishing characteristics. These characteristics include

· Land use conflicts caused by metropolitan overfill.

· Transition area with expanding urban functions moving into farming areas.

· Dynamic zone with land uses constantly changing and a mixture of landuse types.

· Undesirable urban functions such located in this area.

· Conflicts over the undesirable land uses - the `Nimby syndrome.

· Intensive agriculture with viticultural and horticultural activities.

· Space extensive activities such as marinas, wildlife parks, recreational theme parks, golf courses and equestrian centres.

· Strong ethnic concentration.

The boundary of the rural urban fringe is difficult to identify in various areas. It has a land use conflict caused by metropolitan over spill. As it contains the cheapest land, there are undesirable urban functions. These include sewerage treatment plants, waste disposal facilities, airports, military installations and speedways. Intensive agriculture is associated with the rural urban fringe, market gardens, vineyards, orchards and floriculture in particular. Hobby farms are popular in this area. This results in land use competition, where people try to buy the cheapest land in the city for land uses that take up a lot of space, industry and hobby farms for example. In keeping with the concept of the land rent mechanism, the most land intensive and profitable land uses will be in this area.

Land owners are not prepared to spend money on the appearance of their properties as it will not add to the value of the land, resulting in an urban shadow effect where the landowners wait to redevelop their rural holdings or sell to housing estate developers. Figure 11.1 shows the urban shadow on the rural urban fringe. The relatively quiet and natural environment offered by this area will often attract residential functions. This increase in new residential subdivisions can produce conflicts with the existing rural functions. Residential development is not uniform but occurs in pockets of widely dispersed low density housing, usually occupying the more desirable land. This is because of the rapid encroachment of residential and other urban land uses. Invasion and Succession is evident, which is a process that affects the rural urban fringe Residential functions are able to move into this outer region as there has been a significant improvement in the transport technology. With cars people are able to live further from the central business district and still travel to work easily. Now with improved public transport that extends to the outer suburbs such as Joondalup, people are able to use this and reduce the traffic congestion. This is due to functions seeking cheaper or larger land in which to develop. The rural urban fringe has strong ethnic concentrations, mainly Italians, Slovakians and Vietnamese involved with the intensive agriculture.

The rural urban fringe has also has many processes which affect it. Landuse competition is a major process that impacts on the rural urban fringe. This is the cheapest land (per unit area) in the city so land uses which take up a lot of space (e.g. industry, hobby farms) locate here. As the residential zones expand they will invade into the rural urban fringe developers want to take advantage of cheaper land values and build residential properties, often subdividing larger block to build duplex or triplex housing. As the city expands, less intensive land uses and displaced by more intensive ones and these in turn give way to the newly arrived urban functions.

As a result of this land use conflict, invasion and succession is evident. Succession is the complete invasion of a function into an area, as this has only happened to parts of the rural urban fringe, succession isnt a major process. Invasion has occurred quite frequently in area of the rural urban fringe. Farmland on the rural urban fringe is invaded by urban land uses, mainly houses and light industry. As time goes on there is more and more urban land uses and less rural, until eventually succession occurs.

Urban planning is another process that is evident in the rural urban fringe and it is one that has had a big influence. Urban planning attempts to channel the growth of a city in a particular way. The corridor plan of Perth determines where most housing expansion is occurring attracting growth along four main transport arteries radiating from the city centre. Planning is evident from the curvilinear pattern of road networks shown in the aerial photo below. In an attempt to slow traffic down more curvy roads were produced compared to the grid-like road patterns of the older suburbs.

Inertia is a process that affects the rural urban fringe. This resistance to change particularly affects functions that have long been established in the rural urban fringe. A main reason for this is the cost is too great and there could be land use conflicts if moved. Canning Vale prison is an example of how a function isnt moving anywhere. It is a specialised function and the cost associated with the re-location would be too high.

The rural urban fringe is also home to a variety of specialised, space intensive land uses, some of which are relegated to this area due to incompatibility with other urban functions. These land uses include industrial estates, such as that in Wangara, prisons, Canning Vale prison, sewerage treatment plants, water catchment areas and some quarrying.

Conclusion

The inner mixed zone and the rural urban fringe are two functional zones within Perth. They have their own distinctive characteristics for each zone, but share similar processes which affect them. Going on the fieldwork trip around Perths inner mixed zone and rural urban fringe was able to clarify the characteristics and processes of each of these zones. With the changing land uses we are able to see how these two zones are two zones of transition.

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