1.Who were the liberal reformers who were influential in the establishment of arbitration? Why did they favour this form of industrial regulation and how did trade unions and employers respond?

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In a time of social unrest and industrial action was becoming a common place. A few sort to rectify the problem. These liberal reformers included Charles Kingston, Alfred Deakin and Justice Higgins who were influential in bringing about the establishment of arbitration. This paper will discuss what these liberal reformers did to establish arbitration and why did they favour this type of form of industrial regulation. Also, what the response was of employers and unions to this type of industrial regulation.

Charles Kingston is considered the pioneer behind the arbitration. Seeing the need for a system that would end the industrial strikes he first attempt an industrial conciliation and arbitration legislation in 184 as a means of preventing and settling industrial strife. However, the Act was not a success due to the trade unions not registering under this act. The next attempt was to include a clause in the constitution relating to arbitration powers, which was include in the constitution. His final attempt was the conciliation and arbitration bill of 10. However, disagreement broke out regarding the inclusion of British and foreign seamen who employed in the Australian coastal trades (Playford Vol ). Finally, Charles Kingston resigned form ministry and the bill gained royal assent in December 104, now known as the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 104.

Alfred Deakin was a most harden supporter of 'New' protection. Described by Alfred Deakin himself in Gollan as

"The 'Old' protection contented itself with making good wages possible. The 'New' protection seeks to make them actual. It aims at the manufacturer that degree of exemption from unfair outside competition, which enable him to pay fair and reasonable wages without impairing the maintenance and extension of his industry, or its capacity to supply the local market. It does not stop. Having put the manufacturers in a position to pay good wages, it goes to assure the public that he does pay them." (160 p165).

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Deakin used this 'New' protection to introduce a series of protective legislation including arbitration. Collaborating with Charles Kingston to introduce the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill.

Justice Higgins is considered the father of arbitration. As a Victorian radical, he with Charles Kingston were responsible for the clause relation to the arbitration powers of the Commonwealth. Gollan indicates that Higgins was firstly opposed to the first draft of the constitution saying, "the machinery of the Government should be mobile and free from complications and embarrassing restrictions"(160 p18). This relates to the first draft of the constitution that did not relate to the interests of the working class and ultimately all classes in the country. Higgins would then go on to sit on the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration.

Liberalism in short is independence and the way these liberal reformers would obtain independence was through economic prosperity of Australia. For arbitration to be accepted steps had to be taken to guarantee economic prosperity. Which at the time in the 180's was becoming derailed by the great depression and associated strikes of the era. So in order to stop these disruptions Deakin drew up a new social contract. This new social contract is described by Robert Leach "labour would receive award wages; the state would be the great independent mediator in the best corporate (or guiding) state tradition; this would be backed by a class alliance between white capitalist business and white male labour; Australian business would receive protection" (00 p8).

The new social contract did not end there. Free trade was a looming just overhead and big business needed protection. Deakin used this to his advantage and by offering protection he insured the success of arbitration. Robert Leach illustrates,

"Free trade would also mean the destruction of the local national capitalist by foreign capitalism. National capitalism, or locally based big business, needed the state to protect it and wanted labour demands to be reasonable (or, as some argued, to be slowed). Arbitration would do this. Protection and industrial arbitration and conciliation became the norms as local capital and right wing trade unions and labour politicians found a mutual interest in its existence"(00 p)

Not only was free trade protection used as a bargaining chip for the implementation of arbitration so was protection of white Australian labour. The Deakin administration also implemented the Immigration Restriction Act 101 which "had attempted to ensure that indentured labour would not be imported and that coloured labour would not seek to enter Australia to the detriment of employment conditions of white labour"(186 p51). Also, along with this Act was the Defence Act of 10, which deterred illegal aliens from entering the county.

The final nail in the coffin in gaining support for arbitration was the Customs Tariff Act of 10 and the Excise Tariff Act of 106. These Acts are put in place to protect local manufacturers from adverse overseas competition on the condition they paid fair and equitable wages.

With all of these steps in place Deakin gained support for the arbitration in the constitution and later the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 104. Therefore, the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration established the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, this court exercised judicial and arbitral powers. The court was able to create new rights and obligation for employers and employees by making awards which defined the terms and conditions of employment. (History of Regulation) This court could also intervene to interpret awards, order compliance of awards and intervene in any industrial action or dispute between employers, unions and employees that may affect the economic prosperity of the country.

The employer response to arbitration is one that is closely related to those of the resulting strikes about the minimum wage before arbitration. The employers immediately lead to the formation of employer groups. Plowman illustrates this on page 588 " the fact that arbitration legislation provided for standing rather than ad hoc tribunals, together with the legal protection afforded unions under legislation, forced employers to form permanent associations, which fragmented once their raison d'etre had cease to exist. Employer and trade associations further responded by federating at the state levels to form employer federations" (186). This brought into being the Associated Chambers of manufacturing of Australia in 10 and Central Council of Employers of Australia in 104.

These new employer organisations were anti-labour and used political lobbying and legal action to limit the impact of compulsory arbitration. Some of the methods used by employer association to disrupt compulsory arbitration are illustrated by Patmore pg 110 stating "Employers also frustrated the system by encouraging the registration of bogus unions, refusing to register their own associations and using legal representation to slow down procedures and increase union costs. They reduced the impact of awards by strategies such as subcontracting and installing new labour saving machinery.'(11).

As in the rest of the country were employer association were weakening compulsory arbitration so was New South Wales. "Employers tried to weaken the federal arbitration system through legal challenges. Before 11 they were assisted a High Court dominated by judges who adopted a restrictive interpretation of Commonwealth powers. Between 107 and 11 employers successfully challenged the 'New Protection', the common rule and the registration of craft unions"(Patmore 11, p115). However this did not last long, with the death of a judge and the Fisher government replacing them with three pro-federal judges in 11. Employer's victories diminished and some decisions overturned.

Employer association increased the pressure on the government by lobbing state premiers. "In 115 the Council of Employers was further involved in lobbying sate premiers to ensure that they did not legislate to hand over industrial powers to the commonwealth as promised in that years premiers conference" (Plowman 186 p601). However, employer lost a lot of power with the introduction of section 1AA of the Conciliation and Arbitration Act, which reduced employer's ability to challenge the court finding in any industrial dispute.

With the introduction of compulsory arbitration in 104, trade unionists took a novel response to it. The faith in a system of compulsory arbitration was weakened and unions decide they could have it both ways. Laffer indicates, "For a particular trade union, consideration of the relative advantages of (a) compulsory arbitration, or (b) collective bargaining backed by the threat of strike" (171 p100). To use the arbitration system unions had to register to qualify for legal representation. However it started slow, Bennett depicts

"The period of 105-110 there were 61 successful applications for union registration as compared with 116 for the period 111-10. The limited impact of the system on Australia industrial relations was partly due to the successful campaign waged by employers against the legislation in the courts"(14 p).

After registration, they were eligible to acquire a legally enforceable award if the unions were involved in an industrial dispute that extends beyond the limits of the state.

Even though there was strong support of the union for compulsory arbitration, New South Wales experience was one of delayed claims and curbed militancy. This created dissatisfaction and some unions tried to alter the system

In New South Wales the legislation created an outcry in the trade union movement. "Unionists criticised the extensive penal powers for enforcing awards and preventing strikes. They also condemned the legislation for undermining trade unionism, since it allowed associations of at least twenty workers, as well as registered industrial trade unions, to apply to the wages board."(Patmore 11, p111). The labour council of New South Wales reacted by advising all unions to ignore the Act and rely of industrial action to achieve 'fair and reasonable' wages.

But it was not until the end of World War I the difference between the unions and arbitration became extremely evident. The most serious was industrial action taken by the Seaman's Union in 11, which resorted to direct action and repudiated arbitration. Bennett describes

"The strike lasted for over three months and involved ,000 seamen. It was claimed that 5,000 workers of the Victorian manufacturing industry were thrown out of work, as were ,000 coalminers in New South Wales, there were marches on parliament and report that shortages of goods had produced illness and chaos in the remote communities of western Australia and Queensland. The strike was finally settled by around table conference where the employers granted the bulk of the unions demands" (14 p).

The government by passed the arbitration system using the industrial Peace Act 10 where power to set up special tribunal in single industrial disputes. These special tribunals have since been used to settles disputes with powerful groups of workers such as miners, seamen, wharf labourers and pilots.

In conclusion, the Liberal reformers such as Charles Kingston, Alfred Deakin and Justice Higgins used Conciliation and Arbitration to solve issues such as social unrest, industrial action and economic prosperity. They favoured this form of industrial regulation because it gave the decision making power of solving strikes, wage disputes and terms and conditions of employment in the hands of the government. However, the liberal reformer did not anticipate the response of the unions or employers. The introduction of arbitration led employers to form association that actively tried to bring down compulsory arbitration seeing it as unfair and protect unions more then employers. The introduction of arbitration was suppose to help the unions and was fairly well received. However, unions will always strike if there are enough employees that see there is an injustice. On a whole Arbitration and Conciliation has had its ups and downs, but due to some smart thinking by Justice Higgins the act can be amended as the current economic climate dictates.

Bibliography.

Patmore, G. (11). Australian Labour History. Melbourne Longman Cheshire Pty Limited.

Bennett, L. (14). Making Labour Law in Australia Industrial Relations, Politics and Law. Sydney The Law Book Co. Ltd.

Gollan, R. (160). Radical and Working Class Politics A Study of Eastern Australia. Melbourne Melbourne University Press.

Pember Reeves, W. (10). State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand. London Allen and Unwin.

Macintyre, S. (18). Niether capital nor labour the politics of the establishment of arbitration. In Macintyre, S. and Mitchell, R., eds, Foundations of Arbitration, OUP, Melbourne. Ch. 8.

Deery, S, Plowman, D, Walsh, J & Brown, M. (00). Industrial Relations A Contemporary Analysis. Roseville McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd.

Alexander, R. & Lewer, J. (001). Understanding Australian Industrial Relations. Victoria Nelson Thomson Learning.

Plowman, D.H. (186). Employers and Compulsory Arbitration The Higgins Era 107-10. The Journal of Industrial Relations, 4(4), 588-60.

Buckley, K. (171). Arbitration-Its History and Process. The Journal of Industrial Relations,1 6-10.

Leach, R. (n.d). Australia and the changing world; the background to a new Alliance of political parties. The Alliance Alternative in Australia.

A Fair Go Economy-Institutions. (n.d). Australia's Centenary of Federation. [Online]. Available http//abc.net.au//federation/fedstory/ep/ep_institutions.htm

Call Off the Funeral. (001). Australin Labour Law Association. [Online]. Available http//ww.actu.asn.au/public/news/107677_668.html

Playford, J. (n.d). History Charles Kingston. [Online]. Available http//cofq.qld.gov.au/charles_kingston.html

The History of Regulation. (n.d). Australian Industrial Relation Commission. [Online]. Available http//www.airc.gov.au/research/about/ab_history.html

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The Youth Criminal Justice Act

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The Youth Criminal Justice Act (Y.C.J.A.) will replace the Young Offenders Act (Y.O.A.) later this year, 00. The Act will cover youths from 1-years to their 18th birthday. The main purpose of this new Act is to treat violent crimes differently from non-violent crimes, so the youth who committed the crime will face the consequences according to the seriousness of the offence committed. This new Act will promote responsibility and meaningful consequences for youth crime, support more constructive, long-term sustainable solutions, involve the communities in identifying and finding solutions to the offences committed fairly and expand the roles of the victims and the accused. There will be more encouragement for community-based sentences, such as compensation or restitution to the victim, community service or probation. The crimes committed by any youth will be viewed more carefully as to whether the youth should be tried in an adult court, stay in the youth courts, or not go to court at all, but have a community-based sentence. The types of offences that are covered in the Y.C.J.A. are the same ones in the Y.O.A. However, there are a few adjustments, such as extra-judicial sanctions. These give police officers the authority to consider if the offence committed should be tried in court or should the youth be given compensation. The extra-judicial sanctions are easier to sentence and less time consuming. There will be adult sentences in appropriate cases, where only 16- and 17- year olds can be convicted of murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, and aggravated sexual assault. The key principle of sentencing under new legislation is that the sentence should be in proportion to the seriousness of the offence. When sentencing, the young person must be held accountable for behaviour, and level of maturity. The judge has a range of sentencing options under the new Act, from an absolute discharge to a maximum penalty of ten years imprisonment. Those youth who are expected to receive an adult sentence will be extended to include 14- and 15- year olds. The new legislation would permit publication of the names of youth convicted of an offence who receive an adult sentence of murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, and aggravated sexual assault or if the youth is considered a serious offender to the public by the judge. The youth records will be treated the same as adult records and will allow authorized people, such as victims, police officers, or school authorities to access the youth records.

The Y.C.J.A. gives the community an opportunity to get involve with the victims and the accused and deal with the less serious offences committed outside of court. This Act has a better effectiveness than the Y.O.A., since new regulations have been made and the old ones have been adjusted. From 16 to 001, the number of cases heard by youth courts with guilty findings has decreased from 74, 77 in 16 to 60, 041 in 001. This shows that with the new Act soon in place, hopefully, the number of youth cases will begin to decrease rather than increase. However, the number of youth cases can increase because of all the new crimes that the youth today are committing. This new Act will help settle summary offences in a different manner by not getting the courts involved. The government of Canada does not know yet of whether this Act will work better than the Y.O.A. or be worse.

In Canada, there are alternative sentences that are being used for the youth. There is one in British Columbia called Camp Trapping that has been very successful in the past years. Those who are sent to this rehabilitation camp are drug addicts and repeated offenders (average 8 offences each). Camp Trapping is an isolated place and very different from prison, since the offenders are always doing something, such as attending classes and attending to their assigned chores. This camp is great for youth offenders because the counselors are more caring and one-on-one with the youth. Less than half of the youth at Camp Trapping will reoffend when they finish their 4-month program compared to the 70% of whom will reoffend when are released from prison. This camp is a good example of an extra-judicial sanction that can be used for many youths who commit a crime. Another alternative sentence is the Child and Youth Protection Centre in Quebec City, which offers an intensive probation program for young people convicted of an offence who would have been placed in custody. The program has reduced the reoffending rate by more than 0%. There are many more alternative sentences that are used to rehabilitate offenders. These boot camps and programs are examples of community-based programs, besides the community service and probation. They assist better with the young offenders and are more encouraging than community service. However, of all the sentences given to young offenders, only 1, 77 out of 60, 041 cases in 001, are sentenced to restitution and compensations. This number has been dropping since 18, but hopefully it will begin to increase since many young offenders benefit from these type of programs, like Camp Trapping.

As mentioned before, the main purpose of the Youth Criminal Justice Act is to treat violent crimes differently from non-violent crimes. The government has added a number of sentencing options with youth crime to support and impose conditions the youth must meet in the community. This Act will improve the youth crime rate and will help the young offenders to understand their responsibility, their actions and the consequences they must face. Overall, this Act is effective and has been through so many changes. I believe that this Act will help the public and the youth have a better understanding of the legislation. After having done this research on the new Youth Criminal Justice Act, I found that I now have a better understanding of a young person's rights under this Act. Now it's up to those who offend or will offend to state whether this piece of legislation is effective.

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Bibliography

1. Buckingham, Donald E. Learning About Law. Toronto McGraw- Hill Ryerson

Limited, 17.

. http//canada.justice.gc.ca/eh/dept/pub/ycja/youth.html

. http//www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/justic.htm#cri

4. Out of the Woods. Videocassette. ITP Nelson, 18

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The Fall of the House of Usher

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Edgar Allen Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher demonstrates romanticism throughout the entire story. This story, like all of his short stories is written in Gothic literature. First of all, the tone is gloomy, dark and threatening. Then, the events that take place are strange, melodramatic and evil. Romanticism is included because imagination becomes a reality and a cultivation of emotion and sensation takes place.

The setting of this story is a big, old, dark, and scary house. Poe uses the setting to enhance the plot. Living in the house is its owner Roderick Usher. Roderick is experiencing physical and emotional illness, and he and his sister (whom also is ill with a rare disease) are the last line of the Usher family. The narrator, whom is a good friend of Roderick, moves into the house to add more excitement into the story. Both the narrator and Roderick question whether the house and its vicinity are naturally unhealthy. The setting itself seems to infect the characters.

To me, the House and the family that lives inside of it is the same thing. This adds to the Romanticism because the house is falling just as the family is.

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Gothicism is also evident because the treatment of a lady (Madeline Usher) is gruesome and violent.

With Romanticism and Gothicism obvious in the story, all that is left is the Sublime. The Edmund Burke quote, "Darkness is more productive of sublime ideas than light," fits The Fall of the House of Usher perfectly. Although all Edgar Allen Poe stories are dark and scary, this one is a great example the Sublime. When Madeline gets buried alive and comes back to Roderick bloodstained and broken, and Roderick dies of fear, the sublime of the story is complete.

The illness of this story, as well as all Poe stories demonstrate the theme of science verses superstition. The dramatic adventure, high-flown sentiments, exotic setting, and cult of the past, build up the Romanticism included in the story. The physical collapse of the house at the end makes the reader wonder whether the entire story is a supernatural phenomenon or whether it is merely a tale of scientific coincidence. Nobody knows for sure if Madeline actually fought her way out of the tomb for several days, or if she is a ghost that both men see. Poe does a terrific job of including the sublime into this story.

Please note that this sample paper on The Fall of the House of Usher is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Fall of the House of Usher, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on The Fall of the House of Usher will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Rostrumn speech "the cross roads

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Decisions, yes thats right decisions. Every day we make 1000s of decisions. You all made the decision to listen to my speech, to where the clothes you are wearing. We all make decisions.

Now the cross roads doesnt just mean those little decisions. Like me wearing my school uniform or for myself and the other speakers to stand in front of you and say our speeches.

At times society has found itself at the crossroads. For example, from 114 to 118 a great war was fought , leaving 8 million dead and over 0 million wounded or missing . Never before in history had such destruction occurred in one massive struggle that drew into combat people from nations all around the world. The destruction caused by world war 1 was due to mainly one factor. The death of Franz Fernando and his morganatic wife Sophie, duchess of hohenberg, when they were shot dead by a Bosnian Serb, Gavil Princip.

Because of this death the Austrians decided to present an unacceptable ultimatum to Serbia and then to declare war. The Austrians decisions to declare war on the Serbians could have been prevented but when they cross- roads they crossed to the wrong side .The side that had millions killed and many injured .

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If they cross roads to the other side they wouldnt brake out in war and they would have saved millions of lives and heaps of havoc.

Another example of the wrong crossed road is world war I mean

what would have happened if Germany had rejected Hitler and Nartzeism . would the world have escaped those horrendous years that caused suffering to millions of people through out the world? Who knows all I know is if they didnt cross to the wrong side we would have found out.

Society has found itself at the cross roads but not all decisions that have impacted us are bad. The atomic bomb for example. If America had not dropped the 1st atomic bomb on Hiroshima on Aug 6 145 and then days later on Nagasaki Japan than the second world war may have ended months or even years after it did. This would have ment that millions more world have died and been injured in combat. So in a way dropping the bomb was a right decision .ok a quarter of a million people may have died from the atomic bombs but by America doing what they did made Japan to surrender and the war to end. WE crossed the road on the right side this decision was the right decision.

Its all about making the right decision for some it may be easier than others. You were all once teenagers like us and I am sure you can recall how hard those decision making times were. For example do you go to university and from there do u peruse in a carrier. Do you say NO to drugs and crime ,do you simply get married and have kids. Society today but has changed from the time when women had little or no say in how their future would end up . But women had had enough men had made womens decisions for far to long and women wanted equality with men . so the suffer jets suffered on womens behalf, to make one of the biggest decisions in their society. Which was give women equal rights with men .

because of the decisions society throughout history has made . because of the paths we have been lead on and because of what society has made itself of I miss Phillipa Maddocks who is 14 and 6 months is able to think of how I want to lead my life. I dont have to have someone deciding which path I shall be taking . I am able to decide if I want to go to university It doesnt matter if I am female . I am able to join the army , airforce or the navy I can even get married and have a few children in the later future if thats what I really want.

The human race may have crossed the wrong road a few times throughout history but because of these mistakes my generation is able to learn and grow from them to create a better future.

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Andy Warhol

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I. The Artist

A. Name of the artist Andy Warhol

1. Birth date

Andy Warhol was born Andrew Warhola on August 6th 18.

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. Place (be specific- city, country, home?, etc.) (10 points)

Most people believe Andy Warhol was actually born in Forest City, Pennsylvania, but Warhol's true birthplace is unknown. Warhol used to change the location of his birthplace in just about every interview he did. Some days Warhol would say he was born in McKeesport, a community of immigrant workers south of Pittsburgh, other days Warhol would say he was born in Philadelphia, and on occasion he would even say Hawaii.

. Who was in power in their country at their birth/ during their life? How did the political and or social structure affect the life of this artist? (0 points)

Andy Warhol grew up in twentieth century America. Warhol was influenced by the great depression, World War II, The Korean and Vietnam conflicts, and the social and sexual revolution of the sixties and seventies. Warhol was born in 18, when president Coolidge was in power. Warhol also lived through Presidents Hoover, Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Regan. This America would later affect his work driving ambition, greed, power, corruption, violence, sex, chaos, madness, and death- all the themes that would later inspire Warhol's work.

4. When and where did this artist die? Explain the circumstances leading up to their death. (0 points)

Andy Warhol died at 61 a.m. on Sunday, February , 187. He died at New York Hospital due to complications of a routine gallbladder surgery.

Shortly before his death Warhol felt a tremendous amount of pain in his stomach area, and had his doctor check it out. Warhol's doctor told him he should have surgery right away, because his gallstones were far too large. Warhol did not take his doctors advice because of his severe fear of hospitals. Warhol instead became more hermit-like, staying indoors more, rather then partying. Warhol also tried to hide his sickness away from his friends. When one of his friends, Victor Hugo, called to complain about a three week cold, Warhol was there to be sympathetic. Warhol never let on to being ill.

Warhol visited his doctor again, because the pain was beginning to be too much. His doctor told him he really needed to go into surgery right away. Despite his fear of hospitals, Warhol decided to get the surgery and made arrangements at New York Hospital. Warhol was scheduled to have the surgery on Saturday and be out by Sunday. Warhol made sure that no one but his closest aides knew. When Warhol entered the hospital he told all of his doctors that he wasn't going to leave the hospital, they assured Warhol that he'd be fine and nothing was going to happen to him. After fifteen hours of preparation Warhol's surgery was performed between 845a.m. and 110p.m. on Saturday February 1, 187. There were no complications at the time, and none were found later during the autopsy.

At 545a.m. Ms. Chou, the private nurse selected to watch Warhol, noticed that Warhol had turned blue and that his pulse had weakened. Unable to wake him she summoned the floor nurse who, in the words of Ms. Chou, "almost had a stroke." A cardiac arrest team began resuscitation efforts, but had difficulty putting a tube in Warhol's windpipe, because rigor mortis had started to set in. At 61am the artist was pronounced dead.

B. Family life and childhood

1. Describe his/her childhood including siblings, significant and/or interesting things about the family life of this artist. (0 points)

Andy Warhol grew up in the steel and coal capitol of America Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Andy lived with his mother Julia Warhola, his father Andrei Warhola, and his two brothers John and Paul Warhola. Warhol was the youngest of the three.

Warhol's father worked with the Eichleay Corporation, a company that did construction work. His Father did not drink or gamble and even managed to put away some money in order to move them into a bigger house, but a year later Warhol's father lost his job and their family had to move into a small two-room apartment that rented for six dollars a week. Andrei was reduced to taking odd jobs and Julia helped by doing some part time cleaning, and by selling potted plants in tin cans (later, Warhol claimed this is the reason he first started to paint soup cans). In their new home the Warhola's only had two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a bathroom. All the boys had to sleep in one bed. Their father kept order, if the boys started to act rowdy, Andrei would just look at them and they would stop what they were doing. Andrei was particularly strict on the subject of religion. Every Sunday he would take his family to mass, which lasted an hour and a half, and then he would insist that Sunday be a day of absolute rest (Warhol returned to prayer for support throughout his adult life).

Andrei soon got his job back at the Eichleay Corporation, which kept him away from his family for long periods of time, and they moved into a bigger house in a nicer neighborhood. There Warhol met his first best friend, a girl, by the name of Margie Girman. Andy would spend every afternoon with Margie, and even began to idolize her. Margie inspired him to do well in school. If Margie was going to study hard for a test, Warhol was too. Warhol always got along better with girls then boys. (It would be this way throughout his entire life).

When Warhol was eight he contracted a disease that affected his development, Chorea, better known as St. Vitus dance. Warhol became increasingly disoriented, easily provoked to tears, and found simple tasks like tying his shoes and writing his name, difficult to coordinate. At first no one noticed these symptoms, but then they worsened. Warhol began to slur his speech; touch things nervously with shaking hands, fumble, and found it hard to sit still. Julia called the doctor, who diagnosed him with a mild case of St. Vitus dance, and ordered Warhol to stay in bed for a month.

While Warhol was sick in bed his mother watched over him closely. Julia's first child, a baby girl, Justina had died before Paul (the oldest) was born; she didn't want to lose another child to illness. Julia made sure that Andy had plenty of comic books, coloring books, and paper dolls to keep him entertained. When Warhol got well enough to hold scissors, without shaking, he would cut out pictures from his comic books and his coloring books and make collages. When the month had past Warhol's family decided to send him back to school. Warhol refused, hanging onto his mothers skirt and crying. When the Warholas neighbor overheard the commotion he grabbed Warhol by the shoulders, thinking he was just throwing a tantrum, and said, "You're going to school boy!" Then proceeded to drag Warhol towards the door. The neighbor thought he was helping, but he only succeeded in sending Warhol into a relapse, causing Warhol to spasm. Julia called the doctor again; who this time said that it's not uncommon for children with St. Vitals dance to relapse. Again Warhol had to stay in bed for a month, which was fine for Warhol because that's where he wanted to be anyway.

When Warhol was 14 years old his father passed away. It was the only funeral Warhol had ever attended.

The next year Warhol's mother Julia was diagnosed with colon cancer. She agreed to undergo a colostomy, an experimental operation at the time. They replaced his mothers bowel system with a bag next to her stomach. Warhol was worried she would come out alive; the surgery only had a fifty-fifty chance. The whole ordeal was traumatic for Warhol. Her experience bred in him a fear of hospitals and surgery that may have caused for Warhol's own premature death.

. What/Who inspired the artist? How did they become an artist? (Was it a family member or friend, another artist, a philosophy, Etc.???) (10 points)

Andy Warhol was inspired by his mother. Julia enjoyed drawing for fun, and she and Warhol would often draw together. She enjoyed drawing cats sitting on hats, or funny little things like that. Warhol would draw Mickey Mouse characters. Andy Warhol was always an artist. He carried a sketchbook with him and was always drawing even when he was a little kid. Warhol just always loved to draw and loved art.

. How did the artist learn their craft? (Training, tutors, etc.) (5 points).

Andy Warhol learned his craft by drawing what he saw. Of course he did have some instruction.

In elementary school Andy Warhol's art teacher was a Ms. Annie Vickerman. Annie had recommended Andy for a Saturday morning art class at the Carnegie Museum taught by, Joseph Fitzpatrick, an innovative instructor. There, Fitzpatrick taught them to draw with authority. Teaching them the fundamentals of drawing and painting, and how to control and play upon the basic forms.

During Warhol's senior year at high school he was accepted to two different colleges, the University of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Warhol chose the latter because it had a stronger art department, but even with Warhol's great artistic talent; the school was difficult for him. Warhol was held back academically by the immigrant accent and vocabulary he developed from his parents, and from his ethnic ghetto. Warhol wasn't doing so well in his artistic classes either. Warhol had trouble with his older more "old fashioned" teachers who didn't understand the creativity of things like leaving the cat prints from the family cat, on his work.

During the economic recession that followed the war jobs were scarce, so many soldiers took advantage of the opportunity of going to college on the G.I. Bill. Since the art department could only hold 100 students and because of Warhol's poor grades he was one of the 4 students kicked out in order to make room for the veterans. A few teachers who had recognized Warhol's artistic talent put up a fight for him to stay, but he was still kicked out. However, they offered him an opportunity to go to summer school and produce work, in order to be considered for readmissions in the fall. Andy did so and was accepted back. He graduated four years later.

4. To what special school, movement, or period did this artist belong? (i.e. Renaissance, post-modern, etc.) Explain in detail the focus of this period, how it evolved, and other artists who were also a part of it. (10 points)

Andy Warhol belonged to the Pop Art movement. Pop Art is a style of art that explores everyday imagery that is part of contemporary consumer culture. Common sources include advertisements, consumer product packaging, celebrities, and comic strips. Pop Art emerged in the mid 150s in England, but realized its fullest potential in New York in the 160s where it shared, with Minimalism, the attentions of the art world.

In Pop Art, the epic iss replaced with the everyday and the mass-produced are awarded the same significance as the unique. The media and advertising are favorite subjects for Pop Arts often witty celebrations of consumer society.

The term ``Pop Art was first used by the English critic Lawrence Alloway in a 158 issue of Architectural Digest to describe those paintings that celebrate post-war consumerism, defy the psychology of Abstract Expressionism, and worship the god of materialism.

Other artists who are part of the Pop Art movement are

5. What other art mediums did this artist use? (sculpture, pencil, clay, etc.) List some examples of these works. (10 points)

Mediums that Andy Warhol used were acrylic paint and silkscreen on canvas (Self Portrait 166), synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen on canvas ( Self Portrait 186, Heaven and Hell, 184-86, Cross 18, Be a Something With a Body 184-86, Gun 181-8, Guns 181-8, Skull 176, Still Life Hammer and Sickle 176-77, Jackie 164, and Tunafish Disaster 16), screenprints on paper ( Dollar Signs 18, Ladies and Gentlemen 175, and Campbell's Soup Can 168), screenprints and diamond dust on paper (Myths 181), screenprint on arches 88 paper (After the Party 17), silkscreen on paper (Cow Wallpaper 166), synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen on wood (Hienz Boxes 164), silkscreen and gold paint on primed canvas (Gold Marilyn 16), synthetic polymer paint on canvas (Dance Diagram 16, Campbell's Soup Can 16 ), Ink and wash on paper (The Nations Nightmare 150's), ink and dye on paper (Flower and a Women 150's, Ice Cream Dessert 150's), ballpoint pen on paper (Reclining male nude 150's, Feet 150's), pencil on paper (Street Signs 150's), ink on paper (Crowd with Communist Flag 150's).

6. How did being an artist affect his/her life? (Tell about this artist's life from about age twenty until their death.) Was this artist sucessful in their field? What about their personal life? Explain in detail. (0 points)

When Andy Warhol was 1 years old he moved to New York. He found steady work there as a commercial artist. Warhol worked as an illustrator for several magazines including Vogue, Harpers Bazaar and The New Yorker and did advertising and window displays for retail stores such as Bonwit Teller and I. Miller. Prophetically, his first assignment was for Glamour magazine for an article titled Success is a Job in New York.

Throughout the 150s, Warhol enjoyed a successful career as a commercial artist, winning several commendations from the Art Directors Club and the American Institute of Graphic Arts. In these early years, he shortened his name to Warhol. Dropping the very ethnic "a" at the end. In 15, the artist had his first individual show at the Hugo Gallery, exhibiting Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of Truman Capote. Warhol's work was exhibited in several other venues during the 150s, including his first group show at The Museum of Modern Art in 156.

The 160s was an extremely prolific decade for Warhol. Appropriating images from popular culture, Warhol created many paintings that remain icons of 0th-century art, such as the Campbells Soup Cans, Disasters and, Marilyn's. In addition to painting, Warhol made several 16mm films, which have become underground classics such as Chelsea Girls, Empire, and Blow Job. In 168, Valerie Solanis, founder and sole member of SCUM (Society for Cutting Up Men) walked into Warhols studio, known as the Factory, and shot the artist. The attack was nearly fatal.

At the start of the 170s, Warhol began publishing Interview magazine and renewed his focus on painting. Works created in this decade include Mao's, Skulls, Hammer and Sickles, Torsos and Shadows, and many commissioned portraits. Warhol also published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (from A to B and Back Again). Firmly established as a major 0th-century artist and international celebrity, Warhol exhibited his work extensively in museums and galleries around the world.

The artist began the 180s with the publication of POPism The Warhol 60s and with exhibitions of Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century and the Retrospectives and Reversal series. He also created two cable television shows, Andy Warhols TV in 18 and Andy Warhols Fifteen Minutes for MTV in 186. His paintings from the 180s include The Last Suppers, Rorschach's and, in a return to his first great theme of Pop, a series called Ads. Warhol also engaged in a series of collaborations with younger artists, including Jean-Michel Basquiat, Francesco Clemente, and Keith Haring.

Following routine gall bladder surgery, Andy Warhol died February , 187. After his burial in Pittsburgh, his friends and associates organized a memorial mass at St. Patricks Cathedral in New York that was attended by more than ,000 people.

7. During the artist's life, how was their work viewed and valued? After this artist's death, how was their work valued? How is it valued today?

During Andy Warhol's life his work was viewed as genius and as an inspiration. Today his work is viewed the same. Warhol is viewed as the prince of Pop Art, and is hailed as one of the best artists of the twentieth century.

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I chose the trumpet and it is from the brass section of the Orchestra.

There was a long instrument called the Buising it was from Europe, years later it was made shorter. In the 1400s the instrument was shaped like an 's'. Then again, years later it was changed into a loop. In 180 inventors of the trumpet added valves so you can get lots of different sounds. Most trumpets now have the same notes so you don't have to learn new fingering. So from the early Buising they made the modern trumpet!

The trumpet is a member of the Brass family. They produce their sound by the player buzzing their lips while blowing through a funnel liked mouthpiece. To get a higher or lower sound the player adjusts the opening of his or hers mouth. The mouthpiece connects to a length of brass tubing. The shorter the tubing length the smaller trumpet but the but much higher sound. And the longer tubing means the opposite (larger trumpet But a lower sound.) Overall the trumpets tubing can go for about 6 ½ feet. The player presses on the three valves. Trumpets are normally made of brass or other metal, and are usually silver-plated.

The trumpet uses the treble clef ('g' clef)

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These are the names of two trumpet players in the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.

Louis Armstrong was born in the poorer section on New Orleans in 101. Over his years he had lots of nicknames because he was always talking and never shut up. He got such names as Gatemouth, Dippermouth and Satchelmouth. They were the most popular throughout his career. Incredibly, Armstrong had an average of three hundred concerts a year, that means that he only had sixty-five days off per year, and even then he had to practice I find this amazing! As well as playing the trumpet and doing concerts, Armstrong also acted in over thirty movies. He was a gifted actor and he was very happy about his life. He was a composer of jazz music and he wrote dozens of songs all of them were jazz favourites. He learnt to read music when he was twelve, at an orphanage. He was recording hit songs for five decades. People still listen to his music today on either radio, television or in a movie. Armstrong didn't have much spare time, but when he had a break he liked to write. He wrote autobiographies, ten magazine articles and hundreds of memoirs. He was one of the great celebrities of the twentieth century. The great musician passed away in 171.

You can use the trumpet in a couple of groups you can use them in a jazz band, an orchestra and you can even do it solo.

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Persuasive Essay

Losing weight, eating healthy, and fiber are three important facts in one's life. These three subjects can be discussed as one; since each works with the other and they, all have a common goal. Losing Weight and Healthy Eating will make you look better on the outside, feel better on the inside, and, give you a major edge in avoiding cancer, heart attacks, high blood pressure and stroke. These are the major killers in our society. The science behind Losing Weight and Healthy Eating is overwhelming. Of all the things you personally do, nothing comes close to their health benefit. Vitamins, minerals, herbs or any other supplement cannot reduce the risk of these illnesses like Losing Weight and Healthy Eating can. What is Healthy Eating? It is simply eating those foods known to promote good health in the amounts to achieve a good weight. Females who are overweight seem to have the most problems losing weight. Some of this is perhaps genetic and some hormonal. However, in the end, the weight loss is directly related to calories eaten. The old adage still stands - there are no fat people in concentration camps. Fortunately, Healthy Eating combines weight loss; diet and fiber together like an interlocking puzzle. When all three fit together, they produce a beautiful picture of a new you, physically and mentally. (Never Satisfied A Cultural History of Diets) Radical diets backfire and do not produce long-term results. They produce eating disorders, yo-yo dieting, or feelings of deprivation or depression. Studies show it is the small, easy changes in your eating habits that have the best results. Seek the help of a nutritionist. Gradually begin to cut back on high-fat, high-sodium, and high caloric foods. The biggest reason for overeating is under-eating. Skipping meals to lose weight is not good. Cutting your calories too low slows down your metabolism. If you learn to feed your body well during the day, you are less likely to crave or binge. Be high-minded, but think realistically about what you want to achieve. One pound a week makes sense, while 40 pounds in a month is just plain impractical. (Never Satisfied A Cultural History of Diets ) Instead, make your goals specific. For instance, I will add 10 minutes of walking at lunch or I will work out three days a week for two weeks in a row. Your goal should be realistic, measurable, and positive and have a period of time. If you have never done a sit-up in your life, do not try to do 50 in one night. Start off with 10, then 1, and then 15. The idea is to gradually increase your intensity to challenge your body and make it work harder for you. If you exercise too intensely in the beginning, you will quit out of sheer pain. There is no rule that says you have to be in the gym every day. In reality, if you do something for 15 minutes a day, you would lose 10 pounds in a year. If you are flexible in your activity, you can get your results. What about gardening? Mowing your lawn? Try walking up the stairs instead of taking the elevator. Get involved in a sport. Go dancing during the week. Satisfy your sweet tooth. It is okay to love chocolate, but do not indulge in it too often. Plan your treats carefully. One strategy Make your calories in your treat reasonable, like a frozen chocolate bar for 10 calories. Make it your splurge that week. Do not blame yourself when you want French fries. Our society promotes obesity. The bad food around you is cheap, it is in big portions, and it tastes good. Understand that you have to create your own healthy environment. Carry healthy snacks with you at all times. Get better at planning and accept your strengths and weaknesses.

The people around you can make or break your weight loss program. It is good to have your family and friends on board with you. The day you start a diet, tell people who you think will be supportive of you. That way, you feel an extra obligation to succeed. In addition, they will keep the sweet temptations out of your way. Okay, so you gave into that candy bar craving. Do not throw in the towel so soon. Allow yourself the chance to get back up and start over. Many of us overeat as it relates to stress and other emotional problems. Pay attention to what is going on around you, and learn how to manage your stress in a healthier way. Understand the difference between real hunger and emotional hunger. You rush home after work just to sit in front of the television. It is unnatural to be so inactive. To lose weight, you have to get moving. Weight loss is about having a more fulfilling life. When you have that, then recreational eating becomes outdated. You have to give your weight-loss plan time to work. It will not happen in a week or two. Depending on your goals, it may take months. Focus on sticking to your regimen and the results will come. That is the key to losing weight - getting into the right frame of mind, getting MOTIVATED. The rest, i.e., what sort of diet you go on or what exercises you does, is all far less important. Once you have got the psychology right, the rest is a simple equation of fewer calories in (i.e., eating less) and more calories burned up (i.e., increasing your metabolism through exercise). One of the things that your weight affects is arthritis. It is important to keep your weight down because being overweight puts even more stress on your damaged joints. Nevertheless, because of the damage to the joints, it is more difficult to exercise and you are more prone to put on weight. Being overweight can also aggravate your diabetes (Health Risks of Weight Loss) so you have plenty of reasons to motivate yourself to lose those extra pounds.

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Bibliography

1. Bennett, William, and Gurin, Joel. Dieter's Dilemma. NY Basic Books, 1

. Berg, Francis. Health Risks of Weight Loss. Hettinger, ND Healthy Weight Journal, 15.

. Gaesser, Glenn. Big Fat Lies The Truth about Your Weight and Your Health. New York Ballantine, 16.

4. Ornstein, Davis, and Sobel, David. Healthy Pleasures. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley, 18.

5. Schwartz, Hillel. Never Satisfied A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat. NY Free Press, 186.

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