International Economics

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International Economics

Enlargement and Deepening of EU

The original six members established the European Community in 157 West Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg. The main reason behind this unification was a specific response to a series of problems, which confronted a group of countries in Western Europe in the immediate aftermaths of 145. Unification offered Western Europe a means of strengthening itself against both super powers united states and USSR. Stanley (p.0) argued that "the main motivation for European Community integration…is the argument of scale, or put more bluntly, the attraction of sizeism" In 145 it was easy to relate size with success, Europe's political failure could be attributed to smallness, which military victory against Germany could be accredited to the sheer size of the new super powers. "Economic studies of the advantages of scale, were simply taken as proven" Stanley (page ). From this we can understand that the development of the European Union is seen mainly in terms of enlarging and deepening, as we have seen the development in the last 45 years of the EU from six countries to fifteen, and from a Common Market Zone to a single market zone.

Enlargement is the process by which countries join the European Union. Article 4 of the Maastricht treaty specifies, "Any European State… may apply to become a member of the Union…" Timothy (p.148) Table .1 in Appendix A will show you the different stages of the enlargement process from application to accession.

On balance, enlargement should be economically beneficial for the Union because "…it is likely to lead to better performances (economies of scale, higher growth and investment, more technological innovation, stronger global corporate players)" Avery & Cameron, 1, (p.141) not only that but the addition of more than 100 million people, in rapidly growing economies, will boost economic growth and create jobs in both old and new member states. "…Increased size of the internal market combined with the relatively higher growth of the CEECs (productivity gains over the medium term in the applicant countries will be higher than in the EC-15…)" (p.141) The extension of zone of peace, stability and prosperity in Europe will enhance the security of all its peoples and this is supposed to attract large volumes of portfolio investment. In the process of enlargement of the Union both group of countries joining, and the EU-15 are going to be faced with trade creation from a cheaper source and trade diversion from a cost producer. "the applicant countries trade mostly with existing members…" (p.14) so from this we can understand that the enlarged Europe is going to gain more through trade creation than loose by facing trade diversion. Andurton in 15, suggested that "existing countries are afraid that their markets will be swamped by cheap imports from these countries…specially the agriculture and textile markets, where the EU has traditionally imposed high tariff barriers to protect domestic economies". It is not only the cheap imports they should be afraid of it is also the influx of cheap labour from CEECs which can create a disequilibria in the labour market. Another dynamic economic gain arises from enlarged Europe is increased competition between firms. An enlarged Europe will eliminate restrictions on trade between EU-15 and the new member countries. Domestic industries will therefore face greater competition than before from firms in other member countries. Competition is believed to encourage innovation, reduce costs of production and reduce prices. Anderton contradicts this point by saying "…competition is reduced in the long run. Competition will derive the least efficient firms out of business…over time, the oligopolistic nature of competition will be recreated" (p.561) Movement of labour and capital can also pose problems. According to Anderton "there is a fear that capital would move to newly joined cheap labour countries whilst workers would move in large numbers from these countries to existing member countries, attracted by much higher wages" After looking at several sources on advantages and disadvantages of enlargement, the threats to existing members are mirror images of the opportunities to applicant countries. Even Breuss (000) said in his report "the enlargement debate in the EU and in the Central and Eastern European countries centres on different priorities, the earlier the better…in the east, while the west takes cautious attitude towards enlargement". Some economists like Avery and Cameron argue the point that "The Economic gain to be reaped from enlargement will depend primarily on the conditions in which the Single Market is enlarged". According to Breuss time is an important factor in the process of enlargement, and his main argument is all in all earlier enlargement will bring the poor CEECs more rapidly to EU standards. Enlargement will involve an increase in EU budget expenditures and in receipts. It is too early to assess the overall impact on the EU budget. The greatest impact of enlargement is likely to occur in the common agricultural policy and in the structural funds, the two largest components of EU spending. But most economists like Henig (17) and Avery and Cameron (1) contradict this point by saying most of the structural fund is going to be raised by redistributing the current structural fund which is been given to Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. Breuss (000) believes in the notion that "Integrating rich with poor is never an easy business", so if the EU 15 wants a to become an EU 7 it has to withstand the consequences, and he believes that "deepening is one of the tools to have a successful enlargement".

Deepening is the integration of the EU both in economic and political terms.The main aspects of deepening fall under six targets first one is Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), secondly The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), thirdly Sectoral and Regional Adjustment, forthly Development of Freedom of Movement (Goods, Capital, Services, Labour), fifthly Competition Policy, and finally Tax Harmonisation.

The deepening framework consist of a single market and a single currency thoughtout all "euroland".The common foreign and security policy (CFSP) that covers all matters relating to the security (internal security, immigration and asylum) of the Union, should aim on framing a common defence policy, an objective that the Treaty of Amsterdam defines clearly.

Enlargement is a priority and is indeed the current vision of the Union, clearly stated in the political Agenda 000. By increasing the number of the members of the EU

Major political benefits to the Union and to peace and security are expected. In the economic field too, although problems related to adjustment strains from the developing integration process, especially since acceding countries are at a lower level of economic development, have to be addressed. The objective must be to ensure that the full potential of enlargement is developed to strengthen the European model, i.e. "a Europe built on a set of values shared by all its societies and combining the characteristics of democracy with those of an open economy underpinned by market forces, internal solidarity and cohesion."

It is quite obvious that enlargement and deepening although interdependent come at odds with each other. Common currency in so many different countries with different growth rates and developments could cause chaos. Even using fiscal policies wont be the remedy as inevitably Europe is going to be separated into "weak" member states absorbing all aids (in term of grants and credits) and powerful ones. BSE (mad cows disease) was an indication of the need of the EU to prioritise to matters like agriculture and trade freedom, as they could cause great damage..

Enlargement and Deppening are two different stategies that are based on the same factors but focus on different aspects. I believe that both are needed in order to make "euroland" an equal competitor land, it is asserted companies across Europe must be able to compete on equal basis; "for example germany imposes heavy obligations on employers on matters like health and safty while the spanish are less stringent" The Economist ed. Volume 57 number 800, this puts the German companies at disadvantsge. The playing field is not level, so enlargeing EU with its current situation might increase the imbalaced competition level. So to truly create a single market that works "harmonisation of economic policy" should be the first priority. The EU could become really massive and even reach 6 member states that would result to % increase in the current population and 4% increase in land occupied but if it not really united, there is no point. There is another contrasting debate by Avery & Cameron that "enlargment processes could actually speed up the process of integeration, or deepening" they drew this conclusion by looking at previouse enlargments which were followed by deepening of the community.

There is no one answer on which should take place first enlargement or deepening, because widening makes deepening more difficult; deepening in turn makes widening more difficult, since it makes the criteria for entry into the Union more demanding. Even if it can be shown that successive enlargement have on the whole quickened the pace of integration, but now the union is faced with enlargement on unpredicted scale. Sloman (000) said, "It is extremely difficult to assess this arguments. Also, many of the advantages and disadvantages are very long term, and depend on future attitudes institutions, policies and world events, which again can't be predicted"

SINGLE CURRENCY

Economic and monetary union is the latest stage in the evolution of European integration; it is indeed the latest manifestation of deepening. It involves the replacement of local currencies in individual Member States with a single currency the euro. Basically from the first of January 1 the first 1 countries (see appendix B for list of countries) to join European Monetary Union (EMU) will have their local currency exchange rates fixed at set rates to euro. In order to achieve the transition that took place in January 1st 00, the economies of member states will be required to converge, financial prudence will be enforced, government debt reduced and low inflation maintained, Bainbridge argued that EMU is "…the boldest economic experiment of all times…"

The European single currency operates in a slightly different form than the European Currency Unit, the ECU, was introduced alongside the European Monetary System (EMS) to provide a weighted average of the EMS currencies. What made the ECU different than the euro is that ECU was not hard currency with coins or bank notes, and although one ECU will equal one euro, the ECU is the average of all EMS currencies, on the other hand euro is the average of the 1 countries that joined the EMU. After 1 January 00, if you are trading with an EMU member country you will be obliged to use the euro.

Prior 1 ERM the exchange rate mechanism was created to set bands for EMS. It only allowed currencies of member states to fluctuate with in certain bands. From January 1 it was replaced by EMU, which introduced fixed exchange rates for the 11-member states- so currencies will no longer fluctuate within set bands. As well as the single currency 1 is the year when the European Central Bank was created, the ECB is responsible for setting interest rates across the 1 countries which are in the EMU, their responsibility includes the right to authorize issues of bank notes and Member States can only issue euro coins with approval of ECB. "…the transfer of monetary power to ECB has raised issues of sovereignty" this is an understandable phenomena which is inevitable, according to Bainbridge "without EMU the Union's economic future would have been dominated by its privileged access to central and eastern Europe." What Bainbridge is saying is EMU is seen as the means of containing German economic hegemony in the longer term.

The single currency is said to provide the citizens of its members with many practical advantages, according to the European Commission it is believed to bring a more efficient single market, once the single currency is in place. For the single market to wok smoothly, exchange-rate adjustments must not be allowed to disrupt trade or investment through their unpredictable impacts on profitability. Even a slight adjustment of the exchange rate will affect the relative wealth of citizens and purchasing power of consumers. So now as the single currency is in place, there will be no more disruption caused by exchange rates. Not only that but for the first time it will permit a genuine comparison of the prices of goods and services across frontiers. This will benefit both consumers and businesses, it will increase competition and boost trade at the same time. This point about increased trade could be contradicted; it is true indeed the single currency will be very transparent on price differences

According to Chesworth and Pine-Coffin (18) "the single currency will promote investment and employment" this suggestion is drawn from the fact that the European Central Bank is going to have a close watch on inflation rates and interest rates, everything being equal this will create an environment where businesses and individuals are more likely to invest and save for the future.

Another obvious positive impact of the single currency is the elimination of transaction costs; this is the costs of foreign-exchange transactions or the cost of exchange-rate cover. According to euro website on European Monetary Union "…transaction costs are far from negligible they are estimated to be 0. to 0.4% of the Unions gross domestic product." This elimination of exchange-rate cost is not only believed to lower cost for member countries, but also increase trade according to Anderton's (15) expectations of the single currency.

The European Union is the world's leading trading power. Now there is high expectation on the euro to become one of the main exchange and reserve currencies, like the dollar and the yen. It is expected that Europeans will be able to pay for their imports, and invoice their exports from third countries in euros. According to the European Commission "EU equipped with an internationally recognized currency, Europe will be better able, together with its US and Japanese parties, to strive for greater stability in the international monetary system." The main question now lies in whether or not the EU is an optimal single currency area or not?

There is lots of scepticism on the benefits of the single currency, as Griffith and Wall (001) said, "the advantages of adopting the euro seem encouraging, but the advantages do not come without costs". A single currency means irrevocably fixed exchange rate according to the European Commission. Some argue the point that exchange rate instruments cannot be used to deal with difficulties with in the EMU countries as the interest rate is in complete hands of ECB. Some economists like Anderton feel the trade and cost advantage of the single currency have been grossly over-estimated, they believe it is not much to be gained. Loss of sovereignty is also a political issue, which can't be ignored; Anderton (15) argues the point "…independent central bank is undemocratic." This argument has been supported by many other economies like Fishers " Governments must be able to control the actions of the central banks because governments have been democratically elected by the people, whereas an independent bank will be controlled by a non-elected body." This is loss of sovereignty, a transfer of power from London to Brussels, this could point could actually be contradicted again it doesn't really matter if interest rates are set in UK by Bank Of England or by European Central Bank it doesn't make a difference for the general public.

What we could actually support is the motion that if Britain joins the euro it will face loss of independent monetary policy. This basically mean countries with in the monetary union accept the monetary policy implemented by the ECB. However, this one size fit all monetary policy might implemented by the ECB might not suit all countries equally. Griffith and Wall support this point by giving an example "let us assume there is a recession in one country but not in the other. If that country is outside the euro (e.g. UK) the countries central bank could reduce interest rates and stimulate economic activity. However the ECB is unlikely to respond in this way if the recession is only country specific because this will raise inflation throughout the union." The ECB will only alter its interest rates when target inflation rate with in the euro zone rises above %. This is one of the arguments why UK doesn't join the single currency but sometimes it is difficult to understand why exactly, it is understandable that the UK wants to control its own interest rate but according to Griffith and Wall UK is one of the countries which change in interest rate will take up to three years before full impact in the economy is noticed. That is not the only reason why UK should not join the single currency, UK's Business cycle is not entirely convergent with business cycle in Europe (see appendix C) So joining the euro area and accepting a Europe wide monetary policy might well impose heavy economic costs on the UK.

There is an interesting economic ideology, which is mentioned in Begg (001) it is an optimal currency area defined as "a group of countries better off with a common Currency than keeping separate national currencies". Is the euro zone an optimal currency zone? Professor Robert Mundell has identified three attributes that might make countries suitable for an optimal currency area first one is countries that trade a lot with each other which is true for most EU countries, secondly the more similar the economic and industrial structure of partners the more likely it is they face common shocks, which can be dealt by a common monetary union, thirdly the more flexible the labour market with in the currency area, the more easily any necessary changes in competitiveness. Conversely, Begg suggested that "countries gain the most by keeping their monetary sovereignty when they are not that integrated" so it is best for UK to stay out of the euro, but is it really even thou Britain has control over interest rates can't it really afford to increase interest rates any more as the sterling is already sky high.

Appendix A EU Membership-From Application to Accession

Table 1.1

1. A European country submits an application for membership to the council of the European Union.

. The Council asks the Commission to deliver and Opinion on the application.

. The Commission delivers its opinion on the application to the council.

4. The Council decides (unanimously) to open negotiations for accession.

5. Negotiations are opened between the member States on the one hand, and each applicant individually on the other hand.

6. The Commission proposes, and The Council adopts (unanimously), positions to be taken by the union vis-à-vis the applicants in accession negotiation.

7. Agreement reached between Union and applicant on a Draft Treaty of Accession.

8. Accession Treaty submitted to the Council and the European Parliament.

. The Commission delivers another Opinion, on the Accession Treaty.

10. European Parliament delivers its assent to the Accession Treaty (by absolute majority).

11. The Council approves the Accession Treaty (unanimously).

1. Member States and applicants formally sign the Accession Treaty.

1. Member States and applicants ratify the Accession Treaty.

14. After ratification, the Treaty comes into effect on the day of accession the applicants become Member States.

Appendix B

Twelve euro zone countries, source www.wilkiecollins.demon.co.uk/euro/eurocountries.htm

Members of the European Union in the euro

ɨ᠃Austria

ɨ᠃Belgium

ɨ᠃Finland

ɨ᠃France

ɨ᠃Germany

ɨ᠃Greece

ɨ᠃Ireland

ɨ᠃Italy

ɨ᠃Luxembourg

ɨ᠃Netherlands

ɨ᠃Portugal

ɨ᠃Spain

Appendix C

Source Griffiths andWall (001)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bainbridge T. (000) "The Penguin Company TP European Union", nd Edition, Penguin Books

Henig S. (17), "The Uniting of EURPE", ROUTLEDGE

Avery G. and Cameron F. (1), "The Enlargement of the European Union", Sheffield Academic Press

Anderton A. (15), "Economics", nd Edition, Causeway Press Limited

Begg D. (000), "Economics", 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill

Chesworth N. and Pinne-Coffin (18), "The EMU Fact Book",

Kogan Page Limited

Griffiths A. and Wall s. (001), "Applied Economics", th Edition, Printice Hall

Sloman J. (000), "Economics", 4th Edition, Printice Hall

Enlargement and the Finality of European Integration www.jeanmmonnetprogram.org/papers/00/00f0801.html

Basic Arguments of Enlargement www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/arguments/index

European Monetary Union www.france.diplomatie.fr/frmonde/euro/eu.gb.html

The Single European Currency www.keele.ac.uk/socs/ks40/labeuro.htm

Where the EURO is used www.wilkiecollins.demon.co.uk/euro/eurocountries.htm

Breuss F ed; (Jul 000), "The role of time in EU enlargement", Euromoney,

The Economist ed. (000), "Single Market In Question", volume 57, Number 800

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YMCA

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YMCA. Young men's catholic association is an organization that was founded in 144 in London by Sir George Williams and his fellow men. The YMCA movement then took off and today YMCA's serve all men women and people of any religion. There is thousands of YMCA's operating all over the world affecting the lives of millions of people every year. The YMCA movement spread to Australia and was very successful in finding a home in the lives of Australians and Australian culture. A summery of the different facilities that YMCA provides for the community is below.

The YMCA Bankstown takes on the YMCA's goals and values, which are consistent through out all YMCA canters nation wide. " The YMCA works from a base of Christian values to provide opportunities for all people to grow in body mind and spirit." The YMCA is always trying to increase its role with in the community and strives to continue to act as the country leading body in "the healthy development of all individuals, strengthening families and developing caring communities. The YMCA is a Christian Organization and will continue to express this through all their programs and activities in a practical way. All the programs that the YMCA offer are based on improving "body, mind and spirit" in a completely non discriminatory environment providing activities for and catering for people of all races religions and also providing for people with disabilities. The YMCA exists to serve the Community by offering programs using highly skilled and qualified staff with the use of first-rate equipment and facilities.

In Australia YMCA employees 547 people but also has but the effective running of the centres wouldn't be possible without the assistance of volunteers. The YMCA encourages working together as a team for the running of the centres and the participants in the programs of the centre. The administration staffs of a YMCA centre require sound training, proper remuneration and modern practices. The financial management of YMCA centres is also essential for the effective running of the centre although financial maximisation is not a primary goal of the YMCA. YMCA in Australia will continue to grow and expand through membership program participation and volunteer work.

Although YMCA's in Australia have an annual turn over of $77080000 all YMCA's act as non profit organizations and any surplus that the centre has at the end of the year will be channelled back into the organization or be given to less financially sound centres. A volunteer board of directors controls the YMCA. In Australia there are 44 boards of directors with an average of directors per board. The YMCA employees personnel in all the areas of its different programs. There are few full time positions it is most common to be part time or casual work. A summery of this information is shown below

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There is often positions available for casual work in the programs run at the Bankstown centre example gym instructors. There are rarely full time positions available and when a position become open or is created it is usually filled internally. To obtain a full tome position at a YMCA centre it is often necessary to enter at a lower level and work up to a full time paid position. The day care and child care programs at the Bankstown centre employee several full time fully qualified personnel. They also employee one operations manager or general manager to oversee the smooth running of the centre, there is also paid administration staff. Bankstown YMCA has a volunteer team that assist in fundraising and activities for the YMCA. There is always a need for volunteers in; Activity specific areas gym instructors, centre committees, leaders on holiday camps, volunteer visits with elderly people in aged care facilities, assisting people with disabilities in accessing mainstream recreational facilities.

There is potential for a work placement at the Bankstown YMCA. They provide for one placement a year and there is currently no one confirmed for the placement in 004. During the placement the applicant will be give set tasks and will assist in the running of the centre and the centres activities. This could be a very worthwhile and productive placement.

Additional information was obtained at http//www.ymca.org.au/

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Video Game Violence

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"In the game Carmageddon, players run down pedestrians, including elderly women with walkers. If a player completes all levels of this game, he or she will have killed a maximum of ,000 people" (Mediascope Press ). Violence in video games has been a topic of debate in recent years, with concerns on whether violence in video games has an aggressive effect on children. Violence in video games makes children more aggressive and hostile; in addition, "video game violence makes children desensitized to violence, which can lead to violence at school and home" (Barnes 1). Video games that incorporate violence shouldn't be played by young children. Young children don't fully understand the difference between fantasy and reality. On the other hand, older kids know the difference between fantasy and reality, and right and wrong. Therefore older children should be allowed to play video games that contain violence.

Some people say that kids are attracted to video games not so much by the violence, but because the games present puzzles or problems to solve (Sherry 1). If this is true, then why in a 18 survey "80% of the video games preferred by young people contain violent or aggressive content; of these, 1% depict violence against women" (Mediascope Press 1). Also "in a survey of 00 fourth graders disclosed similar results 50% of the respondents chose games with fantasy or human violence as their favorites" (Mediascope Press 1). Finally,

"Two studies at the Psychology Department at the University of Missouri-Columbia concluded that men have a more hostile view of the world than women. The results from both studies are consistent with the General Aggression Model, which predicts that exposure to violent video games will increase aggressive behavior in both short term and the long term"(Anderson 1).

Other people argue that virtually every new video and computer game released today carries a rating that is both informative and easy to understand, and it seems clear that many parents are using the ratings to guide their purchases or rentals (Lieberman 1). These people also believe that by establishing a rating system with "M" for mature; will prohibit children from buying these games (Ryan 1). This is simply not true,

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"In a test using subjects aged 1 to 15, with parental consent, video games rated "M" for mature were purchased in 7 different cities. These subjects were instructed to give their appropriate age if asked by retailers. None of the subjects were prevented from purchasing "M" rated games because of their age" (Ryan ).

"The FTC studied the marketing strategies of 118 video games rated "Mature" found that 60 of them…targeted children under 17"(FTC report qtd. in Ryan 4). "In a "sting" performed by the Attorney General's staff their study found that 85% of the children, aged 1 to 16, that were sent out to purchase "Mature" rated video games were able to do so" (FTC report qtd. in Ryan 4).

This study shows that children are being able to purchase these video games without the consent of the parent, which also shows that parents aren't being responsible for what video games their children are playing.

John Sherry, a professor at Purdue University claims that of the 7 studies he found, outcomes were mixed. In some instances there was no effect on aggressiveness,

while other studies showed moderate effects. There was a trend for the more violent games to have bigger effects, but none of the effects would be called dramatic (Sherry 1-). A test conducted by Wired Magazine revealed that "the cognitive aggression test did reveal a higher measured aggression from those who played the violent game than from

those who played the non-violent game. The same test reveals higher aggression in male subjects" (Wired qtd. in Brown 4). This test shows that video game violence does have an aggressive effect on people, and that males tend to show higher aggression when playing violent video games than females do. "The cognitive aggression test measures the speed at which participants could read aloud words on a computer screen. According to the test, cognitive aggression was higher if the participant read aggressive word (such as "murder") more quickly than non-aggressive words (such as "consider")" (Wired qtd. in Brown 4). In another study by the Contemporary Pediatrics, "the majority of the studies show that children do become more aggressive after either playing or watching a violent video game" (Canadian Journal of Psychiatry qtd. in Mothering 1).

"Parents who buy video games for their children say they know what the ratings are, and if any violence is in the video games that their children play" (Anderson 1). Statistics from the National Institute on Media and the Family's revealed that,

"Teens who play violent video games do worse in school than those who do not. Only 15% of teens think their parents know about video game ratings. % of

teens say their parents routinely check ratings. 1% of teens report that their parents have ever prevented them from buying games due to their ratings. Also, youth who prefer violent video games are more likely to get into arguments with their teachers and are more likely to get into physical fights, regardless of gender" (National Institute on Media and the Family qtd. in Ryan ).

John Sherry, a professor at Purdue University believes that video games represent fantasy, while television more closely imitates real life (Sherry ). On the other hand, "video games are active, while television is passive. Video games require attention, while television does not" (Sherry ). Also, "it is no longer the video game character killing his or her enemies it is now you killing your enemies; it is the player who is choosing to commit violence; the addictive nature of these games often leads to the player inundating themselves with violent images, thereby teaching aggressive solutions to conflict situations" (Ryan ).

Violence in video games has become an increasing concern in our country. People are naive in thinking that video games that depict violence don't have an affect on children, by making them more aggressive and hostile, or by leading them to delinquency

and failure in the future. Violence in video games makes children more aggressive and hostile; in addition video game violence desensitizes kids to violence, which can lead to violence at school and home. Video games that incorporate violence shouldn't be played by young children. Young children don't fully understand the difference between fantasy and reality. On the other hand, older kids know the difference between fantasy and

reality, and right and wrong. Therefore older children should be allowed to play video games that contain violence. In conclusion if more restrictions aren't put on video and computer games, then the children of the future are going to grow up with heightened aggression and delinquency thus will lead to more school shootings, rapes, and murders than ever before.

Please note that this sample paper on Video Game Violence is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Video Game Violence, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on Video Game Violence will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Violence

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Many people today believe that children don't see or concern themselves with what they see and hear in the way of family violence. Some even believe that they will put out of their mind or forget the arguments and fighting that goes on in the home. They DO care and see the violence and will not easily forget things such as yelling and screaming at each other or mom and/or child being hit. They in fact don't loose sight of what they have seen. In certainty children who have observed domestic violence have shown that it can terribly exert influence upon them

Many studies have been done over the years on the effects of domestic violence on children and all have shown that the children go through considerable harm. Thus these children need a lot of help to rebind from the effects of violence. The sad part of domestic violence is that children most often enough feel that they are the blame for the violence and that it is up to them to restore peace to the family. This is not true, as the child can NEVER be the blame for the acts of violence done by adults.

Some of the short-term effects on infants would include, sleep disturbances, developmental delays, lethargy, physical neglect, and a fearful reaction to loud noises. Toddlers on the other hand can show increased illness, severe shyness, decreased self esteem, hitting, biting, and trouble in preschool or day care. School age children also show some of the same effects as toddlers such as increased illness and hitting. They also display stealing, lying, nightmares, eating disorders, self-mutilation, reduction in school marks, substance abuse, and the need to be too perfect. More often than enough the older child becomes the caregiver for the younger children.

Some of the longer lasting effects would be that a large percentage of children from domestic violence grow up to be abusers themselves. Boys in particular tend to abuse the women close to them as well as their children. Girls tend to take on more of a victim role in that they tend to attract abusive partners.

Some of the most violent perpetrators claim to have been abused in early childhood. It is important to note that being abused; as a child does not mean that they will grow up to become abusers. A few ways you can help a child deal with domestic violence would be to encourage the child to talk about anything that might be bothering them. One of the most important things to tell a child is that domestic violence is NEVER their fault. Encourage the child to seek out support networks such as friends, teachers, relatives, counselors, or neighbors. It is also very important to tell them they are special and not alone.

Please note that this sample paper on Violence is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Violence, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Violence will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pride and prejudice

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Pride and prejudice 1

First published in 181, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austens most popular novel. It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit have often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the ways in which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other. The original version of the novel was written in 176-177 under the title First Impressions, and was probably in the form of an exchange of letters.

· The Bennets

o Mr. BENNET, of Longbourn-house in Hertfordshire; the estate was about £,000 a year, and £5,000 was settled on his wife and children.

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§ First description.

§ Second (longer) description of Mr. Bennet -- his relations with his wife.

§ Mrs. Bennet He is always giving Elizabeth the preference.

§ Entail, Mr. Bennets finances

§ An unhappy alternative is before you, Elizabeth...

§ He so little likes Elizabeths going from home for a stay, that he told her to write to him, and almost promised to answer her letter.

§ He hates London.

§ Elizabeth though he has some peculiarities, he also has abilities which Mr. Darcy himself need not disdain, and respectability which [Darcy] will probably never reach.

§ Wrote to Elizabeth in Kent, to hurry her return.

§ Elizabeth He laughs at Kitty and Lydias behaviour, rather than restraining them.

§ I am glad you are come back, Lizzy.

§ What, has [Lydia] frightened away some of your lovers?

§ Elizabeth, despite being her fathers favorite child, is aware of some of his faults as the head of his family.

§

§ Finances.

o He married ---- Gardiner (Mrs. Bennet), daughter of a Meryton attorney, £4,000. (From the fact that she has been married years, it can be deduced that she was almost certainly in her forties -- the prime marrying years for women were between ages 17 and 7.)

§ Description.

§ Elizabeth the least dear to her of all her children.

§ Those who do not complain are never pitied.

§ And I am very glad to hear what you tell us of long sleeves.

§ Elizabeth after Darcys letter Mrs. Bennet supports Kitty and Lydia in their giddiness.

§

o Their children

o Jane, . (Jane is often referred to simply as Miss Bennet, according to the convention that the first name of the eldest unmarried daughter in a family is omitted after Miss; Elizabeth is sometimes addressed as Miss Bennet by the other characters, but the narrator never refers to her in that way.)

§ ElizabethYou never see a fault in anybody.

§ Considered the prettiest of the five Bennet daughters Darcy, Elizabeth, Bingley (to Darcy), Bingley (overheard), Mr. Collins, and Mrs. Bennet 1st nd.

(According to one of Jane Austens letters, of May 4th 181, Green was a favorite colour with her.)

§ Though Jane would have defended either or both, had they appeared to be wrong, she cant explain Darcy and Wickhams antagonism.

§ She tries to clear both Darcy and Wickham.

§ She prefers to believe Caroline Bingley to be incapable of wilfully deceiving any one.

§ Elizabeth My dear Jane! you are too good.

§ Elizabeth You shall not defend her, though it is Charlotte Lucas. You shall not, for the sake of one individual, change the meaning of principle and integrity...

§ Jane has no idea of there being so much design [scheming] in the world as some persons imagine.

§ Let me take it in the best light; i.e. Jane prefers to believe that she has been mistaken in supposing Bingleys affection for her, rather than that his sisters would designedly try to separate him from her, and he would be so easily swayed.

§ She is the only one who could suppose extenuating circumstances for Darcy with respect to Wickhams accusations.

§ She finally confesses herself to have been entirely deceived by Caroline Bingley, but pities her because she must feel she has been acting wrong.

§ I cannot understand it. If I were not afraid of judging harshly, I should be almost tempted to say that there is a strong appearance of duplicity in all this.

§ Jane subject to periods of dejection; not in spirits, showing a want of cheerfulness unlike her usual serenity.

§ Elizabeth thinks her fully worthy of Bingley, and that in opposing a Jane-Bingley match, Darcy can have no legitimate objections to Jane herself.

§ What a stroke was this for poor Jane! who would willingly have gone through the world without believing that so much wickedness existed in the whole race of mankind, as was here collected in one individual.

§ Bingley was Janes first love; she is unable to easily get over him.

§ Janes steady sense and sweetness of temper exactly adapted her for attending to [children] in every way -- teaching them, playing with them, and loving them.

§ She is willing to hope the best when she hears of Lydias elopement with Wickham.

§ After hearing that Wickham and Lydia are probably not on their way to Gretna Green No one can throw any blame on Col. and Mrs. Forster; My father and mother believe the worst, but I cannot think so ill of Wickham; I know not what to think.

§ Tis too much! by far too much. I do not deserve it. Oh! why is not every body as happy?

Illustration JPEG

o Elizabeth, 0. Her family calls her Lizzy, her friends and neighbours call her Eliza, and the narrator usually calls her Elizabeth (never Miss Bennet).

§ Soon after the publication of Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen wrote about Elizabeth Bennet, I must confess that I think her as delightful a character as ever appeared in print, and how I shall be able to tolerate those who do not like her at least, I do not know.

§ Description She has a lively playful disposition.

§ Her father thinks her quickest.

§ Mrs. Bennet Elizabeth is not a bit better than the others; she is not half so handsome as Jane, nor half so good humoured as Lydia.

§ Just as all we know about Darcys physical appearance is that he is tall and handsome, there is little description of Elizabeth only that she is pretty and has dark eyes. Rather, other characters reveal themselves through praising or disparaging Elizabeths looks. She is generally considered the second-prettiest of the five Bennet sisters; Darcys famous snub; Reasons why Darcy starts to find her attractive; Darcy the very great pleasure which a pair of fine eyes in the face of a pretty woman can bestow; Caroline Bingley maintains she has no beauty 1st. See also opinions on Elizabeths looks later in the novel.

§ She doesnt ride horses (as Jane does), but is lighter, and more in the habit of running than Jane. (Thus Darcy considers Elizabeths figure to be light and pleasing.)

§ Elizabeth on Darcy He has a very satirical eye, and if I do not begin by being impertinent myself, I shall soon grow afraid of him.

§ Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Hurst abuse her for having pride and impertinence, and for getting muddy walking two miles to visit her sick sister.

§ Her manner makes it difficult for her to affront Darcy.

§ Caroline Bingley considers her to possess conceit and impertinence.

§ She loves to laugh at follies, etc.; loves absurdities.

§ To Elizabeth it appeared, that had her family made an agreement to expose themselves as much as they could during the evening, it would have been impossible for them to play their parts with more spirit, or finer success.

§ Mr. Collins Her wit and vivacity will be acceptable to Lady Catherine when tempered with silence and respect.

§ I do assure you that I am not one of those young ladies (if such young ladies there are) who are so daring as to risk their happiness on the chance of being asked a second time. (Here the author is getting in a little joke on her character.)

§ Do not consider me now as an elegant female, but as a rational creature speaking the truth from her heart.

§ Mrs. Gardiner Elizabeth would have laughed herself out of being disappointed in love sooner than Jane.

§ Elizabeths courage does not fail her, on being about to meet Lady Catherine.

§ She catches the fancy of Colonel Fitzwilliam.

§ You mean to frighten me, Mr. Darcy...

Illustration JPEG

§ Darcy Elizabeth finds great enjoyment in occasionally professing opinions which in fact are not her own.

§ Since Colonel Fitzwilliam had made it clear that he had no intentions at all, Elizabeth does not mean to be unhappy about him, agreeable as he was

§ Though flattered at Darcys proposal, she never intends to accept him, and becomes angry when he tells her how degrading he feels it would be to be connected to her family.

§ Darcys letter He tells her obliquely that he suspects she has refused him because she is in love with Wickham.

§ Elizabeth ashamed of her misjudgements of Darcy and Wickham. Till this moment, I never knew myself.

§ Elizabeth regrets her unjust accusations of Darcy, but still resents his manner of proposing, and doesnt regret having turned him down.

§ She is almost inclined to excuse Darcys having separated Bingley and Jane when she sees Lydia and Kittys behaviour on the impending departure of the militia regiment.

§ Darcys housekeepers praise of him throws an unexpected light on his character, and Elizabeth softens a little in her feelings toward him. See also topics list.

§ She is doubtful at first as to Darcys feelings when witnessing his altered and improved behaviour at Pemberley; Without looking farther, ... it was gratifying to know that his resentment had not made him think really ill of her; For to love, ardent love, it must be attributed.

§ At Lambton Elizabeth tries to resolve her feelings towards Darcy. She thinks he would propose to her again if she encourages him.

§ As she becomes convinced that Darcy has given up all thoughts of her (after learning of Lydias disgrace), never had she so honestly felt that she could have loved him, as now, when all love must be vain.

§ Opinions on Elizabeths looks later in the novel Colonel Fitzwilliam finds her pretty; The jealous Caroline Bingley maintains she has no beauty nd; and unwisely reminds Darcy of the similar opinion he held on first meeting Elizabeth. Darcy one of the handsomest women of my acquaintance; (later) loveliest Elizabeth. Elizabeth to Darcy My beauty you had early withstood.

o Mary.

§ Description The only plain one in the family.

§ Exposes herself in front of Darcy by over-rating her musical accomplishments, to the disconcertment of Elizabeth.

§ Might have been prevailed upon to marry Mr. Collins.

§ Characteristic effusions 1st, nd, rd, 4th.

§ Jane Austen revealed to her family, according to the biographical Memoir, that Mary `obtained nothing higher than one of her uncle Philipss clerks in marriage, after the period described in the novel.

o Catherine (Kitty), two years older than Lydia. Description. Was `satisfactorily married to a clergyman near Pemberley according to the Memoir.

o Lydia, 15-16.

§ Description; Though I am the youngest, Im the tallest.

§ Elizabeth after Darcys letter Lydia supported by her mother in her frivolous behaviour.

§ Lydia to Jane Lord, how ashamed I should be of not being married before three and twenty!

§ Lydia and Kittys misery extreme as the militia regiment is about to leave Meryton.

§ Lydias restless ecstacy on being invited by the Forsters to Brighton.

§ Elizabeth to Mr. Bennet Lydia in danger of becoming a flirt in the worst and meanest degree of flirtation... -- Vain, ignorant, idle, and absolutely uncontrolled!.

§ Mr. Bennet to Elizabeth Lydia will be humbled by being a small fish in a big pond at Brighton.

§ Lydia imagines her visit to Brighton as comprising every possibility of earthly happiness.

§ Her behavior on her return to Longbourn after her wedding. Illustration JPEG

· The Bingleys

o Charles BINGLEY, , £100,000; it is implied that he lived in London.

§ First impressions.

§ His behaviour at the Meryton assembly reveals his personality.

§ Estate.

§ His friendship with Darcy; contrast between Darcys personality and his own.

§ Darcy discusses his personality.

§ Elizabeth thinks that his easiness of temper and want of proper resolution make Bingley the slave of his designing friends against his own interests. He is in the custody of his friend [Darcy].

§ Jane he is the most amiable man of my acquaintance.

§ Elizabeth thinks his want of resolution is an error which has produced misery.

§ Elizabeth Bingley was violently in love with Jane.

§ His character sunk as far as Elizabeth is concerned.

§ Elizabeth Darcy takes care of him.

§ Darcys letter Darcy couldnt dissuade Bingley from Jane until he persuaded him that Jane had no interest in him.

§ Darcys letter Bingley has great natural modesty, with a stronger dependence on my judgment than on his own.

§ Elizabeth the contents of Darcys letter restore Bingley to all her former good opinion, and so heightened the sense of what Jane had lost.

o His sisters

o Louisa, £0,000, married Mr. Hurst, the elder of the two sisters;

o Caroline, £0,000.

§ Description.

§ She first exercises her wit upon Elizabeth to Darcy.

§ First confrontation with Darcy.

§ She taunts Darcy again.

§ At Pemberley Jealousy [of Elizabeth] had not yet made her desperate, and her attentions to Mr. Darcy were by no means over.

§ Her faux pas when trying to taunt Elizabeth about Wickham.

§ She vents her feelings in criticisms on Elizabeths person, behaviour, and dress to Georgiana.

§ Her second confrontation with Darcy.

· Captain Carter, of the ----shire Militia.

· Mr. Chamberlayne, of the ----shire Militia.

· The Rev. William COLLINS, Rector of Hunsford in Kent, cousin and heir to Mr. Bennet; 5; was at one of the Universities.

o First impressions.

o Description; Description by Elizabeth to Jane; Description by Elizabeth to Mrs. Gardiner.

o The infamous marriage proposal since he has more money than she does, he cant conceive of any grounds why she should refuse him, and so persistently disbelieves her refusal. See Marriage and Money in the topics list.

Illustration JPEG

o Advice to Elizabeth on dressing for her first visit to Rosings.

o Mr. Collins generally speaks in clich's (often inappropriate), and is often described by the narrator in the same terms

§ Narrator The fire and independence of his character.

§ XX

§ See also Fair in the topics list.

o Mr. Collinss letter to Mr. Bennet on the elopement of Lydia is a most amazing production -- its difficult to count the number of ways in which Mr. Collins manages to be offensive, apparently without being aware of it, in one medium-sized paragraph. (The novelist Trollope considered Mr. Collinss letters to be a comic masterpiece which would move laughter in a low-church archbishop.)

1. First off, it is not entirely clear that any letter at all from Mr. Collins is called for upon this occasion (cf. Elizabeth Assistance is impossible; condolence, insufferable -- let them triumph over us at a distance); however, a proper letter would begin something along the lines of Unfortunately, I could not help hearing about Lydia..., would probably be discreetly silent as to the exact source from which the letter-writer heard the news, and would scrupulously avoid any implication that the letter-writer himself has spread the scandal any further.

. Instead, Mr. Collins tells on the Lucases for spreading the news of the scandal to Hunsford.

. Then he tells on himself and Charlotte for scandalmongering to each other.

4. And he tells on himself for scandalmongering to the De Bourghs.

5. He then offers a little self-contradictory consolation

He offers to alleviate Mr. Bennets distress, whose cause, on the other hand, no time can remove.

6. He comforts Mr. Bennet by pointing out that The death of your daughter would have been a blessing in comparison of this.

7. He manages to blame both Lydia as intrinsically bad and the Bennet parents for being too indulgent (and in the process tells on Charlotte for blabbing the intimate details of the Bennet family).

§ (Thus in a later letter he oxymoronically tells Mr. Bennet that You ought certainly to forgive them as a Christian, but never to admit them in your sight, or allow their names to be mentioned in your hearing.)

8. He oh-so-delicately informs Mr. Bennet that Lady Catherine thinks that this will ruin the chances of his other daughters marrying, and rejoices that he didnt marry Elizabeth after all.

· Mr. DARCY the elder, of Pemberley in Derbyshire (died approximately five years before the novel begins), married Lady Anne Fitzwilliam (sister to Lady Catherine).

o Fitzwilliam Darcy, his son, of Pemberley (and a town house not named), 8, £10,000 a year. (Explanation of why his first name is Fitzwilliam.)

§ His description. It is mentioned that he is tall by Bingley, by Kitty, by Mrs. Bennet.

§ His behaviour at the Meryton assembly reveals his personality.

§ His famous snub of Elizabeth at the Meryton assembly. Illustration JPEG

§ Mrs. Bennet Darcy high and conceited.

§ His friendship with Bingley; contrast between his personality and Bingleys.

§ Admits Jane is pretty but thinks she smiles too much.

§ He begins to be attracted to Elizabeth. Illustration JPEG

§ Mrs. Bennet considers his manners less agreeable and genteel than Sir William Lucass.

§ He admits his faults of temper.

§ Elizabeth discovers his defect to be implacable resentment; a propensity to hate everybody

§ Lady Catherine intends Darcy to marry her daughter Anne 1st. nd.

§ Even Wickham admits Darcy has some good qualities....

§ ...in his behaviour to his social inferiors.

§ ...in his behaviour to his sister.

§ ...in his behaviour to his social equals. (Hmm... Maybe you should begin to see a pattern here, Elizabeth?)

§ The Netherfield Ball Elizabeth tells Darcy he is of an unsocial taciturn disposition.

§ The Netherfield Ball Elizabeth attempts to illustrate Darcys character

§ The Netherfield Ball Jane to Elizabeth Bingley will vouch for the good conduct, the probity and honour of Darcy.

§ Everybody in the Meryton neighbourhood is pleased to think how much they had always disliked Mr. Darcy before they had known any thing of Wickhams accusations against him; Darcy is condemned as the worst of men.

§ Elizabeth thinks that that abominable Mr. Darcys former bad treatment and impoverishment of Wickham is the main reason why she cannot consider marrying Wickham.

§ Elizabeth sees a resemblance between Darcy and his aunt, Lady Catherine.

§ Lady Catherine speaks of him in terms of the highest admiration.

§ He is a little ashamed of Lady Catherines ill breeding.

§ I am ill qualified to recommend myself to strangers; I have not the talent of conversing easily with those I have never seen before.

§ Elizabeth discerns no signs of any love by Darcy for Anne de Bourgh.

§ Charlotte suspects Darcy is in love with Elizabeth.

§ Darcy silent and dull; Charlotte doubts he is in love with Elizabeth.

§ Darcy several times encounters and walks with Elizabeth in Rosings Park.

§ Elizabeth thinks Darcy is hinting that Colonel Fitzwilliam will probably propose to her.

§ Elizabeth thinks that Darcy objected to the ungentlemanly occupations of her and Janes uncles, when he separated Jane and Bingley.

§ The infamous proposal -- He frankly confesses how his love for her has overcome his sense that a marriage to her would be degrading because of her inferior family.

§ He is surprised and angry at her rejection of his proposal.

§ Darcy refuses to disguise his mixed feelings with flattery even in making a marriage proposal.

§ Elizabeth tells him his present manner is ungentlemanlike, and that his manners have made a negative impression on her from the beginning of their acquaintance.

§ Darcys letter He is already making excuses for Elizabeths believing Wickham.

§ Elizabeth realizes that she doesnt objectively know much in Darcys disfavor except for his proud manner (leaving aside his separating Bingley and Jane).

§ Elizabeth thinks that if she had married Darcy, he wouldnt allow her to invite the Gardiners to Pemberley, because of Mr. Gardiners ungentlemanly occupation.

§ Darcys housekeepers praise of him surprises Elizabeth.

§ Encounter at Pemberley Elizabeth has never in her life she seen his manners so little dignified, and he has never spoken with such gentleness.

§ described by Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner; But to be sure, the good lady who shewed us the house did give him a most flaming character!.

§ Elizabeth is doubtful as to Darcys feelings when witnessing his altered and improved behaviour at Pemberley

§ The Darcys call at Lambton Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner have no doubt that Darcy does love her 1st. nd.

§ The Darcys call at Lambton His improvement in manners continues; Elizabeth still surprised.

§ The Gardiners become anxious to think well of him after they think he is interested in Elizabeth.

§ Elizabeth thinks that the news of Lydias disgrace destroys her power with Darcy.

Please note that this sample paper on pride and prejudice is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on pride and prejudice, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on pride and prejudice will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Waiting For GodotDrama and Theatre Arts

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Waiting For GodotDrama and Theatre Arts. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Waiting For GodotDrama and Theatre Arts paper right on time.

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A Drama and Theatre Arts

Task

Identify the themes and structure/form of Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot and discuss how these confirm the play belongs to the Theatre of the Absurd genre.

Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot follows various abstract themes such as religion, human behaviour and anxious loneliness.

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Waiting for Godot is described as 'a dramatic action in which events, characters and settings represent abstract or spiritual meanings. This is clearly demonstrated in the 'bizarre, increasingly mystifying conversations' between Pozzo and Lucky and of course Vladimir and Estragon. For example a quotation from Pozzo;

"The second is never so sweet… as the first I mean, but its sweet just the same…" and "He can no longer endure my presence. I am perhaps not particularly human, but who cares?".

Such words and phrases suggest a very bizarre and abstract idea to the play.

Also, in relation to the spiritual meanings in the play. Even for e French audience, the name Godot will be perceived to have God in it. The cyclnical plot on successive days two men wait for and are denied on encounter with a shadowy figure of authority is very close to fable.

Also towards the beginning of the play Vladimir asks Estragon 'Have you ever read the Bible?' and further goes on to lecture Estragon on the mysteries of salvation and damnation as they are exemplified in the most resonant of all such stories.

The dialogue has several conspicuous allusions to events in the life of Christ as recounted in the New Testament.

Beckett strove to create a play that could avoid definition, to give an artistic expression to 'the irrational state of unknowingness wherein we exist, this mental weightlessness which is beyond reason'.

Therefore, it would be advantageous to begin talking about the play not as a structure of ideas, but as the dramatization of what it is like and what it means to exist in a state of radical unknowingness.

Throughout the play Vladimir and Estragons conversation and movement express a dreamlike environment and an interpretation of feeling not logic which equals an 'erosion of certainty'. They do not retain a clear mental history and are constantly struggling to prove their existence. Each Act begins with them at the same place, same time, next day. It is always early evening and then falls to nightime, which demonstrates a sense of repetition connoting the 'circle of life', unknowingness and doubts existence and this clearly shows an absurd idea to the play.

Albert Schweitzer is defined as a French theologian, organist and missionary surgeon. He founded a hospital in 11 where he afterwards remained, except for brief intervals spent giving recitals of organ music, mainly Bach, to raise funds for his medical work. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 15.

The boy in Waiting for Godot refers to Vladimir as 'Albert'. The boy could do this because both Albert Schweitzer and Vladimir appear to be well educated and thoughtful. But this is quite an abstract comparison to be made by he boy. This idea almost mirrors the play.

The language between Vladimir and Estragon throughout the play consists of pointless and fragmented utterances and this decreases as the play moves on but also as the play moves on there is an increase in their pointless and fragmented existence.

Beckett claims that he is 'not interested in any system. I cant see any trace of system anywhere'.

'Waiting for Godot' resists not only systems but evokes abstract ideas aswell. 'If I could have expressed the subject of my work in philosophical terms, I would not have any reason to write it' Becketts attitude towards philosophical writing relates to his defiance of 'the norm' and indicates that 'Waiting for Godot' belongs to the 'Theatre of the Absurd' genre.

This is not to deny the importance of Beckett's ideas in Waiting for Godot, but rather to confirm Hugh Kennes observations that 'A Beckett play contains ideas but that no idea contains the play'.

Please note that this sample paper on Waiting For GodotDrama and Theatre Arts is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Waiting For GodotDrama and Theatre Arts, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Waiting For GodotDrama and Theatre Arts will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Future of College Sports Ticketing

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Game tickets are a treasure to college sports fans, but they're also frustratingly easy to misplace and, for most people, too costly to replace. Now Oxford-based TicketsXchange (www.ticketsxchange.com) has developed an electronic ticketing system that will make all those pesky paper tickets a thing of the past while adding unique, user-friendly services that will revolutionize the way sports fans manage their season tickets.

TicketsXchange, an online season ticket management company, has recently contracted with The University of Mississippi, Louisiana State University and Delta State University to offer e-ticketing solutions for on-campus sports events.

"This is the future of college sports ticketing," said Steve McDavid, founder of TicketsXchange. "Our system not only provides a state-of-the-art E-ticketing platform for universities, but it costs them nothing in out-of-pocket expenses and generates additional revenues that the schools would never get with the old-fashioned paper-based system," McDavid said.

TicketsXchange and Ole Miss will begin providing a range of electronic season ticket services to Rebel fans in the fall of this year. Chief among these services are the Season Ticket E-Card, online season ticket orders and renewals and specialized ticket management options.

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The E-Card is offered free to Ole Miss fans with all season ticket orders. "The concept is simple replace the current paper ticket model for college sports with a branded, bar-coded, highly intelligent E-Card that each fan can manage through a simple Web browser," McDavid said.

Multiple season ticket holders receive one E-Card for each season ticket purchased. The E-Card is scanned by a machine at the stadium entrance, and a centralized computer database keeps track of its usage, ensuring that the card is approved only once per individual game.

In the event of a lost or misplaced E-Card, tickets also can be accessed online and printed from any computer, anywhere, or printed at the E-Card will-call location on game-day.

"With the E-Card, fans no longer have to keep up with all those individual paper tickets," said TicketsXchange CEO John Spivey. "This service eliminates the risk of lost or misplaced tickets and the hassles of dealing with scalpers to buy replacement tickets."

Season Ticket E-Cards are now available to anyone purchasing a season ticket for Ole Miss football, said Sans Russell of the Ole Miss Athletic Ticket Office. "We're extremely

-more-

Page - TicketsXchange

pleased with the response from Rebel fans so far. We believe that, as more ticket holders learn about the benefits of this service, more and more of them will sign up for e-ticketing."

In addition, TicketsXchange offers management services for Ole Miss season ticket holders, including the ability to

• Transfer unused tickets via the Internet to friends, family members or associates;

• Sell unused tickets online to the TicketsXchange network of Rebel fans;

• Donate unused tickets to the Loyalty Foundation as a tax-deductible gift

A per-season management fee is charged for these services. Fans who are not season ticket holders can use the service such as buying or selling a ticket online by paying a small fee for each transaction.

All Ole Miss student season ticket holders will automatically receive free E-Cards this year in the form of their Student IDs. All box-level season ticket holders will receive free E-Cards and, for the first year only, free ticket management services.

Brad Teague, associate director of the Ole Miss Loyalty Foundation, said the e-ticketing system may help expand the Rebels' fan base. "We're excited to have access to such a dynamic tool," he said. "A management service of this caliber allows us not only to keep our stands full, but also to involve more of our community in sporting events. We can invite children from Oxford and surrounding areas to attend a Rebel game at little or no cost to them. We might even be able to convert members of our communities to Rebel fans at an early age."

While other ticketing service providers charge their client universities extensive fees for set-up, equipment and support, the TicketsXchange model is unique in that it costs universities nothing in out-of-pocket expenses to participate. TicketsXchange furnishes the school with a customized Web portal, networking and scanning equipment, equipment for producing the E-Cards and marketing support.

TicketsXchange negotiates a revenue-sharing partnership with each university once the system is in operation.

Similar e-ticketing services will be offered at Louisiana State University in 00. Tiger fans already have shown enthusiasm for electronic tickets Eighty percent of all tickets sold ,00 out of about 4,000 for LSU's annual Spring Game were e-tickets.

"The LSU Spring Game demonstrates that at least 80 percent of ticket buyers are ready to embrace e-ticketing," Spivey said. "It's simply a matter of educating the fans about the advantages of e-tickets and management services."

In addition, TicketsXchange has developed an e-ticketing package for small colleges, including Delta State University.

The company also will offer its e-ticketing services to sports, arts and entertainment venues in non-college locations through its "city site" program. A Web site for Oxford (www.oxfordms.ticketsxchange.com) already has been created and will serve as an online

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Page - TicketsXchange

clearinghouse for venues selling tickets to a range of events, including live music, theater and festivals. Sites for other cities in Mississippi will follow soon.

Finally, TicketsXchange is in negotiations with Seat Booker, a United Kingdom company, to license its e-ticket and management solutions in the UK.

"E-ticketing lends itself to more than sports," McDavid said. "Any ticketed event a concert, a ballet or opera performance, a play can be an e-ticketed event for the convenience of the ticket buyers. The e-ticketing option drives ticket sales and keeps the seats filled once you've bought your e-ticket in advance, you're far more likely to make it to the show."

On the sports side, McDavid believes that success at Ole Miss and LSU will bring more major universities into the TicketsXchange fold in 004.

"Everyone benefits from this strategy," he said. "The fans never have to worry about losing their tickets or wasting money on tickets they can't use. The universities enjoy new revenues they'd never get otherwise, reduce the problem of scalping and save money on printing and mailing costs, all while benefiting from a more efficient, user-friendly ticketing system that helps build fan loyalty and keep the stadium seats filled at every game."

For more information on TicketsXchange and its services, visit the company's Web site at www.ticketsxchange.com.

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