Louis pasteur

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If I was to choose among the greatest benefactors of humanity, Louis Pasteur would certainly be up there at the top. Louis Pasteur has solved mysteries of rabies, anthrax chicken cholera and silkworm diseases, and contributed to the development of the first vaccines. He debunked the widely accepted myth of spontaneous generation, thereby setting the stage for modern biology and biochemistry. He described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine-making, and the brewing of beer. His work gave birth to many branches of science.

His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs known as the 'germ theory of disease' is one of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation for the science of microbiology. He championed changes in hospital practices to minimise the spread of disease by microbes. He also discovered that weakened forms of a microbe could be used as an immunisation against more virulent forms of the microbe. Another highly beneficial discovery is that he found out rabies were transmitted by agents so small they could not be seen under a microscope, thus revealing viruses. As a result he developed techniques to vaccinate dogs against rabies, and to treat humans bitten by rabid dogs. Pasteur also developed 'pasteurisation', a process by which harmful microbes in perishable food products are destroyed using heat, without destroying the food. He did this by going to a vineyard in Arbois in 1864 to study this problem. He demonstrated that wine diseases are caused by micro organisms that can be killed by heating the wine to 55 degrees Celsius for several minutes. Applied to beer and milk this process, soon came into use all over the world.

Pasteur also laid rest the theory of 'spontaneous generation'. John Needham and English clergy man in 1745, proposed what he considered as the definitive experiment. Everyone knew boiling kills micro organisms, so he proposed to test whether microbes appeared spontaneously after boiling. He boiled chicken broth, put it into a flask, sealed it and waited- sure enough microbes grew. Needham gained victory for spontaneous generation. However Lazzaro Spallanzi was not convinced and he suggested that perhaps the micro organisms had entered the broth by air after the broth boiled, but before it was sealed. To test this theory, he modified Needham's experiment- he placed the chicken broth in the flask, sealed the flask, drew off the air to create a vacuum, and then boiled the broth. No micro organisms grew. Proponents of spontaneous generation argued that Spallanzi had only proven that spontaneous generation could not occur without air. In 185 Pasteur did a winning experiment which was a variation of Needham's and Spallanzi's. He boiled meat broth in a flask, heated the neck of the flask in the flame until it became pliable, and bent it into a shape of an 's'. Air could enter the flask, but airborne organisms could not they would settle by gravity in the neck. As Pasteur expected no organisms grew. When he tilted the flask so that the broth reached the lowest point in the next, where any airborne particles would have settled, the broth rapidly became cloudy with life. Pasteur both disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and convinced that micro organisms are everywhere- even in air.

Louis Pasteur was a humanist, always working to the improvement of the human condition. He was a free man who never hesitated to take an issue with the prevailing yet false ideas of his time. All of his achievements point to a singular brilliance and perseverance in Pasteur's nature. He has protected millions of people from disease through his amazing work.

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Things Fall Apart

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Things Fall Apart

Things Fall Apart is a novel written by Chinua Achebe and is primarily set in the Igbo village of Umuofa in Eastern Nigeria. The novel is an attack on a perspective held almost universally in the West, and to some extend in Africa, that the pre- colonial era was a time of unsophisticated savagery. By focusing on the life of Okonkwo, in a story of the collapse of traditional life, Achebe is able to give readers a personal and meaningful insight into the richness of life in the Igbo society before the arrival of the British.

The narrative of Things Fall Apart is separated into three parts and concentrates to a very large degree on the fortunes of its main character, Okonkwo. Through mainly this character, every chapter within this novel enables the reader to learn a different/ new aspect of the Igbo society. In Chapter thirteen, which concludes part one of the novel, the reader learns about funeral rites as one of their clansmen die and also about local laws and punishment as Okonkwo accidentally kills one of their clansmen.

This chapter begins with the ekwe talking to the clansmen and awakens the village with the news that one of their most senior clansmen, Ezeudu, has died. It was the same old man who had warned Okonkwo earlier about harming Ikemefuna 'bear no hand in death.' Since Ezeudu was a great man, he was buried in all honours with the participation of the entire village. The funeral is very messy with people going berserk, slashing at trees, killing animals and threatening the villages. Guns were fired as part of the ceremony and speeches were made to celebrate the life of Ezeudu. 'The ancient drums of death beat, guns and cannon were fired, and men dashed about in frenzy, cutting down every tree or animal they saw, jumping over walls and dancing on the roof. It was a warrior's funeral' (p. 8). This demonstrates that the communal spirit is clearly involved.

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Later in this chapter we witness the very beginning of Okonkwo's downfall. In the last salute of gun and cannons in the funeral, 'Okonkwo's gun had exploded and a piece of iron had pierced the boy's heart' (p. 108). Nothing like this has ever happened in Umoufa before and although this incident was an accident but the reader cannot help associating it with Okonkwo's warrior qualities. It seemed to be like some sort of curse. Earlier Okonkwo had committed the sin of killing Ikemefuna who called Okonkwo 'father', despite Ezeudu's warning and now Okonkwo inadvertently kills the dead man's son. If there was a curse involved, it may be because Okonkwo is warlike and aggressive.

From this incident, the reader learns that in Umoufa murder within the clan leads to exile. There was also a distinction between the punishment for deliberate murder and accidental murder which the village classified as two kinds, male and female. Okonkwo had committed the female kind because the murder had been inadvertent therefore is banished for seven years, after which time he could return. Okonkwo and his family leave, fleeing to Mbanta, the land from which Okonkwo's mother came.

Although the female characters in the novel are merely background characters whose presence is referred to but not detailed in any important way, the importance of women in Africa is seen as Okonkwo flees to his mother's land. Achebe presents Mother Africa as nurturing, long suffering and forgiving. The day to day experiences of women have been discounted or ignored… that is until real trouble starts. This is seen as Okonkwo returns to his motherland; women become the bedrock of strength and stability. The view of women was one of the many issues that Achebe was writing against, as back then, African women had a very specific image in the colonial imagination. To the western society, tribal women were just seen as the very lower class of society and symbols of negative sexuality. The women just represented metaphoric images of the continent which quietly waited to be conquered, raped and dominated. Therefore Achebe demonstrated to the world how wrong the western world's views were.

Therefore under the covers of darkness, Okonkwo and his family leave the village. At dawn, tribal warriors arrive and destroy Okonkwo's compound and kills all his animals. This was not an act of hate but simply cleansing the land that Okonkwo had polluted with the blood of a clansman. This demonstrates to readers another ritual that had to be undertaken as a result of the crime committed. The Igbo society was highly sophisticated with ancient, complex rituals and a complicated and highly extensive judicial system.

The most significant aspect of Okonkwo's exile is the soul searching it causes Okonkwo's close friend, Obierika. He is left to ponder the complexities of custom 'Why should a man suffer so grievously for an offence he had committed so advertently' (p. 1) he asks himself as he is no longer satisfied with traditional answers. The traditional answers no longer seem adequate. He further remembers about his twin children whom he had to abandon in the evil forest. This being another ritual of the tribe. Obierika was a thinker, he had a reforming mind. It is in his character that the readers see that the traditional African world was not necessarily an unchanging one; rather it was dynamic and progressive with the ability to generate change.

Chapter thirteen, with Okonkwo's exile, concludes part one of the novel. Although it is only one chapter within this complex novel but it shows readers many different aspects of the life in Umoufa like funeral rites, and also law and punishment. It is also in this chapter that the beginning of Okonkwo's downfall is seen (although things begin to fall apart for him after he kills Ikemefuna.). Although, as seen in the accidental killing of Ezeudu's son, Okonkwo was unable to stop things falling apart, but Achebe has successfully given readers a more in depth knowledge of the value of those 'things'.

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The character of Iago in Othello

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Iago is perhaps one of the most intriguing and heinous villains in Shakespeare. Iago is on stage from the very beginning of the play Othello and he dominates and dictates the action from then onwards. Immediately, we observe how the plot of the play largely relies on the villain himself. In Act One Scene One, Iago shapes all of the events that are to come by duping the foolish Roderigo into calling upon Brabantio, a Venetian Senator, to inform him of his daughter Desdemona's misdoings "Call up her father,/Rouse him, make after him, poison his delight,/Proclaim him in the streets; incense her kinsmen…" It is upon Iago that the plot of the play relies; here Iago linguistically takes control.

Iago revels in his own intellectual prowess and the way that he so easily manipulates other characters. Iago is often funny, especially in his scenes with Roderigo, which serve as a showcase of Iago's manipulative abilities. In truth, we realise that Iago is indeed a very intelligent man, playing with his language and ideas to suit his situations. Iago uses his language to fool and persuade his 'sidekick' Roderigo, and persuade and manipulate others, namely Brabantio and Othello. Iago seems almost to wink at the audience as he takes pleasure from his own skill. As entertained spectators, we find ourselves on Iago's side when he is with Roderigo. We watch in fascination as Iago easily persuades his subordinate, "Lay they finger thus, and let thy soul be instructed. /Mark me with what violence she first loved the Moor, / but for bragging and telling her fantastical lies." We watch as Iago changes role completely to suit his situation, performing as a faithful servant in front of Othello and his attendants "Nine or ten times/ I had thought t'have yerked him [Roderigo] here under the ribs." Further, we are amazed at Iago's sarcasm when Desdemona, Iago, and Iago's wife, Emilia, arrive in Cyprus, Cassio welcomes Emilia with a kiss, then says to Iago, "Let it not gall your patience, good Iago, / That I extend my manners; 'tis my breeding / That gives me this bold show of courtesy" . Cassio is making a big point of what a charmer he is, but Iago sarcastically and intelligently punctures his balloon with a joke "Sir, would she give you so much of her lips / As of her tongue she oft bestows on me, / You would have enough" . If Emilia kissed Cassio as much as she nags Iago, Cassio would have more than enough kissing. Here the audience is also surprised by Iago's complete disrespect of Desdemona and Emilia by saying such things in front of them.

The interactions between Iago and Roderigo also reveal Iago's distorted sense of honesty and his clear and easy admittance to this. At the end of Act One, Scene Three, Iago implicitly confirms our suspicions that he is using Roderigo for money and his own purposes "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse". Yet Roderigo is so void of intelligence he is easily manipulated by Iago's persuasive language and does not see this. Further, when Iago explains to Roderigo that he hates Othello, Roderigo wonders why Iago is still working for Othello. Iago then goes on to explain that hes a hypocrite, who is only pretending loyalty to Othello. He is not like those men who loyally serve their masters all their lives and then are fired when theyre too old to work. "Whip me such honest knaves", Iago contemptuously exclaims. It appears that Iago has no qualms in admitting to his scheming behaviour, indeed it appears that as Iago continues to spin his plot he takes pleasure in knowing the pain that he will inflict on those around him "I have't. It is engendered. Hell and night/ Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light." It is all the more distressing for the audience, therefore, to observe how Iago manipulates his characters, and how Othello still continues to trust his Ancient. Othello exclaims "A man he is of honesty and trust" as he appoints Iago to deliver documents from the Senate in Act One Scene Three. Later, Othello entrusts Iago with the responsibility of escorting Desdemona to Cyprus, and asks him to have Iagos wife be her companion. He says, "Honest Iago, / My Desdemona must I leave to thee / I prithee, let thy wife attend on her / And bring them after in the best advantage" . At the end of the scene, when Iago is hatching his plan against Othello, he comments that "The Moor is of a free and open nature, / That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, / And will as tenderly be led by the nose / As asses are". In Cyprus, observing the joyous reunion of Othello and Desdemona, Iago says to himself that he will wreck the lovers harmony "O, you are well tuned now! / But Ill set down the pegs that make this music, / As honest as I am". Iago knows that Othello considers him honest, and his planning on using that in his dishonest plans. Iago also knows that Othello himself is too trusting and this could be easily used to Iago's advantage. This again is an example of his manipulative and plotting abilities, vital to his villainous character.

Although we observe clearly how Iago manipulates those around him, his motivation for such villainy is less clear. From the outset we learn that the promotion of Cassio, rather than himself, to the position of Lieutenant, is the catalyst for his machinations "One Michael Cassio, a Florentine -/A fellow almost damned in fair wife -/That never set a squadron in the field, /Nor the division of a battle knows/ More than a spinster." However, we soon see that Iago attempts to find other reasons for his actions, and other reasons for disliking the noble Othello. At the end of Act One, Scene Three, Iago decides that he thinks Othello may have slept with his wife, Emilia "It is thought abroad that twixt my sheets / He has done my office". Iago mentions this suspicion again explaining that he lusts after Desdemona ("Now, I do love her too;") because he wants to get even with Othello "wife for wife". Throughout, the audience is also led to believe that Iago may dislike Othello's skin colour, and subsequently his race, culture, and background. Iago repeatedly uses beastly vulgarity to describe the sexual relationship between Othello and Desdemona, highlighting his dislike for Othello's colour. He shouts out to Brabantio that "Even now, now, very now, an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe". Moments later, he yells to Brabantio, "youll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse; youll have your nephews neigh to you; youll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans" . In short, if Brabantio doesnt do something, his whole family will be nothing but horses. Brabantio, who can only hear Iago, not see him, asks who he is, and Iago replies, "I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs". These interactions not only show the audience Iago's motivations, they again display in full Iago's masterful linguistic techniques.

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However, it could be argued that Iago has a true lack of convincing motivation for his actions, and this could indeed be his most terrible characteristic. None of his claims, his beliefs over the promotion of Cassio, Othello and Emilia, and his own lusting for Desdemona, seems to adequately explain Iago's deep hatred of Othello, and Iago's lack of motivation'or his inability or unwillingness to express his true motivation'makes his actions all the more terrifying. He is willing to take revenge on anyone'Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Roderigo, even Emilia'at the slightest provocation and enjoys the pain and damage he causes. At the closure of Act Two, Scene One, it even appears that Iago is simply pulling at straws to give himself reasons to dislike Othello and carry out his mischievous deeds, he even jumps to believing Cassio has slept with Emilia, crying "For I fear Cassio with my night-cap too-", the audience is left completely unconvinced and outraged by Iago's lack of true motivation for his actions, and yet at the same time the audience is compelled and drawn in by this curious character.

As he attempts to develop his reasoning behind his actions, Shakespeare further shows how it could be argued that Iago does not have a clear plan to bring about the destruction of Othello, but adapts and amends his plotting in response to opportunity. At the close of Act One Iago begins to formulate his plans, ("How? How? Let's see./After some time, to abuse Othello's ear/ That he is too familiar with his wife…"), at the end of Act Two, Scene One, Iago decides to manipulate Othello's open nature to imply Desdemonda's infidelity, yet his plans are still in their infancy, as he suggests that his ideas are in his mind, "but yet confus'd." Iago has the ability to plan as he goes along and take advantage of situations to suit his purposes; it has been suggested that Iago is Machiavellian. However such a perilous unwinding of events again leads the audience to believe that even Iago does not know what or why he is doing what he is doing, and perhaps he just dislikes Othello for no clear or valid reason at all.

However, one aspect of Iago's character is very clear, and this is his high opinion of himself. In order to prove to Roderigo that he hates Othello, Iago comments, "I know my price, I am worth no worse a place", he feels he deserved to be Lieutenant. Later in the same scene, still explaining his hatred of Othello, Iago praises those who serve their masters only for their own purposes. He says that "when they have lin'd their coats," they "Do themselves homage" . We would call such persons embezzlers, but Iago sees them in another light "These fellows have some soul; / And such a one do I profess myself". At the closure of Act One, Scene Three, it is perfectly clear that Iago considers himself vastly superior to Roderigo "For I mine own gain'd knowledge should profane, / If I would time expend with such a snipe. / But for my sport and profit" . A snipe is a bird notorious for its flightiness and its tendency to run right into traps. Amusingly, when describing Cassio to the audience, we realize that he is in fact painting a perfect picture of himself "a slipper and subtle knave, a finder out of occasions;/ that has an eye can stamp and counterfeit advantages,/ though true advantage never present itself; a devilish/ knave!". Throughout, Iago depicts himself as being vastly superior to most that surround him, and more worthy of the position of lieutenant than Cassio himself, although we know just how noble and worthy Cassio is. This aspect of Iago's character adds dramatic tension and excitement, we the audience are aware of things that the characters are not.

Furthermore, Iago is developed as a character that holds a general hatred of women. Iago does not believe in love, only lust "It is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will." It could be suggested that he views relationships as merely existing for sexual purposes; his language in Act Two, Scene Three shows his vulgarity "What an eye she has! Methinks it sounds a parley to provocation." Although Iago admits to lusting after Desdemona, he severely lowers her respectability in his own and Roderigo's eyes, suggesting that Desdemona will be easily bored with Othello and will wish to move on for a new sexual partner "Her delicate tenderness will find itself abused, begin to heave the gorge, disrelish and/ abhor the Moor. Very nature will instruct her in it and/ compel her to some second choice." Iago even explicitly voices his views on women, in a jovial manner, in front of Desdemona and Emilia "you are pictures out of doors, / bells in your parlours, / wild-cats in your kitchens, saints/ in your injuries, devils being offended, players in your/ housewifery, and housewives in your beds." Suggesting that women are on best behaviour in public but wild inside, and hussies in their beds, the audience is shown Iago's poor view of women. Iago believes that stupid yet beautiful women will always get their way "She never yet was foolish that was fair, /For even her folly helped her to an heir". The audience is often amused by Iago's outbursts on love and women, but simultaneously we wonder if these opinions have helped to develop Iago's bitter character and outlook upon people, and even whether these views are reason for his villainy.

So far, we have seen that Iago is Othello's Ensign, and the perpetrator of evil and fallacy in this play. He finds pleasure in destroying happiness and therefore plots to ruin many lives. Yet, it does not appear that Iago has true reason for this catastrophic destruction of people thus far. However, he still chooses to go about manipulating characters through his use of language, whilst holding himself in high esteem and harbouring a general disgust for women and love, all to serve his bitter and vengeful purposes.

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The fly

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She had a new assignment. The Master needed her to save the president… again.

Nadia Clavell works for the S.P.P.A. (Secret President Protection Agency) and she obeyed all orders from The Master. She had a stern honest face and was very plain; she thought that would have been the reason why she was chosen two months ago to join the new agency, an agency kept a big secret. She wasn't even sure if the president knew about it.

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She walked into his office. The lights were dimmed like always, she had never seen his face. He was only a voice coming from a black shadow. Though he had a very peculiar voice, he always spoke the letter 's' continually, like a snake.

'There isss a man trying to assssassssinate Presssident Ssscotte. We only know that the assssasssin'sss name isss "The Fly",' he spoke. 'In exactly three weeksss there isss going to be a fansscy masssk ball, where the Presssident isss attending. Alssso there will be the wonderful deputy Presssident Jonesss and many other important people. I also have information that "The Fly" will be there, sssubsssequently wearing a fly mask.'

He continued on about with the information for the night including the way she has to kill him, which was by injecting a poisonous needle into him, when he would be alone on that night.

She was ready for the night; she was undercover, wearing a red dress and a flamingo mask, she for once did not looks plain. In the hall where everyone was dancing, she noticed The Master was there, in black, like always, wearing a plain black mask. Who is this man? She wondered. But her thought was quickly diverted to the killing she had to do, as she saw the fly mask across the room.

"The Fly" was chatting to many people, but after hours of waiting for him to be alone, she had her chance. "The Fly" had walked behind some pot plants; she thought maybe to have some alone time. She walked over to the plants, trying not to be noticed. Luckily, the only person who noticed was The Master, as he was following her to where she would kill.

She grabbed the syringe out of her bag and stabbed it into "The Fly's" back. He fell straight away.

She was curious who this masked man was, so she rolled him over on his back and looked at his still face.

Oh no. She gasped in shock. And behind her, she heard a voice so familiar.

'Great. Thank you ssso much Nadia Clavell. You just killed Presssident Ssscotte, and that meansss that I am now the presssident. Yesss, I am now, Pressident Joness.'

Please note that this sample paper on The fly is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The fly, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on The fly will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Tabaco

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Is tobacco a drug? Nicotine is a drug, and nicotine was purposely manipulated to enhance the addictive nature of cigarettes. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) tried for years to build a case proving the Tobacco industry was manipulating the levels of nicotine in various brands to "Keep Them Coming Back" but couldn't prove it until a Paralegal working for Brown an Williamson provided documentation supporting the allegations. With this new found proof and advent of more "Whistle Blowers" coming forward with new and more supporting evidence, the FDA now pursued the contention that cigarettes were in fact a delivery device for nicotine, a controlled substance

Dr. David Kessler, commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, was relentless in his pursuit of the Tobacco industry. His name appears in almost all of the research material of the time. This makes sense considering his position at the FDA however it seemed he had a personal quest to fulfill. He had been noted to say, "Smoking is a pediatric disease that is a disease of children." (cite) It had been recognized that secondary smoke would affect children of smokers, but the reference here was more to the effect smoking had on children or young adults. Advertising was directed at making it cool, sophisticated. This was a target demographic as far back as 110 (Cite Norma's stuff here) so noticeably so, that laws were introduced to limit sales of cigarettes to minors.

Although it is clear cigarette smoking is physiologically addicting, the effects of nicotine don't come into play for as much as two years. This begs the question "why" then do teens smoke until they're hooked? Peer pressure led by advertising role models or from scenes in movies where the hero stops and has a smoke or a temptress seductively blows smoke in the face of her prey. Although at first the act of smoking is not particularly pleasurable it does in time have psychological links to rest and relaxation.

It had been a Tobacco industry axiom that brand loyalty in cigarette smokers was almost unwavering. The key here is to get the new comers to smoke your brand, and they will likely stay with your brand until it killed them. In 16, ,000 took up smoking every day. One in three of them would die of smoking related illness probably in their middle age. Aside from that, the tobacco giants had to keep up with the attrition lost to the quitters, 1. million quitters every year and 40,000 would die. So, the cigarette companies had to keep after the young people to keep their business alive.

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Although the deadly effects of smoking were known for decades the Tobacco industry managed to escape law suits until 16, then the hammer began to drop. A relentless FDA commissioner, lobby groups, pending lawsuits and trials in several states and finally the whistle blowers giving away the secrets. The walls were closing in, The Tobacco industry new it couldn't survive, and remain whole if it was completely gutted and demonized so it agreed to negotiate a settlement before the witch hunt turned to a hysteric lynching. So they went to the negotiating table.

Reference Page

Eitzen, D. Stanley & Zinn, Maxine B. (1) Case Study The Tobacco Deal. In J. Post, A. Lawrence, & James Weber (Eds), Contemporary business issues with readings (pp. 40-40) New York McGraw-Hill Primis Custom Publishing

Hernandez, Debra G. (15) Restrictions on cigarette advertising. Editor &Publisher, 18, 1. Abstract retrieved on March , 00 from InfoTrac One File

Lacayo, Richard & Baumohl, Bernard (16) Put out the butt, junior. Time, 148 (11), 51. Abstract retrieved on March , 00 from EBSCOhost

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The Man Who Was Almost A Man

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This story is about a young man who wants to be recognized as a man and not treated as a boy any longer. This young black man, Dave, is convinced that owning and bing able to shoot a gun is the only way to command the respect he deserves from his elders. He becomes increasingly anxious to own one, and the author, Richard Wright, describes the chain of events that lead to this and the events that take place thereafter.

The plot is vleverly written, leading up to a crecendo, and is filled with suspence. The author introduces us the the guns in the catalog, describing them avidly. Dave works up the courage to ask his mother foor the money to buy a two dollar gun from 'Ol' Joe' at the Store and though she adamantly refuses at first, he sweet talks her into giving in. he is elated and runs to buy the gun, the condition being that he is to bring it right back to his mother, but he stays out late, returning only after he is sure everyone is asleep, and lies that he hid it outside when his mother tiptoes into his room later that night demanding that he give up the gun. He leaves early the next morning with the gun strapped to his thigh and is given a strip of land to plough by Mr. Hawkins, his employer. He happily goes off to work with a mule, Jenny and a plough, knowing that he will be alone in the woods and can fire the gun without anyone hearing him. He is frightened and unsure of himself, but he closes his eyes and finally pulls the trigger. To his amazement, shooting that gun hurts! His arm hurts and his fingers burn. He discovers that the blast is powerful and the sound deafening. The mule has taken off running, apparently frightened by the noise, but when he catches up to her, he discovers that she is bleeding, and it dawns on him that he somehow shot her. He is distraught and confused, and attempts to plug the hole in her side with mud and dirt to no avail. He helplessly watches her die, buries the gun, and then goes to report what happened. He lies that Jenny apparently went haywire, kicking and rearing and finally fell on the plough, and everyone is confused, wondering why and how on earth a mule would do that. His parents arrive on the scene, and when someone comments that it looked like a gunshot wound, his mother presses him to tell the truth, revealing that he had a gun. He breaks down and tearfully confesses, amid laughter from the crowd. His father arranges for payment of the dead mule over a period of time and he is sent home, angry and embarrassed. He cannot sleep that night and so gets up, unearths the buried gun and vows to shoot it. He knows he can do this. He fires round after round until the gun is empty, this time with his eyes open and his arm sure. He is elated at his success since he has proven to himself that he really is a man! He confidently walks home, reassured, when the sound of an approaching train sends thoughts flying through his mind. It will take him two years to repay the mule, he expects a severe beating from his father for his misdeeds, his mother told on him and got him into all this trouble, and most of all, he can still hear the scornful laughter in his ears. He makes up his mind and jumps on the train as it passes by. He knows that he will not be a man here, but he will find his manhood somewhere, on the other side.

The characters in this story help the plot along, so that the story flows. Dave's mother, for instance, helps by allowing him the thing his heart desires most, a gun. She seems to be a tough woman at first, but then she yields to her son and we see her weakness for him. She is a straight shooting, honest woman, as evidenced by her pressuring him to tell the truth when no one else actually knows exactly what happened. Dave's father is a tough, stern man. Dave obviously fears him. He is a disciplinarian, and we know this from Dave's recollection of previous beatings. He provides a balance for Dave, who cannot get away with much, because his father would not give in to him, as does his mother. He will make sure Dave pays for his mistake. 'Ol' Joe ' is the friendly shopkeeper at the store. He comes across as a sensible, mature individual but seems to understand what Dave is feeling and allows to him not only to borrow his catalog, but offers him an old gun for two dollars. He helps the story along in this way. Mr. Hawkins seems to be a reasonable employer who apparently gets along quite well with Dave. He of course, is the owner of the unfortunate mule Jenny, and is the reason Dave will be in debt for the following two years for a dead mule.

I think the theme of this story is that everyone wants to feel important, to be recognized, and that when that feeling is frustrated, one does whatever one deems necessary to correct this. I also think the author was emphasizing that after failure, it is important to try again, as Dave did with success. He faced the gun which he was now more afraid of than before, and conquered his fear. He satisfied his belief that he could shoot like a man. Another thought is that Dave realizes that what he desires most is to be a man and be recognized as one, and he feels that will not happen anytime soon at home. He therefore opts to take off into the unknown, somewhere far where he can, perhaps, become a man and earn respect, although it is not right for him to flee from his responsibility (paying Mr. Hawkins for the dead mule).

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I think the story definitely worked. It is an interesting story, and that keeps you glued to it, wanting to find out more. The author's clever use of suspense has us wondering what on earth this boy wants to do with this gun and we even wonder if he will harm himself, or someone else. However, the story teaches a lesson, and also serves as insight into the life of a young man seeking to make his mark in the world, to be heard, to be seen. It is well written and flows easily, making it easy to understand and the masterful use of imagery allows us to travel back in time to the place where these events are taking place.

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Get Lucky...I Don't Think So

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Webster's New World Dictionary defines luck as "the seemingly chance happening of events which affect one." Ahead, is a conversation between three adults. The scene takes place at a restaurant over dinner and drinks.

John You know, those little scratch off lottery tickets? I won $00 on one yesterday. It was the luckiest day of my life!

Kim Are you serious? I never win on those things! What else happened?

John On the way to a meeting to discuss the promotion I'm up for, I got pulled over for doing 5 in a 5. It turned out though, that the cop is the father of my nephew's buddy, so he let me off with a warning. So I get to my meeting, and they offer me the promotion on the spot!

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Judy Uh, Johnny, that's bullshit. I mean I'm happy to hear about the promotion and getting out of the ticket but we are adults now, you can stop talking about luck ok? Grow up.

Kim Wow, Judy calm down. What are you talking about?

Judy I'm just so sick of people talking about "luck" and "fate" with this dreamy look in their eyes, as if any of it exists at all.

John (In a sarcastic tone) Hey cranky, I think that both sides of your bed are wrong, so do me a favor and don't get up tomorrow (John laughs at his own joke, amused at his self-proclaimed wit).

Kim Judy, where did all this hostility come from? Why are you being so negative?

Judy Honestly, I don't believe in luck at all. Good things happen to people who work hard. That's the bottom line.

John I agree with you. Good things do happen to people who work hard. But'

Judy (Let's out an annoyed sigh) Yeah, there had to be a but.

John But, you are reading to deep into the concept. Luck most definitely exists. I just think that it is a much simpler notion than you are making it out to be. Don't get me wrong; my life isn't based on getting lucky everyday'although if I got lucky every night, I would NOT be complaining (again, the ladies were not impressed with John's wit).

Judy laughs, a demeaning laugh at John's thoughts on luck, as if saying, "You are ridiculous."

Kim Do you two mind if I make an honest observation? (She doesn't wait for an answer) I think that both of your upbringings strongly reflect how you look at life, let alone luck.

John scrunches his face together, signaling that he is deeply thinking and somewhat confused, while Judy rolls her eyes but continues to listen.

Kim John you have lived your whole life in middle class suburbia. You haven't suffered any real trauma in your life that I'm aware of. (John shakes his head "no") So I would think that naturally, you have a more optimistic outlook in general. Now Kim, you on the other hand have not had such an easy life. With your parents divorce, and the death of your sister all happening before your sixteenth birthday, clearly you've experienced more than most of us experience at that age. I'm not saying that either of your opinions are wrong, but I just want the both of you to see where the other is coming from and to try to understand their side.

John I never really thought about it that way before.

Judy You just made a really good point. I am so'

Waitress Hey, how are we doing tonight? Can I get you some drinks- (The waitress looks at the floor and a grin spreads across her face, she bends down and picks something up) "Find a penny, pick it up, all day long you'll have good luck!" Oh cool, now I'll have good luck for the rest of the day!"

John(In a very serious tone) Guess again sweetheart, that's your tip!

John, Judy and Kim all burst out in hysterical laughter, as the waitress looks at her penny, truly confused.

Please note that this sample paper on Get Lucky...I Don't Think So is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Get Lucky...I Don't Think So, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Get Lucky...I Don't Think So will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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