Classification of the US Navy

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The mission of the United States Navy is to project America and her interests on the seas, in the air, and on the land; and to influence world events in every region of the globe during peace, crisis, and war. The United States Navy has established nine Major Operating Forces to span the world and is ready to respond to any mission. The Commanders for each Operating Force report directly to the Chief of Naval Operations who is the senior military officer in the Navy. The Chief of Naval Operations is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the command, utilization of resources and operating efficiency of the Navy. The nine Major Operating Forces are

Fleet Forces Command

Pacific Fleet

Atlantic Fleet

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Naval Forces, Europe

Military Sealift Command

Naval Reserve Force

Operation, Test, and Evaluation Force

Naval Forces Central Command

Naval Special Warfare Command

The Fleet Forces Command is in control of both Atlantic and Pacific Fleet assets for equipping, training, and manning purposes. This allows one centralized command to establish polices and requirements to meet the needs of both fleets.

The Pacific Fleet's operating area spans over 50% of the earth covering 10 million square miles. The Pacific Fleet primarily patrols the Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans. With 00 ships, ,000 aircraft, and over 50,000 Sailors and Marines the Fleet maintains safe sea lanes, deters aggression, and provides humanitarian support were needed. The Pacific Fleet Commander is responsible for the rd and 7th Fleet's, Task Force 1 and 14, and Maritime Defense Zone Pacific each having it's own specific mission and areas of responsibility.

The Atlantic Fleet consists of over 118,000 Sailors and Marines, 186 ships and 1,00 aircraft. The Atlantic Fleet is responsible for a large area including the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole, the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and parts of the Pacific Ocean from Central and South America to the Galapagos Islands. Additionally, the area includes the Norwegian, Greenland and Barents Seas, and areas around Africa extending to the Cape of Good Hope. The Atlantic Fleet Commander's responsibility includes the nd Fleet and Maritime Defense Zone Atlantic and has the collateral duty of Fleet Forces Command.

Naval Forces, Europe, is forward deployed and is considered one of the nations' long arms of the law. The ,000 Sailors and Marines are responsible for an area of 14 million square miles. Although primarily in the Mediterranean, the area of responsibility extends from the North Cape in Norway to the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and includes the Adriatic, Baltic, and Black Seas.

With only 1 ships and 100 aircraft Naval Forces, Europe plays a vital role in deterring the enemy abroad.

The main mission of Military Sealift Command is to transport equipment, fuel, supplies and ammunition to support U.S. forces worldwide as long as operational requirements dictate. During a war, more than 5 percent of all the equipment and supplies needed by the U.S. military is carried by sea. The Military Sealift Command currently operates 1 non-combatant, civilian-crewed ships around the world. They maintain 77 other ships in a standby status, ready to be manned and activated if the need arises. The Military Sealift Command also has the dual responsibility of oceanographic and hydrographic surveys, underwater surveillance, missile flight data collection and tracking, acoustic research, submarine support, and maintaining the Navy's hospital ships.

The Naval Reserve Force has 88,000 Reserve and active duty Sailors located throughout the United States and has the capability to recall over 600,000 prior service and retired members. The mission of the Naval Reserve Force is to provide fully trained units and individuals to supplement the Navy and Marine Corps during peace or war. The Naval Reserve represents approximately 0% of the Navys total possessions with ships and over 800 aircraft each assigned to either the Atlantic or Pacific Fleets.

The mission of the Operation Test & Evaluation Force is to conduct operational tests and evaluation of all surface, undersea, aviation, and future warfare hardware, software, tactics, and procedures in realistic conditions and advise the Chief of Naval Operations on effectiveness and suitability for the U.S. Navy. No information was available on number of personnel assigned or assets assigned.

The Naval Forces Central Command is the second to be forward deployed and is directly responsible for the Navy's 5th Fleet. This command consists of 5 ships and 15,000 Sailor and Marines. The Naval Forces Central Command and United States 5th Fleet help protect Americas vital interests in a 7.5 million square mile area of operation, which includes the Arabian Gulf, Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean, and interest such as the Suez Canal and Strait of Hormuz.

The Naval Special Warfare Command stands ready to answer '11 calls' from around the world with a force of 5,000 personnel including ,00 SEAL's and 600 Special Warfare Combat Craft Crewmen. The SEAL Teams are America's best fighting force and the Special Warfare Combat Craft Crewman operate and maintain the Navy's most high performance boats to support the SEAL's and special operations around the world. The Commander, Naval Special Warfare Command prepares these special warfare forces to carry out missions and to develop special operations, strategies, and tactics. The Naval Special Warfare Command includes Special Warfare Groups, and Special Boat Squadrons.

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Khol's convictions

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Martin Luther King- I have a Dream.

... life from the mid-50s to the late 60s. This was a time when large numbers of Americans, barely recognized as such by sanctioned power, dared to dream of what the country could be at its best, in the face of what often was its worst. For example, in December, 155, days after Montgomery civil rights ...

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Letter from Birmingham Jail is a clearly written essay that explains the reasons behind, and the methods of nonviolent civil disobedience, and gently expresses Kings disappointment with those who are generally supportive of equal rights for African-Americans. Martin Luther King, more ...

martin luther

Kings A Letter From Birmingham City Jail An Analysis Martin Luther King Jr., one of the greatest speakers for the Black civil rights movement, had written many great works in his time. Two of his pieces stand out as his greatest works, Letter from Birmingham City Jail; a letter written ...

emancipation proclamation

Kings A Letter From Birmingham City Jail An Analysis Arturo Menendez Martin Luther King Jr., one of the greatest speakers for the Black civil rights movement, had written many great works in his time. Two of his pieces stand out as his greatest works, Letter from Birmingham City Jail; ...

martin luther king jr.

... , which was led by King, tried to put an end to segregated buses and racial injustice in general. He was sent to jail after leading the march in Birmingham, and there wrote a letter fighting for the rights of black people. King presented his nonviolent views of gaining equality through his famous â€'I ...

Martin Luther King Jr.

... visible police violence. Eventually the protesters energy, and the money to bail out protesters, ran out. The strategy did work, however, in Birmingham, Alabama, when SCLC joined a local protest during the spring of 16. The protest was led by SCLC member Fred Shuttlesworth, one of the ministers who ...

Martin Luther King Jr.

... visible police violence. Eventually the protesters’ energy, and the money to bail out protesters, ran out. The strategy did work, however, in Birmingham, Alabama, when SCLC joined a local protest during the spring of 16. The protest was led by SCLC member Fred Shuttlesworth, one of the ministers who ...

Civil Rights in America

... , poverty and war” (Compton’s 44). On August 8, 16 King made one of his most influential speeches ever at the March on Washington. His â€'I have a dream” speech had a major impact on all of America. His speech urged people to be judged by their character and not by the color of their skin (Civil Rights ...

160s

... , the trip southward was peaceful until they reached Alabama, where violence erupted. At Anniston one bus was burned and some riders were beaten. In Birmingham, a mob attacked the riders when they got off the bus. They suffered even more severe beatings by a mob in Montgomery, Alabama. The violence brought ...

martin luther king

... , his sincerity, and his moral stature. Kings followers believed that he would speak nothing but the truth but in Kings famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, he could only hope that what he had written will be seen as the truth If I have said anything in this letter that overstates the truth and ...

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Family law

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Family law. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Family law paper right on time.

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A de-facto relationship is a relationship in which two people are co-habiting without being legally married and must be heterosexual to be recognised by the courts. This type of relationship increased greatly from 171 to 108 as people were not economically and physically willing to enter into a marriage. In 184, a statutory basis was given to de-facto relationships with the passing of the De Facto Relationships Act 184 NSW. This act provided a legal definition of De Facto relationships, eligibility criteria and protection of individuals on the breakdown of such a relationship. The issues dealt with by the Act include property rights, maintenance, care of children and inheritance. Property rights include Under common law, a person in a de facto relationship has no right to property unless it was in that person's name. Maintenance there was no legal obligation to pay spousal maintenance. Even if one of the partners did not have a job and was looking after a child full time. Up until 184 this was the case. Under The property (relations) act 184 either partner of a de facto relationship can initiate legal proceedings requestion periodic maintenance against the other partner on a restricted basis. The court will force payment to the claiming party if they cannot support themselves adequately because of full time child rearing and lack of independence due to the relationship. Care of children issues regarding children are handled in the same way as the children from marriages. Since the Family Reform Act 15 (Cth), decisions concerning children from de facto relationships are administered through the family law court regardless of whether the children are from a previous marriage. Inheritance spouse and children may not be entitled to property upon the partner's death. Unlike marriage there is no formal start or end to a de facto relationship.

Davies Vs Sparkes 10 confirmed the common law definition of a de facto relationship.

A de facto relationship must be at least two years in duration for the law to operate and govern the associated parties of a de facto relationship effectively.

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Domestic violence within a de facto relationship is treated the same as it would be treated in any other form of relationship, in the sense that it still has the same physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological repercussions. The existence of the Family Law Act 175 does not and cannot extend to de facto spouses (constitutional defect). Accordingly, the family law court has no power to issue injunctions to restrain domestic violence within a de facto relationship. Conversely, the legal remedies against domestic violence in New South Wales have been extended and improved by the Crimes (domestic violence) Amendment Act 18. This act applies to both married persons and people in de facto relationships. Despite this act, people in de facto relationships still do not have the same protection against domestic violence as people in marriages. Legal action to prevent domestic violence can be taken by applying for an AVO/ADVO (Apprehended domestic/ violence order), pressing criminal assault charges or by applying for an injunction.

While people assume that the law constantly and consistently achieves its objectives; de facto relationships must be analysed and the associated issues in terms of resource efficiency, the concept of equality, enforceability, accessibility and protection. Equality is complicated when it comes to the issues I have discussed above relating to de facto relationships. De facto relationships cannot be treated the same as marriage; this is due to a constitutional defect that forbids the Commonwealth government to establish laws beyond the nuclear family. Conversely, the fundamental aspect of most areas of family law is to protect those who are disadvantaged, provide rights to individuals, enforce responsibilities on individuals and couples and resolve disputes with minimal disruption.

This has been achieved with the enactment of the Property (Relationships) Act 184 NSW and the various amendments made to it in 1. The purpose of this legislation was to divide property in the event of a breakdown of a de facto relationship, permit maintenance payments, regulate the care of children and examine the validity of any cohabitation and separation agreements.

In relation to property disputes, the Property (relationships) Act 184 is used by creating direct and indirect legal rights and obligations between the separating parties. It gives the supreme, district or local court power to divide the property according to the concepts of justice and equity.

A prime function of the legal system in achieving justice to parties of a de facto relationship is protection. This is especially required for children and victims of domestic violence. However this concept has extended to those who have been disadvantaged at law. E.g. the original Property (relationships) act 184 did not recognize same sex de facto relationships, therefore significantly disadvantaging individuals involved in the liaisons. This was changed in 1 when the Property (relationships) Amendments Act was enacted.

In areas of spousal and child maintenance the federal government has established enforcement procedures that regulate the non-payment of child support. Such issues will be referred to the Child Support Agency (CSA) who will collect and enforce payments. The CSA can garnishee wages, incept tax refunds or sell personal property to collect money owed. If these procedures do not work the CSA can commence court action.

With regard to care of children, the Family Law Reform Act 15 (Cth) applies to all children, not just the children of marriage as originally stated by the Family Law Act 175 (Cth). This has significantly improved the efficiency of the legal system and the extent to which judgments enforceable.

Please note that this sample paper on Family law is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Family law, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Family law will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Russian Revolution

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Year 1 History

Russian Revolution

Research Essay

In 100 Russia was the last remaining absolute autocracy out of the great powers of Europe. Approximately eighty four per cent of Russians were peasants, lead by an over privileged upper class who had enslaved them for centuries. There existed a total lack of understanding or sympathy between the workers/peasants and their ruling class, who cared little about their responsibility and obligation to care for the welfare of their people. By the turn of the century many voices emerged in hope to see reforms of their backward nation. For many years there had been desire for reform, but not until the layer upon layer of revolutionary pressure in the precondition phase did it blatantly warn of change, which Tsar Nicholas nd attempted to ignore and oppress. However, his oppression only fueled the fire of revolutionary minds and hearts, who despite superficial concessions by the Tsar in 105 strived to see a permanent transformation of their great yet backward nation. From the period 100-117 the events such as Bloody Sunday, the great strikes, famines and war would confront and enchant the Russian people and eventually leaders to revolution and an end to a 00 year dynasty.

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The Tsar Nicholas the nd was a man who's ignorance of his people's hardships combined with his resistance to any political reform tragically led to his abdication and eventual assassination. He and all those loyal to him believed that he had a divine right from God to be the absolute ruler of Russia, therefore any attempt to undermine his power such as the formation of a constitutional monarchy was believed to be against the will of God. Nicholas nd was greatly out of touch with his people, and only received censored reports from the ministers he personally appointed. The many strikes from 18 to 10 were crushed with the force of his army, forbidding the population to have any alternate political voice. The peaceful protest of January 105 lead by father Giorgi Gapon, was responded to with the brutal forces which had oppressed the majority of the Russian people for centuries. Any alternate political voice was outlawed, resulting in the execution, imprisonment or exile of identified revolutionaries. Core to the Tsar's belief was absolute power, or none, and it was this resilience which would lead to his abdication, his inability to accept and compromise power over the Russian people whom he had little in common.

The upper class of Russian society had little to complain about in the beginning of the century, the many parties, picnics and concerts gave them little to complain about. Controlling most of the wealth of Russia, the upper-class nobles had no desire for change to their luxurious and decadent lifestyle. They had little will to help the starving and toiling masses, and chose to merely accept that it was God's intention for those to be poor. The wealthy were so out of touch with the majority of Russian society that they did not at first take seriously the signs of revolution around them; the many emerging political parties, the growing amount of strikes and assassinations, and the increasing incidences of violence in the countryside. This ruling class supported the autocracy and had no intention to change Russia in the preconditions to the revolution.

Russia's middle class had varying views upon the leadership of their country. The rich middle class had a healthy and relatively easy lifestyle and therefore little desire for change. However it was the middle class which fostered the intelligentsia who were the minds that fueled the revolution. As the working and peasant classes were without education, it was the well educated yet not overtly wealthy section of the middle class who developed revolutionary ideas, writings and underground political discussions. The Liberal party was supported by the educated and middle classes, which believed that Russia should become a constitutional monarchy with free democratic elections and that people should be granted civil liberties such as freedom of speech, association and worship. This group of people would in 105 form the party named the Cadets. In addition the "father" of the revolution, Lenin, was raised in a middle class family with an excellent education at primary, secondary and tertiary level. The middle class who supported change provided the educated few who would provide leadership to the dissatisfied masses.

The Russian Orthodox Church created and supported the core belief that the Tsar was the only fit ruler of Russia. The power of the church, like it had been for centuries in many other countries, taught its followers to accept hardship, and believe that it was always God's intention. It encouraged the people to believe that the Tsar was chosen by God to rule and protect them, and mislead them to believe that he had their best interests at mind. However, the people eventually realized that their "little father" had no interest in their welfare, and hence revolutionary groups condemned religion and the Orthodox Church which made people accept their unjustifiable hardships.

There also existed supporters outside of Russia who had an opinion of the ruling of Russia, especially during the Second World War. Allies of Russia, France and Britain, believed that any revolution in Russia during the First World War would lead to their retreat from the war and henceforth allow Germany and its allies to concentrate its army on the western front. Without Russia in the war its Allies would be in great vulnerability to the forces of Germany and Austria Hungary, giving them every reason to resist change until revolution inevitably broke out. It was Russia's enemy Germany who provided a sealed train through the battlefields in 117, containing approximately 0 revolutionaries. One of these was Lenin. It was in Germany's best interests that they send people to Russia who would hopefully stir it up, as a revolution at the time would almost grant them victors.

The peasantry of Russia from 1860 had seen little real change in their living and working conditions, allowing continuous discontent due to their economic hardships and a harsh unsympathizing leader. Despite freedom from serfdom and the availability of government loans to buy land in 1861, they were in reality still enslaved by the wealthy landowners to whom they were indebted. In addition to this crushing debt, the peasantry would still use backward, inefficient agricultural methods using small strips of land. There was hardly enough land in comparison to the amount of peasants and mouths to feed, resulting in widespread famine. The government charged incredibly heavy taxes on grain and other produce, as well as every day items such as wheat and alcohol. There were poor harvests in 100 and 10 creating great famines and mass starvation in the country side. Such poor conditions and a series of harsh seasons led to outbreaks of violence against local landlords, burning their houses and seizing land for themselves. In reality, the uneducated masses of peasants would most probably have support a revolution which would allow them to own their own land without debts and fair taxes. The complaints of the peasants remained unheard by the leaders until certain political parties would rally to them in order to gain mass support for their causes. The assassinations of landlords and taking over of land did little in the long run other than to show signs of discontent; it was not until they could be organized and united by a strong leader would their complaints be listened to.

The Stolypin reforms resulted in more discontent as the most efficient peasants, which consisted of only around 15%, were allowed to buy land of those who were less enterprising, however this resulted in many losing their land without anything to feed their families on. Some would go to the cities and join the working class; others would roam the country side for work. Nevertheless, only a small percentage of peasantry would see an improvement in their living conditions upon the outbreak of the First World War, resulting in the increased pressure for revolution.

The working class of the relatively new industrial centers went through waves of discontent from 100 to the offset of the revolution. Terribly poor working, sanitary and living conditions caused the workers to itch for reform, firstly by means of peaceful protest, then repeated strikes and acts of violence. After 100, workers wages rose little, especially in comparison to inflation. In 10 an industrial slump caused thousands of workers to lose their jobs. This created conditions for an outbreak of strikes, acts of violence and assassinations. The low wages, increasing food prices and declining working conditions only fuelled the industrial unrest which was crushed by the Tsar's forces, killing thousands of protesting workers.

By 117 there had been formed many parties which initially developed in the underground. The beliefs of Populism had influenced the socialist revolutionaries whose primary motivation for reform was the program of the "communization of the land", where peasant life would be centered on the village, freed from the oppression of rural master, civil and personal liberties would be granted and everybody would have a right to education. Like most other revolutionary parties, they believed in the overthrow of the Tsarist regime and its replacement with a democratic, representative government. The socialist revolutionaries were mostly supported by the peasants, hence the occasional referral to them as the "Peasant's Party".

The Social Democratic Workers Party closely followed Marxist principles, believing that the road to a communist revolution was through different phases, including a intermediate capitalist stage. They believed that the working class would eventually rise up against their oppressive capitalist employers (the dictatorship of the proletariat), and create a system where there would be no rankings and all citizens would be treated equally no matter what their occupation would be. At the congress of this party in 10 there were recognized two different groups which would split the party. The Bolsheviks, or majority, headed by Lenin, believed that the masses should be led by and elite party to which membership should be exclusive. In contrast, the Mensheviks, or minority led by Martov, believed that all people should be able to become members of the party. This main ideological difference separated the party at the only time when Lenin's fraction would actually be in majority. Even when sent to prison and exiled to Siberia for being a revolutionary, this vivacious leader would still write about the collapse of the regime which killed his older brother and which was still oppressing him. Lenin's beliefs became too extreme for many, as he specifically believed in the violent and bloody overthrow of the autocracy, and even challenged Marxism by preferring to rush through the supposedly lengthily capitalist phase of a country's development into a communist state. He stressed the importance of the correct time to ignite revolution, and it was upon his return to Russia in 117 that he knew the starved, war-torn and disillusioned country would be at boiling point in readiness to change.

Until 117 the Russian armed forces had suffered a series of humiliating military defeats leading to outbreaks of mutiny and abandonment. The Russo-Japanese war saw the sound defeat of Russia's aspirations to establish a naval base in Korea and Port Arthur. The sailors of the battleship Potemkin mutinied in 105 and the losses of Russia's Baltic Fleet and Far Eastern Army were demoralizing and deplorable. In 114 the initial enthusiasm for Russia's participation in the First World War quickly waned. The decisive defeats of the poorly organized Russian army against the Germans at Tannenberh and the Masurian lakes killed, wounded or took prisoner 8 million soldiers by 117. Desertions began to be commonplace, the incompetent and ineffective officers allowed men to perish without ammunition or weapons, in the freezing cold without adequate weather protection. Upon return to their home towns or cities, the key force to change or its resistance was willing to support those revolutionaries who would end the war and slaughter of their comrades.

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Mier Expedition

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The Mier Expedition

On October , 184, Sam Houston ordered General Alexander Somervell to organize an expedition as punishment for the Mexican raids on San Antonio. Almost 700 volunteers came to San Antonio to take part in the march.

The expedition left San Antonio on November 5, 184 headed for Mexico. It captured Laredo on December 8, and then headed south along the Rio Grande into the town of Guerreo, Mexico.

Houston requested that the invasion continue only if there seemed to be a reasonable chance to win. After the capture of Laredo, almost one-third of the men came home. Somervell decided that there were not enough men or supplies to go further into Mexico. He ordered the men to disband and return to Texas.

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The Texan troops felt betrayed by his order and over 00 men voted to continue the raids. This became known as the Mier Expedition. They traveled deeper into Mexico, and surrendered to the Mexican army at the town of Mier on December 7, 184. They were taken to the Hacienda Salado, where they tried to escape in February, 184.

President Santa Anna was upset when he heard about the escape attempt, and ordered that every tenth man be executed. A jar was placed on a table in the prison yard and contained 17 black beans and 15 white beans. Each prisoner had to draw a bean for his life. It became known as the "Black Bean lottery". The 17 men were executed March , 184.

The survivors were sent to Perote Prison in the Mexican state of Yucatan. Of those prisoners who did not die, all were set free by 1844. The youngest survivor was a 1-year-old

boy, John Christopher Columbus Hill. He was taken to Mexico City where he was raised and educated by Santa Anna's Secretary of War, General Tornel. He chose to stay in the Republic of Mexico as an adult.

During the Mexican War in 1847, Texas Rangers, under the command of Major Walter P. Lane, made a side trip to Hacienda Salado and recovered the remains of 16 of the 17 buried there. Captain John Duesenberry , a "white bean veteran" who survived the prison was with him on this trip. The U.S. Army allowed Captain Duesenberry to accompany the remains "home" to LaGrange for burial.

The remains were reburied with those of volunteer militia soldiers killed at Salado Creek in September 184. They were given full military honors on September 18, 1848 in a tomb on Monument Hill on a bluff overlooking the Colorado River and the town of LaGrange, Texas.

A muster of companies for the Mier Expedition is in the State of Texas Archives in Austin. Shown on the list are Colonel William G. Fisher, Ewing Cameron, William M. Eastland, William Ryon, J.G.W. Pierson, James C. Armstrong, Joseph D. McCutchan, Charles K. Reese and Claudius Buster. A letter from Buster was placed in the cornerstone of the Texas State Capitol in 1885.

The fight at Mier did not really help or hurt Texas in the fight against Mexico. It did anger the Texans when they heard of the executions, and maybe motivate them to fight harder. The idea that Texans should die without their freedom was against the way they lived and fought.

Bibliography

Armstrong, James C. "Armstrong-Buster Documents Campaigns of 184 Military Rolls". Austin State of Texas Archives. Documents #0, 184.

Day, James M. Black Beans and Goose Quills Literature of the Texan Mier Expedition. Waco Texian Press, 170.

McCutchan, Joseph D. Edited by Joseph Milton Nance. Mier Expedition Diary A Texan Prisoner's Account by Joseph D. McCutchan. Austin University of Texas Press, 17.

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Australia's Current Account Deficit

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The record of all transactions between Australia and the rest of the world is known as the current account. The constituents of these transactions include goods and services, interest repayments on loans, and remitted profits by overseas owned companies, all of which play a role in the determination of whether the account is in a deficit or surplus state. For many countries a major problem is that a current account deficit severely effects foreign debt and can lead to the degradation in the economy.

Traditionally, Australias main exports have been agricultural commodities. However, in recent times the trend for Australias exports have leant to minerals and fuels. There are major problems in relying on these export areas, as the fluctuations in the world prices can be extreme and unpredictable. This was illustrated in the 180s when the wool prices changed dramatically.

Due to Australias lack in technology in contrast to other countries such as the USA and Japan, the main imports are manufactured goods. Unlike the commodities that are exported from Australia, manufactured goods tend to maintain or increase their world price.

The terms of trade index measures the relationship between the price of a countrys exports and the price of its imports. In order to evaluate the terms of trade index

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Export price Index

= Import Price Index X 100

The export price index measures relative changes in the prices received for exports and the import price index measures relative changes in the prices received for imports over a period.

By completing this evaluation, you are able to indicate as to whether there has been a degradation or enhancement to the terms of trade within the concerned country.

Hence as the name suggests, an enhancement occurs when a country can purchase more imports with the same quantity of exports and vice versa.

As the prices for Australias exports ie-primary commodities, have been either diminishing or increasing at a much slower rate than that of prices of manufactured goods being imported into Australia, the terms of trade for this country have been abrading. This circumstance has been occurring since the 150s and has resulted in the pressurisation of Australia to produce more exports just to pay for the same level of imports. Thus playing a role in the current account deficit.

Foreign debt refers to liabilities owed by Australian residents to overseas residents. Australia has borrowed substantial amounts of money from foreign countries in order to account for the current account deficit and has hence accumulated over the years. This capital inflow will ensure a rising current account deficit in the future, this occurs because increased overseas borrowing is going to result in increased interest and dividend payments on the outstanding loans.

During the 180s Australias foreign debt rose substantially in money terms, it was $1 billion. By 187 it had risen by 0 per cent. This was due to the persistent current account deficits.

High levels of foreign debt require servicing. These interest repayments add to the current account deficit, which then requires further overseas borrowing, increasing the level of interest repayments. This is known as the passive accumulation of debt.

In order to avoid an increase in interest repayments, Australia must earn more export income. Thus Australia must improve its international competitiveness to improve their economic position, this means moving away from its dependence on primary commodities. Primary products are known as simply transformed manufactures (STMs) ie the very basic production processes that add very little value to raw materials. Examples of these are Iron, steel and copper.

This movement will lean towards elaborately transformed manufactures (ETMs) ie more complicated production processes that add substantial value to raw materials. Some examples of these are cars, machinery and computers.

The attempts to increase the productivity of the Australian economy through structural change are called microeconomic reform. This will result in a more efficient allocation of resources within the industries of Australia.

There have been many initiatives that have been undertaken to improve Australias economy these include

„h There has been a great emphasis on improving the level of education and training within the workforce

„h Levels of protection to local industries have been reduced

„h The infrastructure of the economy has been improved

„h Substantial taxation reform has been undertaken

Structural adjustment is the changing pattern of production within an economy. These changes take place due to changes in demand, the introduction of new technology, and government policies. The role of government is vital as they can determine the changes in the concerned economy. They may do this through various methods such as tax, subsidies and tariffs.

Structural change is aimed at improving international competitiveness. In doing so, the Australian economy will be able to improve their terms of trade. International competitiveness is determined by

„h The cost of labour and labour productivity

„h The cost of inputs

„h Inflation rate

„h Exchange rate

„h Quality of the product

„h Marketing skills

„h Credit facilities

„h Reliability of the suppliers

Therefore if all of these factors are taken into account and the appropriate action is taken, Australia will be able to obtain a surplus in the current account. Thus the opportunity will arise to pay the foreign debt and spend more on the infrastructure of the nation to better enhance the living standards.

Please note that this sample paper on Australia's Current Account Deficit is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Australia's Current Account Deficit, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on Australia's Current Account Deficit will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Streetcar

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The play, A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams proves to be entirely more complex than it originally seems. Through the deconstruction of the text it is apparent that William's careful construction of the three leading characters is what makes this play so realistic. Through these characters he accurately displays both the flawed and passionate sides of the human condition. His characters are so realistic they prove to represent gender roles. As a result, the play is categorized as a classic piece of American literature because it displays such realistic gender portrays. These characters fascinate people because they reveal something in their own nature.

Blanche is the most obvious example of a hypocritical and therefore flawed character. Throughout the play it is clear that she constructs a false reality in order to escape the problems in her own life. An example of this occurs toward the beginning of the play when Blanche comments on Stella's home. She proclaims, " Oh I'm not going to be hypocritical, I'm going to be honestly critical"(Scene 1, pg1). One of the ironic aspects of this quote is that when stating it, Blanche has already informed Stella that she only consumes one alcoholic drink a day while simultaneously shaking from the necessity for a drink. Clearly, Williams is demonstrates that Blanche is a liar before she openly asserts that she is not a hypocrite. It is clear that the issue of honesty and hypocrisy are important to this play because Williams uses these similar looking, but differencing semantically words next to each other. After deconstructing the text it is clear that he is playing with the notions of hypocrisy and honest criticism. This proves to be a central issue in the play. By placing this quote in the beginning of the story he sets the stage for the irony of the entire play.

The leading male character, Stanley, functions to contrast each of the prominent female characters. He is honest about seemingly everything and the audience is left to make their own decision about his character. Williams presents Stanley as a brute who is who he says he is.

One example that highlights this notion occurs when Stanley initially meets Blanche. He states, " I'm afraid I'll strike you as being the unrefined type" (Scene 1, pg 1). By including this assertion, Williams is clearly setting up Stanley as a flawed, but honest character. He is not portrayed in an overly idealistic and unrealistic manner. Through this quote the audience can begin to understand that Stanley is an overtly masculine man who is not ashamed of his position in life because he has the dignity to come out and state the honest facts about his social standing. The precise language that Williams incorporates helps to display the humble way that Stanley initially approaches Blanche. The words, "I'm afraid", perfectly demonstrate this because he shows that he is not arrogant before he directly states his social position.

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In addition to demonstrating that Stanley is proud of himself, by including this quote, Williams shows that Stanley's personality is contrary to Blanche's. He is different than Blanche because he is honest about and accepting of his status. Conversely, Blanche believes she must put on false airs and perpetuate a phony image in order to impress others. By strategically including these quotes, Williams is informing the audience of the character of both Stanley and Blanche with out revealing too much information and therefore making the play predictable.

Williams relays Stella's imperfections in an ingenious manner. He uses her as a mediator between Stanley and Blanche, her husband and sister. The inevitable strain of her position is clear to the audience. Due to the fact that she is sympathetic to both of them she is frequently caught between them. Williams does this to show Stella's limitation in life is her trusting nature. This blind loyalty is a condition that audiences can relate to because it is quite common. Essentially, Stella uses so much of her effort to please others; she ends up sacrificing her own well being.

This notion is blatantly displayed toward the end of the play when Stella calmly commands, "Take me to the hospital" (Scene 8, pg 11). Williams includes the stage direction, " quietly" preceding this line (Scene 8,pg 11). He does this to show the audience that even when Stella is clearly in desperate need of attention, when she physically requires care, she is considerate of others. This quote accurately displays Stella's character because it shows her thoughtful nature. It is included at the end of the novel because Williams does not want Stella to be the person to reveal herself as the true altruistic character. Consequently he proves the point that genuinely kind and benevolent individuals sometimes do not themselves realize their own unselfishness. Further, once they begin to understand their own capacity for compassion they do not abandon those who need them. Unfortunately this can be a fault because they can unknowingly sacrifice their own happiness.

Another message that Williams relays to the audience is the innately passionate nature of the three central characters. His genius as an author is shown by the way he believably builds the drama in his play. A Streetcar Named Desire is a story of love and loyalty, which are both passionate issues that does not have a predictable ending. As a result, the audience can relate to the play because it is similar to real life. The dramatic scenes in the novel truthfully portray gender roles because they cross taboo boundaries. Williams crosses these boundaries in order to provide the audience with a realistic and therefore compelling tale.

Williams constructs Blanche as the most overtly dramatic character. From the very beginning of the play both through her actions and her words she is shown to be extremely sentimental. He purposefully does this to illustrate to the audience that the issues she pretends to heartily care about are simply manifestations of the reality she had constructed for herself. In actuality, she treats who she genuinely cares for, Stella, with little respect. Only when Stella is in turmoil does Blanche display her true loyalty. Williams shows this to demonstrate to the audience that in true love and loyalty actions speak louder than words.

This idea is highlighted when Stella and Stanley get into a heated argument. When Stella furiously exits the apartment Blanche chases after her. She pleads, " Where is my little sister? Stella? Stella? (Scene , pg 61). Once more, Williams writes stage directions that perfectly accentuate and further the audiences understanding of the scene. Williams describes Blanche as rushing to find "sanctuary" (Scene pg 61). The very use of the word sanctuary suggests the intense and needy feelings Blanche possesses for Stella. Even though she refuses to admit it Stella is the only person willing to support Blanche. She must desperately seek Stella and repeat her name because she knows how well Stella treats her. Basically, Williams unequivocally presents a non-homosexual feminine relationship through Stella and Blanche. Blanche's passionate proclamations highlight this concept.

Furthermore, the relationship between Blanche and Stella portrays a realistic relationship between sisters because their roles are constantly shifting and reversing. Williams juxtaposes the stereotypical roles that these women are supposed to play by creating Blanche as the older sister and Stella as the younger sister. The fact that Williams scripts Blanche to actually come out and state the words, "my little sister", shows that he is contemplating and playing with these roles. In addition, because Blanche repeats Stella's name it is indicative that Williams is trying to insure that the audience realizes Blanche's desperation. It has previously been demonstrated that he displays their intense loyalties, but in addition he shows that they each provide support through non-stereotypical behaviors.

Stella is the younger sister, but her actions show that she plays the role of provider and nurturer that is stereotypically the function of the older sister. Williams defines these roles throughout the play, but especially at the end when Blanche is being taken away. Stella pleads, " Oh, God, oh, please God, don't hurt her! (Scene 11, pg 140). Williams shows that Stella still fervently attempts to defend and protect her sister. It does not matter to her how her sister acts; Stella remains tremendously loyal to her. Williams strategically has Blanche appeal to higher loyalties when she is seeking Stella. The use of the word, "God", and the fact that it is repeated undoubtedly demonstrates that Blanche is desperate to find her sister. The precise language that Williams uses makes this scene realistic. The audience can relate to this portrayal of sisters because it is so accurate.

Stanley proves to be decidedly different from both Stella and Blanche. The stark contrasts between him and the two leading ladies highlights the difference between hetro sexual women and men. Stanley openly and thus passionately displays his loyalty and love for Stella. He attempts to defend her from being manipulated by her sister, but as a result upsets her. While he does offend her, his actions undoubtedly demonstrate that he genuinely cares for and is fanatically in love with Stella. At arguably the most climactic point in this dramatic play, Stanley relays sentiments of desperation. After arguing with Stella he pleads, " Stell-lahhhhh" (Scene , 61). Yet again the precise stage description that Williams adds relays the poignancy of the scene. The description, "with heaven splitting violence," allows the audience to truly understand the extent of Stanley's angst because of the precise description. Williams again has his character appeal to a higher religious idea to relay the intensity of his desire.

The words, heaven and violence suggest completely different concepts. Williams strategically writes them in the same sentence to demonstrate the contradictory nature of Stanley's appeals. He has just insulted Stella, but at the same time cannot handle even the thought of losing her. Williams ingeniously incorporates these contradictory issues that love often encounters in a way that the audience can relate to.

The way that Williams both separates the name Stella and adds three additional letter h's to the name definitely enhances the meaning of this quote. It serves to relay the urgency and passion in Stanley's plea because this type of exaggeration is not characteristic of Stanley. Williams does this to heighten the dramatic effect of this scene.

Since Stanley is an otherwise calm, collected and sensible person, his passionate cries tend to be more meaningful to the audience. Williams has intentionally constructed Stanley as a brute to show that even the toughest men give up their dignity for the woman they love. The description of heaven splitting relays to the audience the profound nature of Stanley's pleas. His desperation for Stella's affection contradicts the role he assumes in all other relationships in the play. This realistic portrayal of Stanley adds to the believability of the entire play.

An ironic aspect of both Stanley and Blanche's entreaties to Stella is that they occur in the same scene. This suggests that Williams strategically set them together to show that in fact these two characters are similar. While Blanche repeats Stella's name, Stanley exaggerates it. Also, in both of their quotes Williams incorporates at least one religious word. With Stanley he uses the word, heaven, and with Blanche he chooses the word, God. Basically through the deconstruction of this text it is clear that Williams intentionally set these two conflicting characters up to show the circularity in their personalities. This is an example of Williams setting up so-called, realities then contradicting them to show the true nature of human beings.

Williams carefully constructs gender specific leading characters in order to display the similarity of the human condition. This play is popular because people can relate to these issues. Specifically, Williams plays with the idea of the flawed nature of humanity. Clearly, these prove to be circular issues that can easily be related to. The tremendous popularity of this play exemplifies this concept. Essentially, because of Williams's ingenious construction of the gender roles in the play, it is an American classic.

Please note that this sample paper on streetcar is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on streetcar, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on streetcar will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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