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Year

1

Urban

Fieldwork

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Introduction

Perth is the state capital of Western Australia and is located in the south-west corner of the state. It exhibits a strong degree of primacy and includes a number of functional zones. Distinctive urban land uses based on similar functions tend to be arranged in recognisable regions within an urban centre. These zones can be identified by their appearance and dominant activities. These zones include, the Central Business District, the Inner Mixed Zone, Residential areas both established and the newer growth, the Outer Business Districts, Secondary Industrial Areas, Special Purpose Areas and the Rural-Urban Fringe. The land rent mechanism below shows where the zones are economical viable at the distance from the CBD.

A transitional zone is a zone where a mixed pattern of land use is constantly changing. This is evident in two functional zones, the inner mixed zone and the rural urban fringe. As the central business district functions encroach on the older residential areas the inner mixed zone is considered a transition zone. The rural-urban fringe is considered as a transition zone as the residential areas infringe into these rural areas.

The Inner Mixed Zone

This zone surrounds the city centre and is a zone of mixed urban functions such as light industry and poor quality housing. It is also referred to as the blighted zone, or the inner city zone of transition. Its location adjacent to the CBD influences its functional characteristics. It is often one of the oldest areas within the city and contains a range of building stock of varying age and quality. Perths inner mixed zone is made up of the older inner suburbs such as West Perth, Leederville, North Perth, Northbridge and East Perth. Figure 8.8 shows the inner mixed zone location around the CBD.

East Perth is bounded by the railway, river, Bennett and Goderich streets. It was originally an important industrial area with little low quality housing mainly around the poorly drained areas of Claise Brook. The main city drains ran through this area. The opening of the Perth - Midland railway line promoted the growth of small scale light industries along this area. Due to the East Perth redevelopment project, shown in the diagrams below are some residential buildings made as a result of the project, much of the industrial functions have now moved away from this area. Recreational uses are also concentrated in this area with a number of parks such as Haig Park, Wellington Square and Queens Gardens. Gloucester Park and the WACA are found in East Perth. A product of riverside locations, they are now protected by inertia or zoning regulations. Commercial ribbons extend along Hay and Lords streets. There has been an increase in residential density as there have been recent developments in townhouses and apartments. East Perth represents the most heterogeneous part of the inner mixed zone. This is an area of urban blight.

Residential apartments in East Perth

Multistory apartments

West Perth is bounded by the freeway, Kings Park, Thomas Street and the railway. The West Perth subregion contrasts with the landuse patterns of East Perth. It originally was old residential area, but more classy then East Perth. There were large houses on big blocks and this area is now full. There is hardly any residential activity left in the area as the houses have been taken over for offices. A higher class status was enhanced by the inclusion of the parliamentary precinct and associated government offices. Commercial ribbons developed along Hay, Murray and Wellington streets, providing a mix of wholesale, retail and entertainment. The landuse has changed with the transformation of the area to an extension of the central business districts office zone. Small offices in medical, legal, advertising, architectural, engineering and accounting fields find this an ideal location. Figure 8.1 shows office redevelopment in West Perth

Northbridge is bounded by the railway, freeway and Newcastle and Stirling Streets. This was one of Perths original residential areas. There is a wide variety of land uses with smaller retail, entertainment and cultural establishments located here. Northbridges nightlife is shown in the diagrams below of popular nightclubs. This is the most ethnical diverse area of the city. There is evidence of transition e.g. the light industrial buildings along Roe street have been converted to a variety of other functions. Many of the functions are occurring in buildings they were not designed for e.g. offices in old houses. This is an area with semi-intensive residential with many semidetached homes on small blocks. This is Perths cultural centre with the museum, library and art gallery located here and as a result a planned cultural precinct has been developed between William and Beaufort streets.

The church night club

A bar on lake street

Associated with this zone is distinguishing characteristics. These characteristics are typical of inner mixed zones in other Australian cities. These characteristics include

· Intensive land use in a mixture of diverse forms, shown by dissimilar building types, reflecting high land values - less then CBD and more then the rest of the city.

· High degree of accessibility, reflecting a zone in transition between the employment and dormitory areas of the cities.

· Horizontal zonation is evident with functional sub regions.

· Great landuse mix, as the CBD expands into the inner mixed zone it results in a high degree of heterogeneity of land use.

· A mixture of residential and employment functions.

· High day time population, low night time population.

· Very congested with no parks and roads are congested as there is no parking.

· Old and new forms of buildings mixed together, e.g. old style terrace houses alongside newer educational facilities.

The inner mixed zone like all zones have processes which affect the area. Invasion and succession is a major process that affects the inner mixed zone. The process of invasion and succession applies most clearly in the inner mixed zone. Buildings will have deteriorated noticeably with age. The land value increases due to the proximity to the expanding CBD. If the CBD is expanding outwards, office and retail uses will invade on the deteriorated houses which will be renovated and converted to the new function or demolished along with factories and warehouses to make way for these newer functions. As this process continues over time, the invading landuse might be joined by others until they become the dominant function. When this occurs the stage of succession has been reached. The following diagram shows, figure 11.10, how each zone is being invaded

Urban blight is another process that affects the inner mixed zone. The process results in the social and physical deterioration of the inner-city areas. The lower rent to land value properties will deteriorate in anticipation for the invasion of other land uses. This is shown in the diagram below how people neglect their property. Land owners find little economic sense in upgrading or maintaining their property as they expect that they will be forced out due to economic pressures as the property could be worth more if taken over and renovated by a CBD function.

Urban Blight

Urban renewal, both redevelopment and gentrification, is a process in which most of the inner mixed zone has been affected by. Gentrification involves the process of upgrading the socioeconomic status of an inner-city residential area. It is not coordinated, large scale or government led. It is practically evident in Subiaco, Shenton Park and Leederville. Young couples of middle to high socioeconomic status may purchase cheaper homes here so they can renovate or demolish and rebuild them. Redevelopment is a government based process aimed at renewing large residential areas often into multistory apartment flats. A major example of this is the East Perth redevelopment scheme announced by the government in 10. The following picture shows how East Perth is being renewed by the building of new apartments.

Landuse competition is a major process that impacts on the inner mixed zone. Land values are high because of its nearness to the CBD but not as high as the CBD. The process of centralisation occurs as it is uneconomical to have urban functions scattered all over the whole of a hinterland. Conversely, all functions can not be carried out at one location. Functions `fight, in a sense, for the best location where it will profitable and accessible. As a result we get the agglomeration of economic functions in restricted areas. Such agglomeration occurs primarily because it provides a lower cost method to the alternative wide spread distribution. Examples of this include, wholesaling and industry in East Perth, entertainment, cultural and retail in Northbridge and administration and commercial in West Perth.

The Rural Urban Fringe

The rural urban fringe is the outer growing edge of the city located between the built-up area and the rural countryside. Urban and rural functions meet at the rural urban fringe. Its characteristics reflect the pressures which stem from the expansion of the city. Wanneroo, Spearwood, Guilford, Wangara and Middle Swan are some of Perths suburbs which lie in the rural urban fringe. Figure 10.40 shows the rural urban fringe in the swan valley region.

Associated with this zone is distinguishing characteristics. These characteristics include

· Land use conflicts caused by metropolitan overfill.

· Transition area with expanding urban functions moving into farming areas.

· Dynamic zone with land uses constantly changing and a mixture of landuse types.

· Undesirable urban functions such located in this area.

· Conflicts over the undesirable land uses - the `Nimby syndrome.

· Intensive agriculture with viticultural and horticultural activities.

· Space extensive activities such as marinas, wildlife parks, recreational theme parks, golf courses and equestrian centres.

· Strong ethnic concentration.

The boundary of the rural urban fringe is difficult to identify in various areas. It has a land use conflict caused by metropolitan over spill. As it contains the cheapest land, there are undesirable urban functions. These include sewerage treatment plants, waste disposal facilities, airports, military installations and speedways. Intensive agriculture is associated with the rural urban fringe, market gardens, vineyards, orchards and floriculture in particular. Hobby farms are popular in this area. This results in land use competition, where people try to buy the cheapest land in the city for land uses that take up a lot of space, industry and hobby farms for example. In keeping with the concept of the land rent mechanism, the most land intensive and profitable land uses will be in this area.

Land owners are not prepared to spend money on the appearance of their properties as it will not add to the value of the land, resulting in an urban shadow effect where the landowners wait to redevelop their rural holdings or sell to housing estate developers. Figure 11.1 shows the urban shadow on the rural urban fringe. The relatively quiet and natural environment offered by this area will often attract residential functions. This increase in new residential subdivisions can produce conflicts with the existing rural functions. Residential development is not uniform but occurs in pockets of widely dispersed low density housing, usually occupying the more desirable land. This is because of the rapid encroachment of residential and other urban land uses. Invasion and Succession is evident, which is a process that affects the rural urban fringe Residential functions are able to move into this outer region as there has been a significant improvement in the transport technology. With cars people are able to live further from the central business district and still travel to work easily. Now with improved public transport that extends to the outer suburbs such as Joondalup, people are able to use this and reduce the traffic congestion. This is due to functions seeking cheaper or larger land in which to develop. The rural urban fringe has strong ethnic concentrations, mainly Italians, Slovakians and Vietnamese involved with the intensive agriculture.

The rural urban fringe has also has many processes which affect it. Landuse competition is a major process that impacts on the rural urban fringe. This is the cheapest land (per unit area) in the city so land uses which take up a lot of space (e.g. industry, hobby farms) locate here. As the residential zones expand they will invade into the rural urban fringe developers want to take advantage of cheaper land values and build residential properties, often subdividing larger block to build duplex or triplex housing. As the city expands, less intensive land uses and displaced by more intensive ones and these in turn give way to the newly arrived urban functions.

As a result of this land use conflict, invasion and succession is evident. Succession is the complete invasion of a function into an area, as this has only happened to parts of the rural urban fringe, succession isnt a major process. Invasion has occurred quite frequently in area of the rural urban fringe. Farmland on the rural urban fringe is invaded by urban land uses, mainly houses and light industry. As time goes on there is more and more urban land uses and less rural, until eventually succession occurs.

Urban planning is another process that is evident in the rural urban fringe and it is one that has had a big influence. Urban planning attempts to channel the growth of a city in a particular way. The corridor plan of Perth determines where most housing expansion is occurring attracting growth along four main transport arteries radiating from the city centre. Planning is evident from the curvilinear pattern of road networks shown in the aerial photo below. In an attempt to slow traffic down more curvy roads were produced compared to the grid-like road patterns of the older suburbs.

Inertia is a process that affects the rural urban fringe. This resistance to change particularly affects functions that have long been established in the rural urban fringe. A main reason for this is the cost is too great and there could be land use conflicts if moved. Canning Vale prison is an example of how a function isnt moving anywhere. It is a specialised function and the cost associated with the re-location would be too high.

The rural urban fringe is also home to a variety of specialised, space intensive land uses, some of which are relegated to this area due to incompatibility with other urban functions. These land uses include industrial estates, such as that in Wangara, prisons, Canning Vale prison, sewerage treatment plants, water catchment areas and some quarrying.

Conclusion

The inner mixed zone and the rural urban fringe are two functional zones within Perth. They have their own distinctive characteristics for each zone, but share similar processes which affect them. Going on the fieldwork trip around Perths inner mixed zone and rural urban fringe was able to clarify the characteristics and processes of each of these zones. With the changing land uses we are able to see how these two zones are two zones of transition.

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Claes Oldenberg

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Claes Oldenburg

The son of a Swedish diplomat, Oldenburg was born in 1 in Stockholm. When he was an infant, the family moved to the United States, settling for a time in New York but eventually moving to Chicago.

After attending Yale University from 146 to 150, Oldenburg returned to Chicago, where he worked as a cub newspaper reporter and took courses at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 156, he moved to New York City, where he came into contact with Jim Dine, Red Grooms, Allan Kaprow, and others, whose theatrically based art posed an alternative to the prevailing influence of Abstract Expressionist painting.

The radical experiments of these artists involved the creation of environments for their performances, called Happenings, which were partly scripted, partly spontaneous theatrical events that, Oldenburg says, broke down barriers between the arts and something close to an actual experience.

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Theater is the most powerful art form there is because it is the most involving.... I no longer see the distinction between theater and visual arts very clearly... distinctions I suppose are a civilized disease.

--Oldenburg, 16

Oldenburgs practice of situating objects within an environment, sometimes created as a context for theater, has remained to the present day a mainstay of his artistic approach.

Born in 1 at Stockholm. The son of a Swedish Consul General, he came to Chicago in 16. After finishing his studies at Yale University, New Haven, he started to work as a reporter. In 15 he attended a course at the Chicago Art Institute, published drawings in several magazines and began to paint pictures influenced by Abstract Expressionism. In 156 he moved to New York and came into contact with Jim Dine. In 158 he met Alan Kaprow and took part in his Happenings. In 158-5 he arranged his first sculptural, Neo-Dadaist assemblages of plaster and garbage soaked in striking colors. These led to his environments (The Street, The Store etc.). He also started at this time to make replicas of foods like hamburgers, ice-cream and cakes, which prepared the ground for his soft sculptures. In 164 and 168 he was represented at the Venice Biennale, and in 168 and 17 at the documenta 4 and documenta 5, Kassel. In 17 he arranged his Mouse Museum. A comprehensive retrospective of his projects, documents and sketches was shown at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 16. He was given a retrospective in 170 by the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. From 176 he collaborated on large-scale projects with Coosje van Bruggen, whom he married in 177. He was represented at the documenta 6, 177, and documenta 7, 18, at Kassel. He was given a retrospective of his drawings in 177 by the Moderna Museet, Stockholm, and the Kunsthalle Tübingen. His environment Mouse Museum/Ray Gun Wing was arranged in 17 at the Museum Ludwig, Cologne. In 18 he made his large sculpture of a toothbrush for the Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld. In 184 he made his proposals for the large project The Course of the Knife for Venice, which was then shown in collaboration with the architect Frank OGehry at the Campo dellArsenale, accompanied by performances which he took part in himself. He then went on to collaborate with Gehry on other projects related to architecture, e.g. in Boston and Los Angeles. In 18 the Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg, organized the exhibition Claes Oldenburg - Coosje van Bruggen, A Bottle of Notes and Some Voyages.

I am for an art that is political-erotic-mystical, that does something else than sit on its ass in a museum. -- Claes Oldenburg, 161

In the early 160s, when pop art detonated in New York City, it blasted the dreary earnestness right out of the art world (at least for a few seconds). When it first hit, pop was the rock-and-roll of art (and rock was still an angry toddler). Like rock, it reset the culture clock, rewrote the rules, recast the performers -- awop-bop-a-loo-bop-awop-bam-boom! And after the fluorescent dust settled and the glimmering, giggling debris stopped bouncing around, out of the ground-zero crater crawled pop arts own Fab Four Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist and, last but most, Claes Oldenburg.

Oldenburg, who turns 70 on Jan. , has spent much of his life bending, inflating, melting and enlarging the ordinary objects of 0th century American reality. Over the last four decades, Oldenburg has made it his business to soften the hard, harden the soft and transmute the modest into the monumental. He has created shirts and ties and dresses and ice cream cones and pies, and even the contents of an entire store, out of plaster-soaked cloth and wire. Using vinyl stuffed with kapok, he built pay telephones, typewriters, light switches and a complete bathroom -- sink, tub, scale and toilet. He constructed a catchers mitt, 1 feet tall, out of metal and wood, and built a four-and-a-half-story clothespin out of Cor-Ten steel. In the last two decades, focusing almost exclusively on giant monuments, he has created a 8-foot-tall flashlight, a 10-story baseball bat, a 60-foot-long umbrella, a three-story-high faucet with a 440-foot water-spewing red hose, a 40-foot-tall book of matches and a partially buried bicycle that would fill most of a football field, among numerous other projects located from Tokyo to Texas.

The main reason for the colossal objects is the obvious one, to expand and intensify the presence of the vessel -- the object, Oldenburg has said. Perhaps I am more a still-life painter -- using the city as a tablecloth. At another time he remarked, Because my work is naturally non-meaningful, the meaning found in it will remain doubtful and inconsistent -- which is the way it should be. All that I care about is that, like any startling piece of nature, it should be capable of stimulating meaning.

It works. His eccentric props make the so-called real world seem like an absurd stage for the truly real life being played out in Oldenburg Land. In the case of his 14 piece Shuttlecocks, for example, the artist installed four 17-foot-tall badminton birdies on the sweeping lawn surrounding the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Mo. At first glance, the effect is not so much that youre looking at Brobdingnagian birdies, but that a tiny Beaux-Arts building has been rudely plopped in the middle of the badminton court, and that any moment a hand will remove the toy structure so the game can continue.

The still-prolific Oldenburg has also managed to eroticize the most unlikely of subjects. His Soft Switches (164), a 4-foot-square drooping double light switch constructed of orange vinyl filled with Dacron and canvas, resembles nothing so much as Marilyn Monroe oozing out of an evening gown -- a light switch that looks fully capable of singing Happy Birthday, Mr. President. Likewise, his Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks (16), a 5-foot-tall phallic-shaped cosmetic mounted on what looks like a battle vehicle, evokes both male and female sexuality, while unmistakably referencing the Vietnam War, which was still raging when the piece was installed at Yale University.

Man-made things do look like human beings, he has said, symmetrical, visage-like, body-like. What I see is not the thing itself, but myself in its form. Yes, Oldenburg was morphing before morphing was cool. He possesses an uncanny associative vision, an ability to see in one thing the image of another; to imagine how one form might become the next -- a natural instinct for topology. Thus a faucet is turned into a cathedral, a fireplug into a skyscraper; a colossal drainpipe is the source of a waterfall; an immense spoon serves as a bridge; a human nose becomes a gigantic tunnel; Swedish Knäckebröd crackers are bitten off to make buildings of different heights; an elephant head is also an outboard motor and a Swiss army knife is transformed into a medieval Venetian rowing galley, with silver oars protruding from its great red body.

Enormous clothespins are funny, of course. But Oldenburg has done more than give us a laugh. As Robert Hughes wrote in American Visions, The aspects of pop that lasted best are the very ones its bright hardheadedness was supposed to have expelled -- namely, mystery and metaphor. Here, the outstanding figure was Claes Oldenburg. And still is.

In 156 he moved on to New York and met Jim Dine, Allan Kaprow, Red Grooms and others, who posed an alternative to the influence of Abstract Expressionism, with their Happenings a form of art which was theatrically based.

These happenings were performances partly scripted and partly improvised. Oldenburg saw this form of art as powerful, because it is the most involving for the viewer. He said that it breaks barriers between art and actual experience.

158/5 saw his first Neo-Dadaist sculptures. They were pieces of plaster and garbage strikingly coloured. After these came the soft sculptures.

Following this, many exhibitions came devoted to Claes Oldenburg, and he had made a name for himself as an Artist. From 176 he went on to a more ambitious style, by collaborating with Coosje Van Bruggen on monumental scultpures. In 177, Van Bruggen and Oldenburg married. He also collaborated with architect Frank O'Gehry, with the large project The Course of the Knife in Venice. Oldenburg collaborated again with O'Gehry.

Oldenburg is still coming up with ideas for sculptures, in 16 came the Torn Notebook.

Oldenburgs work seems to remain as intriguing now as it ever was. A lot can be read from an individual sculpture, as well as what can be read from the style, the very fact that such a household object was changed by Oldenburg. His sculptures show objects that we can easily recognise, they stay true to the real thing while representing, and provoking thought in other things as well.

Vinyl and canvas, stuffed with foam rubber, painted wood, metal on wood base covered with Formica; chrome metal railing; instruments (15 pieces), 84 high x 7 wide x 48 deep, 167

Claes Oldenburgs exhibit in the East Wing of the National Gallery is a thought provoking assembly of forms. All of Oldenburgs pieces gathered at the gallery fit together and compliment each other extremely well. I meandered through the exhibit, eyes wide and mouth open, my mind quickly processing the art that lay before me. His pieces are reinforced and made interesting by the drafts included in the exhibit. I strolled from draft to revision, drawing to sculpture and final end product. I read each summary of the pieces, amazed at the stimulation I felt by understanding his thought process as I learned how he worked out each piece.

When I first encountered Soft Drum Set, I perceived the piece to be a study of contradiction. I had discussed with a friend Giant Saw-Hard Version, a sculpture of an oversized, true to life handsaw which was propped up against a wall and bent with hinges. We had questioned how this saw could ever possibly work; saws were supposed to be hard, and that is why and how they did their job of cutting through hard materials. As I studied Soft Drum Set, still very early in my tour of the gallery, I made similar conclusions about the piece as I had to Giant Saw-Hard Version. Before I read the summary of the work, I decided that this Oldenburg fellow had a peculiar sense of humor. Again I questioned how this melted drum set could possibly make a sound, the flexible drumsticks could never tap out a beat against the cushiony drumheads.

I then read the summary of the piece and discovered that Oldenburg had based the sculpture on the mountainous landscape of Colorado. The silhouette of the melted drum set was indeed a striking resemblance to the peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Oldenburg even included the foothills within the composition, by placing the mallets and other parts of the ensemble at a descending distance from the highest cymbal (peak) of the looming formation. Not only does the form of the sculpture resemble that of the beautiful mountains, but the fabric and the material mediums that Oldenburg chose reflect the surface texture of the grand peaks. Oldenburg includes soft white canvas, shiny black vinyl, and silvery metallics within the composition. These materials correspond to the snowy areas of the mountains, the rock and earth encrusted mounds, as well as the slick icy surfaces which often reflect the crisp sunlight at that elevation.

I realized that Oldenburgs study of the drum set, actually the entire exhibit, was an examination and investigation of various forms. Instead of merely accepting normal perception and understanding of objects, Oldenburg challenges the form and forces the viewer to interpret the object in an entirely different sense. I realized that I never had looked at a drum set with such intensity, nor had I questioned the use of a saw as I did until Oldenburg challenged me to do so.

Oldenburgs uninhibited creativity can be traced back to an imaginative childhood. Claes Thure Oldenburg was born in Sweden in the year 1. As a childhood game, Oldenburg created an entire city which he called Neuburg. He contrived extensive maps, newspapers, and magazines to detail this make-believe metropolis. Perhaps this is where Oldenburgs precise drafting habits had their origin. The Oldenburg family moved to the United States and Claes was provided with a successful private, boys school education in Chicago. He then attended Yale, with his main focus on literature. During his final year, he began a formal education in art and art history, which influenced his decision to return to Chicago to attend art school. There, Oldenburgs art education was primarily that of figure studies. Craving to learn more, Oldenburg moved to New York City, to experience and study firsthand Abstract Expressionism and the works of Jackson Pollack. New York City proved to be very influential in shaping the mind of the artist and helping him to discover his personal style. There he experimented with art theater, as well as straying from his figure compositions to more abstract concepts. He began his investigation of form which would prove to be his greatest inspiration. Throughout his education, Oldenburg kept many journals detailing his thoughts, ideas, and self investigations. These notebooks would direct Oldenburgs development as an artist as well as provide subject matter in later years. Oldenburg is a very intellectual individual who puts great emphasis on research and discovery. Oldenburg searches out his subject matter, and provides his audience with a final product that sums up a complex concept in a extremely simple and comprehensive manner. This style is a diversion of the properties of Abstract Expressionism that Oldenburg disliked. Oldenburg strived to create art work that would reach the masses and ordinary individuals would understand and appreciate, rather than limiting comprehension to a select few.

It is difficult to pick a single piece of Oldenburgs work and study it without incorporating his other pieces. Oldenburg takes a standard item and incorporates many different perspectives, ending in the conclusion that all forms can somehow merge into another. Like Oldenburgs tunnel entrance on the side of a mountain in which the entrances are nostrils, Oldenburg can take a form and manipulate it into something different, without straying too far from the original. Oldenburgs artwork is an investigation to find similarities between forms, and he proves this hypothesis with great accuracy and intuition.

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The Conastoga Wagon

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The Conestoga wagon was bigger. The top of a Conestoga wagon was 8 feet long. The ends were raked -- they slanted outward from the bottom. The covering then provided more protection from rain and the cargo space was slightly larger. The floor of the wagon was curved so that the load wouldnt shift. The Conestoga wagon could carry 5000 pounds.

Conestoga wagons were large, sturdy wagons usually pulled by six horses. Their strong, broad wheels made them capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the non-roads of the prairie.

The Conestoga was used to carry any type of cargo. Before the Revolutionary War, some 10,000 of these wagons made the trip from the Dutch Country to Philadelphia, hauling farm produce, whiskey, iron ore and finished products, charcoal, and returning with items imported from Europe. After the Revolution, as settlements expanded westward, the Conestoga hauled freight to the new towns. These wagons, often traveling in large groups, were quite an impressive sight -- still evidenced by the remaining examples in museums.

The body of the wagon was painted light blue, the ironwork black and the white canvas top must have made some picture. Over the horses were hoops with bells attached to them, each carefully selected for its chime. The only horse without bells was the left wheel horse were the Waggoner rode, when not walking or riding the lazy board, a sliding board that could be pulled out from the left side of the wagon. The bells on the horses carry an interesting story. These bells were highly prized, not so much for their beauty or tone (even though they were selected by their tones). Nor were they so much for usefulness, even though they warned other travelers of the approach of the wagon. They were prized as proof of the Waggoner's ability to take care of him. If a wagon got stuck in a ditch or mud and the driver was forced to appeal to other Waggoner for help, the bells were the price he paid for the assistance. To anyone as tough and independent as these men, it must have been a humiliating experience. The Waggoner's kept mostly with their own kind.

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Even though we don't use Conestoga wagons anymore….we use cares and other sorts of transportation we can still se different types of wagons that are at museums and on display. It would be an interesting place to check out.

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Med Marijuana

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Legalization Of Marijuana

For Medical Uses

Marijuana was first used for medical uses when a man by the name of W. B. O'Shaughnessy observed the treatment of various disorders with marijuana in 18. The drug was widely used until the first decades of the 0th century. Marijuana helped symptoms and conditions like labor pain and asthma. Doctors did not prescribe the drug by smoking, but if they had realized that the relief came faster by inhaling the drug they may have prescribed it by smoking. As years passed and the technology got better doctors found a new drug called aspirin. Physicians liked this drug because it was easily taken in a pill shape and was much more reliable.

In 17 in the United States the Marijuana Tax Act was passed. By this time the use of marijuana had already declined, but the Act made prescribing marijuana so awkward that doctors stopped prescribing the drug all together.

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In the early 170s a group of young patients who were being treated for cancer found that marijuana was much more effective than conventional medicines for relieving patients with such intense nausea and vomiting. This word spread and patients with glaucoma started to use marijuana to relieve their pain. Also people with the AIDS virus and people who suffered from HIV found that marijuana was the most useful and least toxic drug for their life-threatening symptom. More than 0 symptoms have been treated with marijuana.

There is much question on why marijuana isn't used as a medical drug today. Aspirin, which has mostly wiped out the use of marijuana, now costs more than 7,000 lives annually in the United States alone. But marijuana has never killed anyone who had used it for medical uses. And people that use the drug marijuana for medical uses say it provides a better quality of pain relief and lifts their spirits. It is unlikely that whole smoked marijuana will ever be an official medicine.

People have tried many times to have it become a drug but the FDA or Federal Drug Administration still says no. The reason it cant be made a medicine is because if they approve it then every one in the world could grow it for what ever reason since you cant put a patent on the drug since it is from a plant. The only way that marijuana would be used medically is if the government funds a program to distribute the drug.

Marijuana is grown by the federal government in Mississippi and they provide marijuana to seven patients under an IND or investigational new drug program. But the government will not distribute the drug to thousands of people. If the marijuana was legalized then farmers would have to enclose their fields with a security fence. If the drug was provided through the pharmacy it would be hard to maintain facilities well enough to keep the drug fresh, and the drug would cost a lot making it hard for some people to get it. The legalization of marijuana would make it tempting for people to by the drug on the streets and grow it them selves if the cost were too high.

A solution is being proposed in what is being called the pharmaceuticalization of marijuana. The solution is that there will be prescriptions to individual patients of cannabinoids and analogs. Cannabinoids and analogs are more useful than whole smoked marijuana under some circumstances. Cannabinoids occasionally are more useful than marijuana because they can be given to a patient intravenously. For example many people go unconscious after banging there head and are unable to take a pill so the cannabinoids can be injected into a person. A new analog called dexanabinol is shown to protest brain cells from damage and can be given intravenously.

The federal government stopped supplying marijuana to patients in 11 and told them to take Marinol, which is an imitation substitute for marijuana that can cost up tp $0,000 a year and is less reliable and less effective. A Harvard university survey found that one half of cancer doctors would prescribe marijuana to some of there patients if it were legal. If marijuana is legal for medical use that doesn't mean it is legal for non-medical use. I think this is what people are most afraid of.

Today doctors can prescribe powerful drugs like morphine and codeine to patients. It doesn't make sense that they cant do the same for a the less powerful drug marijuana. In California there is a case going on trying to legalize marijuana called proposition 15. Proposition 15 would allow seriously and terminally ill patients to legally use and cultivate there own supply of marijuana if and only if they have the approval of a licensed physician, but proposition 15 does not permit non-medical use of marijuana. It also does not permit anyone to drive while under the influence of marijuana. Polls show that a majority of Californians support proposition 15 and it could become a reality.

People against proposition 15 say that since there is no written prescription required even children could be smoking marijuana legally. They also believe that if there is no FDA approval and no consumer protection then it should not be legal. Law enforcement and drug prevention leaders say no to legalizing marijuana and proposition 15. Many say that homegrown pot and hand rolled "joints" are not medicine. Proposition 15 could also give drug dealers excuses for having marijuana.

I think that marijuana is a perfectly safe drug if used with care. I think that it definitely should be available to people with a serious illness. I don't think that people should be able to grow it by them selves at home but the federal government should supply it to the patients. The patient should have to have a physician's approval and the patient should have to have the marijuana sent to them so the pharmacies don't have to worry about keeping the drug fresh and so there is less chance of the drug getting on the streets.

Legalizing marijuana could also be a risky move because there is the chance that the drug will get in the hands of someone who will abuse the use and incorrectly take the drug for the wrong reasons. Or there is the chance that the drug could get on the streets and people could be using marijuana illegally. Some people mainly kids may get the wrong idea and think that marijuana is ok and perfectly safe to take even if they don't have a medical problem. These are the reasons why marijuana should and shouldn't be legalized.

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My Goals

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Giving honor to God, President Jones, Chairperson Sis. Stoneham and all of the committee members before me. My name is Curtisha Shantell Williams and I am a graduating senior at Booker T.Washington High School and High School for Engineering Profession. I grew up in a family of believers in Christ. My parents are Sis. Donnie Williams and Rev. Curtis Williams. My parents were members of God's Holy Sanctuary Baptist Church when I was born. At the age of my mother and I moved our membership to East Park Baptist Church, where I am currently still serving today. I became active in the church as a little girl. It all started out with Christmas and Easter speeches. I also participated in God's Holy Infantry, the little drill team of our church. I later became active in the Disciples of Love Drill Team, the Youth Choir and the Sunday school which I am currently still participating in.

Academics are very important in my family. I have one particular aunt who is my special advisor in this area. My aunt Loraine better known as Sis. Stoneham has always told me, "Your future earnings are directly tied to how much education you receive."

Her advice has made me decide to want to get my education so that I can get a job where I can earn a good sum of money. Coming into high school was a dramatic experience for me. I had to learn all the ins and outs of being a productive student. Currently I am a B average student and I was recently challenged to become a part of the honors program at Booker T. Washington. Having never been in honors it was a true challenge. My councilor saw potential in me that I might have never noticed if she didn't challenge me to do the job. I feel that I have greatly benefited from this challenge. I am number 8 of 1 students in my senior class and my GPA is .10 on a 4.0 scale. In school I enjoy participating in the science club, health club, choir, and I am a proud member of the les' petite debutantes. I am also a trainer for our outstanding royal blue and 4K-gold eagles track team. The clubs I participate in are the backbone of my personality. From the science club, which is my favorite subject, to the health club then the choir I am glad to be a part of them. Our motto in the les' petite debutantes is "Always a lady." This motto is important to me because no matter what you are going through, how you feel, or what you think, a woman should always display herself as a "Lady." This motto is not only carried with me at school, but is always apart of my daily life.

After high school I plan to further my education at Prairie View University and major in Nursing. I feel that nurses are special people who play a big part in people's lives. Being a nurse means a lot to me because I can help many people. Nurses are the ones who hold your hand and say everything will be ok and calms your spirit when you are scared. There has really been a high demand for nurses in the world which means I will be able to find a job wherever I decide to reside. I feel there is nothing wrong with wanting to make a lot of money and I know that RN's make a lot of money and that's what I want, so I am willing to work hard for it. After all the hard work I plan to put in school I feel I will then deserve to want to make a lot of money. Then I will be able to buy my Escalade that I really look forward to getting. Therefore education is very important in my life.

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Right now, I am on the verge of getting to know my heavenly father. He has truly carried me a long way, from being a normal student, doing just enough to get by, to placing a person in my life that has challenged me to do better. He has really made a way for me. In the word of my favorite song, I recognize that there will be mountains that I will have to climb and battles that I will have to fight but I know the victory or defeat is up to me to decide. I can't give up now because I have come too far to turn around and I know the Lord my God is by me all the way.

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Asian American Bias

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Asian American Bias

There's a reoccurring image of Asian Americans in the media that stands out among the rest of the population. For instance, they are thought of as being quiet, hard working, successful, and family orientated. Even images of Asian females that predominate in the media paint pictures of small petite women. For the most part these observations are true and are rather obvious in the majority of Asian Americans. One possible explanation for this behavior is westernization, the influence of American culture on the Asian cultures. As a result of westernization, Asian American images appear to be glossy on the surface, however, underneath there are negative implications on their mental/physical health.

Westernization has affected many cultures not just Asian cultures. In addition, it doesn't even have to be here in the United States where westernization takes place, its spreading around the world. Nevertheless, here in the United States its wrath is much stronger. Second generation children of Filipino immigrants face hard struggles with the battle ground between two cultures. On the one side their parents are trying to instill their culture, values, and national identity. On the other side the high tide of American culture is constantly bombarding these second generation children with opposing ideals and values. Being torn between cultures can take its toll on these Filipino children and cause feelings of stress and alienation.

Filipinos have been referred to as a "model minority" and for a good reason. They have a high educational attainment, a high level of labor force participation, a high percentage of working as professionals, and the lowest rate of poverty in the United States and in California. More than likely westernization is responsible for this. Immigrant individuals want to adapt and establish themselves in this western society. Working across cultural boundaries isn't easy and would require these people to work harder to become successful.

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In Diane Wolfs' article "Family Secrets Transnational Struggles Among Children of Filipino Immigrants," she interviewed 1 undergraduates at UC Davis. When she asked them what it meant to be Filipino, the majority responded that it was their strong sense of family. One student said "For me, being Filipino, I guess its is basically the family," another "To me, being Filipino means having strong family ties." The responses are all pretty much the same as these two students'. It's only obvious how strong family influence would be on Filipino children.

When it comes to education Filipinos don't take it lightly. The interviewed UC Davis students expressed their experiences with their college career in conjunction with their families. They push their children to excel in school and be the best that they can. Sometimes they push too hard. Anything lower than a letter grade of an "A" was often times not acceptable. Wolf says "some parents were more concerned with grades and achievement than their Childs well-being" (Wolf 5). As if that wasn't enough, most of the undergraduates that were interviewed pursuing majors that their families chose for them. This type of parental treatment can have negative consequences on the metal health of their children.

Ok Filipino parents push their children to the maximum so that they do well in school and assimilate into the western culture. These kids have some of the highest GPA's and academic standings in their schools so what's the big deal? What kinds of mental health problems can they have? Studies have shown that Filipino students had high numbers of suicidal consideration. Even more disturbing is that a high percentage actually made attempts on their life. They had some of the lowest depression and self-esteem scores. Filipino ideology seems to prevent these students from talking about their problems because it would bring shame to their family. As a result they would alienate themselves from their families. In the end these bottled up emotions can lead to explosive results.

It's not only in the areas of education where westernization has wreaked its harmful wrath, but in Asian American women's bodies it has too. Asian American women are trying fit into the image of "the petite skinny Asian girl" which most of them are, but in the process is creating an upwelling of eating disorders among them. Anorexia and bulimia were once termed "white girls' diseases," but now it's encroaching upon other races.

In the article "Starving in Silence Eating and Body Image Disorders Plague Young Asian and Asian American women," by Eunice Park, he interviews a women affected by an eating disorder. 1 year old Susan expresses some of her reasons for her obsession by saying "Guys are always saying 'Yeah, those Asian girls are so petite and skinny.' The truth is, we are trying to fill a stereo-type of the older Asian generation, that of our petite 100-pound mothers with size 5 feet. We grow up in American, where everything is bigger. There's no surprise that we, too, are physically bigger." Susan was anorexic for a year and once 80 pounds, which is very low for a person who is 5'5; unfortunately she later lapsed in to bulimia. Her diminishing health is a result of her trying to adapt to western standards. There are many other like Susan who suffer from these disorders and its sad that the Asian ideology of silence prevents them from receiving treatment.

The Asian American image in western culture looks great on the surface; hard working individuals, who look great, and are exceptionally studious. In one were to look past these superficial images, they would see that there's a lot more to their situation. There are strong negative implications that foster these images and threaten their health. As with the second generation Filipino students, they face large amounts of mental distress. Sure they perform well in school but their families give them no other options and sometimes are more concerned with their performance then their well-being. Asian women are also facing deteriorating health due to the fact that they are trying to blend into western society. Eating disorders are on the rise among Asian Americans and there needs to more of an effort to educate them. Although their images appear ideal on the surface, westernization has catalyzed the negative implications that lurk beneath.

Please note that this sample paper on Asian American Bias is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Asian American Bias, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Asian American Bias will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Science

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Title "Total energy needs"

Objective

1. Understanding energy metabolism, which is the process by which the body stores or releases energy from nutrients consumed.

. Determine your own energy input balances with your energy output.

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. Determine your own percent body fat and understanding the relationship between body fat and body weight.

Hypothesis

Introduction Before being addressed with this lab we were asked to complete an activity schedule including, eating, sleeping, homework, etc. Before beginning the lab there was knowledge that I already had about the certain amount of energy that I needed to be considered healthy. When coming in contact with a food product that has the nutritional facts on the back, I always read that things re based on a 000 calories-a-day system. I also always new that there was a difference between body fat and body weight, but never could I point out the specifics.

Materials

Methods

Results/Data

Conclusion

Title "Total energy needs"

Objective

1. Understanding energy metabolism, which is the process by which the body stores or releases energy from nutrients consumed.

. Determine your own energy input balances with your energy output.

. Determine your own percent body fat and understanding the relationship between body fat and body weight.

Hypothesis

Introduction Before being addressed with this lab we were asked to complete an activity schedule including, eating, sleeping, homework, etc. Before beginning the lab there was knowledge that I already had about the certain amount of energy that I needed to be considered healthy. When coming in contact with a food product that has the nutritional facts on the back, I always read that things re based on a 000 calories-a-day system. I also always new that there was a difference between body fat and body weight, but never could I point out the specifics.

Materials

Methods

Results/Data

Conclusion

Title "Total energy needs"

Objective

1. Understanding energy metabolism, which is the process by which the body stores or releases energy from nutrients consumed.

. Determine your own energy input balances with your energy output.

. Determine your own percent body fat and understanding the relationship between body fat and body weight.

Hypothesis

Introduction Before being addressed with this lab we were asked to complete an activity schedule including, eating, sleeping, homework, etc. Before beginning the lab there was knowledge that I already had about the certain amount of energy that I needed to be considered healthy. When coming in contact with a food product that has the nutritional facts on the back, I always read that things re based on a 000 calories-a-day system. I also always new that there was a difference between body fat and body weight, but never could I point out the specifics.

Materials

Methods

Results/Data

Conclusion

Title "Total energy needs"

Objective

1. Understanding energy metabolism, which is the process by which the body stores or releases energy from nutrients consumed.

. Determine your own energy input balances with your energy output.

. Determine your own percent body fat and understanding the relationship between body fat and body weight.

Hypothesis

Introduction Before being addressed with this lab we were asked to complete an activity schedule including, eating, sleeping, homework, etc. Before beginning the lab there was knowledge that I already had about the certain amount of energy that I needed to be considered healthy. When coming in contact with a food product that has the nutritional facts on the back, I always read that things re based on a 000 calories-a-day system. I also always new that there was a difference between body fat and body weight, but never could I point out the specifics.

Materials

Methods

Results/Data

Conclusion

Please note that this sample paper on Science is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Science, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Science will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap essay writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!