Americans approval of Japanese internment following the events of Pearl Harbor

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The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor had such a dynamic effect that it immediately shifted the public opinion from "isolationist neutrality" to "determined intervention." Following the events of Pearl Harbor, the citizens the United States held many contrasting opinions in regards to Japanese Americans. Hawaii, for example, called for just treatment of the Japanese. General Delos Emmons, military governor of Hawaii, and the president of the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce were unwilling to permit the Japanese's mass evacuation. They stated that their internment would not only annihilate their labor force, but would also destroy the economy of the islands. Hawaii asserted this viewpoint because of a long history of interaction with the Japanese in the islands. On the other hand, leaders from the mainland argued that the potential saboteurs must be evacuated. Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt, head of the Western Defense Command, claimed a different opinion than Emmons' in Hawaii. DeWitt wanted to be granted the power to exclude Japanese aliens, as well as Japanese Americans from restricted areas. Beginning on January 5, 14, the resentment against the Japanese people was being portrayed by the public in newspapers and magazines. The Japanese who were regarded as "loyal" had played an important part in the success of Japanese attacks. The resentment against the Japanese grew as patriotic organizations, such as the California Department of the American Legion, campaigned for Japanese removal. Major General Joseph Stilwell noticed that the claim of military necessity for mass evacuation was based primarily upon "public and political pressure," which leads to Roosevelt's Executive Order 066 of 14. This order states that the "successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and sabotage to national defense material, premises, and utilities." One of the most responsible for the internment of Japanese Americans was Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy. He agreed with DeWitt's military assessments regarding the need for incarceration of Japanese Americans to support the excuse of military necessity. McCloy, along with state and local politicians, fully approved of the Executive Order. Many local patriotic groups, newspapers and politicians voted for the new order and began to "jump on the bandwagon calling for Japanese American removal." Because of Roosevelt's executive order, there were Japanese who challenged the United States, as in the case of Gordon Hirabayashi, a student at the University of Washington who had been imprisoned because he refused to obey a curfew imposed by General DeWitt and failed to report to an assembly center for evacuation. In June 14, Judge Lloyd Black denied Hirabayashi's challenge that the orders presented a case of unlawful racial discrimination. Black then told the jurors that they were "instructed to return a finding of guilty." The jurors returned within ten minutes, and Hirabayashi was sentenced to three months in jail, in addition to the five months he has already served. The American public felt that in case of an invasion "there would be among [the Japanese Americans] a number of persons who might assist the enemy." Another internment case involves a Nisei, born in Oakland, California, Toyosaburo Korematsu. After Roosevelt signed the Executive Order, Korematsu assumed an identity as a person of Spanish Hawaiian descent. He was recognized and arrested for violating Order 066. Korematsu was tried on September 8, 14 and sentenced to five years of probation. The case was presented to the Supreme Court in 144, where in a split decision ruled against Korematsu. Justice Frank Murphy called the evacuation order a "legalization of racism." In both cases, the Supreme Court "upheld the legality of the removal because of the clear and present danger" which threatened the nation. Most of the Hawaiians did not agree with the Supreme Court's decision, but most of Americans in the mainland supported the verdict of the internment cases.

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Chapman

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Essay on "On First Looking into

Chapman's Homer"

Through reading, the reader can travel to different scenarios without moving from where he is. In this essay, we are going to explore form, subject matter, and technical resources that help to convey the theme, and, at the same time, help us to achieve travelling through reading.

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In this sonnet, the author is trying to say that he is able to travel by reading and using his imagination. He do this in the first quatrain. This Petrarchan sonnet is divided in and octet and a sestet and the rhymes are ABBA ABBA CDCDCD.

In the octet, the author describes where the persona has been, and makes reference to some poets like Homer and Chapman. In the sestet he describes how he feels when he imagines a place, and he compares himself with different people. For example "....like some watchers of the skies/When a new planet swims into his ken", or when he says "...like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes/He star'd at the Pacific..." . Here we can see that he feel like Cortez or like atronomers, very excited of their discovery.

Only once a metaphor is used "(...)watcher of the skies(...)" meaning astronomers. The only figures of speech apart from metaphor is mental landscape, which help us to realise how he feels when he reads and travel through differnet parts, although he has never been in contact with that places "(...)Yet never did I breathe its pure serene(...)".

As a conclusion, we can say that all the elements that Keats uses in this poem, show us how exciting can be reading in order to discover new places. Although we are not there, we are able if we want, the only thing we need is imagination and a good text.

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Advice to my son

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In the poem "Advice to My Son" the author Peter Meinke uses the literary device of symbolism to express ideas he would like his son to evaluate against life's future events. The meaning of symbolism is when one thing represents another thing or idea. This is used by the writer to represent his ways of living life, through his word choices. This poem is about a father's advice to guide his son through life and day to day experiences. In his poem, "Advice to My Son," Peter Meinke says

The trick is, to live your days as if each one may be your last

(for they go fast, and young men lose their lives

In strange and unimaginable ways)

But at the same time, plan long range

(For they go slow; if you survive…

What the author means by this is enjoy each day as if it were your last because they go by quickly, but also plan for tomorrow because it will still arrive. Make the best out of life, because you only get one chance at it and it's what you make of it that counts.

The author uses symbolism in the following stanza

To be specific, between the peony and the rose

plant squash and spinach, turnips and tomatoes;

beauty is nectar

and nectar, in a desert, saves-

but the stomach craves stronger sustenance

than the honied vine.

The symbolism is being used here to state that, between life and love; take time for the little things like the necessities and the day to day simple things, because you will need them to survive. Although we crave the sweet things in life, the body and soul require more substance from life. This statement stresses the need to be true to your beliefs and moral's.

The statement made by the writer, "Therefore, marry a pretty girl/after seeing her mother," is in reference to his future wife. The son should look not only at the girl he would like to marry, but also look at her mother for this is what she will become and look like in the future.

Peter Meinke uses the words, "speak truth to one man/work with another." In this section of the poem the one man he is referring to is god because he is the one who you will always speak the truth to, and be friends with all the others. This is another part of the symbolism in which he uses his specific word choices to allow his point to be taken.

In the last stanza the author sums up the entire poem with

and always serve bread with your wine.

But, son,

always serve wine.

These are the final words of wisdom for his son they are to be good, and have fun, and make sure he enjoys his life to the fullest, but do not forget to have fun. The bread symbolizes being good and the wine is used to represent having fun. The last sentence is summarizing the whole point of the poem; it is what the poem is about. It's your life make what you want out of it.

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Investigation into the Burning of Alcohols

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Aim My aim is to find out if there is a correlation between the length of the alcohol chain and the amount of energy given off when the alcohol is burnt.

Hypothesis I think that the longer the alcohol chain is, the more energy will be given off. This is because of the previous work we have done in class. We have learnt that the longer the alcohol chain is the more bonds are in the chain. More bonds means more stored energy, energy that will be released when the alcohol is burnt and its bonds broken. Longer alcohol chains will have more bonds to break so when they do break there will be more energy given off.

Apparatus Crucible

Alcohol

Custom Essays on Investigation into the Burning of Alcohols

Calorimeter

Stand

Boss

Clamp

Timer

Rock wool

Water

Measuring tubes

Thermometer

Variables Time allowed to burn

Amount of alcohol burnt

Type of Alcohol

Amount of water used in the calorimeter

Height of can above the flame

• My input variable will be the type of alcohol I decide to burn.

• My output variable will be the energy given off when the alcohol is burnt.

Fait test To make my test fair I will

Keep the amount of alcohol burnt each time the same (mls)

Keep the amount of water in the calorimeter the same each time (0mls (5 mols))

Let each alcohol burn for the same amount of time (1min 0sec's)

Keep the calorimeter at the same height above the crucible (cm)

Method I will put my mls of alcohol into the crucible.

I will then hold the can cms directly above the crucible (using the stand, clamp and boss) with the 0mls (5 mols) of water in it along with the thermometer.

I will measure the starting temperature of the water so I can work out the temperature difference and then light the alcohol.

If the alcohol does not light I will use a bit of rock wool to get it going.

Once the alcohol is lit I will start the timer.

When the timer has reached 0 seconds I will take the crucible out from underneath the can and record the finishing temperature of the water in the can.

By multiplying the temperature rise in degrees by 0 (because of the 0mls of water in the can) and then by 4. (waters specific heat capacity) you can work out how much energy was given off by the alcohol.

Results

Alcohol Time Allowed to Burn Amount of Alcohol Starting temp of water Finishing temp of water Temp difference Energy given off (KJ)

Methanol 0 seconds mls / .065 mols 1 degrees Celsius 6 degrees Celsius 17 degrees Celsius 646

Ethanol 0 seconds mls / .044786 mols 0 degrees Celsius degrees Celsius 1 degrees Celsius 456

Propanol 0 seconds mls / .0 mols 0 degrees Celsius 7 degrees Celsius 7 degrees Celsius 646

Butanol 0 seconds mls / .070707 mols 1 degrees Celsius 5 degrees Celsius 6 degrees Celsius 68

Pentanol 0 seconds mls / .0777 mols 0 degrees Celsius degrees Celsius degrees Celsius 756

Hexanol 0 seconds mls / .01076 mols 1 degrees Celsius 0 degrees Celsius 1 degree Celsius 78

To work out how much energy was given off I multiplied the temperature difference of the water by 0 (because of the 0mls of water in the can) and then multiplied that by 4. (because 4. is waters specific heat capacity). For each alcohol burn I tried to have the can at the same height ( cm's) above the crucible.

Analysis

On the previous page you can see a graph that completely undermines and destroys my prediction. The graph shows a negative correlation which reads as follows; the shorter the alcohol chain is the more energy was given off when it was burnt.

My prediction states that the longer the alcohol chain is the more energy should be given off. I have backed up my prediction with what I consider to be quite a reasonable argument that makes quite obvious sense So why then have the results gone the other way?

I have three possible theories why the results were not as I expected.

• Theory 1 is that I did not repeat my experiment enough times. This means that rogue results went undetected and found there way into my graph giving it its negative correlation.

• Theory is that the can was too high above the crucible. I noticed that the longer the alcohol chain was the smaller it's flame was when it burnt. This meant that heat coming from the smaller flame had more chance to escape into the surrounding air rather than warming up the can. This could possibly explain the results.

• Theory is that the results were completely right and that it was because I set a time limit on how long the alcohols were allowed to burn for meant that the longer alcohol chains were just not given enough time to release their energy. Maybe if I had not set a time limit the results would have created a positive correlation.

I think it is probably a combination of all three of my theories that meant my results gave a negative correlation.

Evaluation and Conclusion On the whole I am quite happy with my method and my results. The results may not have been what I was expecting but as no results are wrong results I have had to try and work round them. The results were, in my opinion, as accurate as I could have made them. I made sure that I did things as carefully and as accurately as possible and I think my results reflect this.

I think that I have explained my results as fully as I can and that I have found out what caused them. I have presented my results in a clear and easy to read way. Having got no anomalous results I do not have any to explain.

If I did this investigation again I would change a number of things. These things include

• Using a brand new can for water each time. I would do this because when I burnt the alcohol it dirtied and blackened the bottom of the can. This may mean that unreliable results are given because having a black base on your can will absorb more heat than a can with a clean shiny base.

• Repeating my experiment times. I would do this to iron out any strange or rogue results.

• Completing the entire practical in one day and in the same room. I would do this so that things like room temperature would affect my experiment less.

• Using the same mass of rock wool each time. I only needed rock wool for two of the alcohols but I think I should have used the same amount of rock wool each time to keep the experiment fair.

• Finding and using an accurate way to place the crucible under my can of water. By doing this it will hopefully mean that the alcohol will heat the water a fully as possible with minimal loss of heat to the surrounding air.

• Lowering the can of water. Looking back I think I should have probably done a preliminary experiment to find out the best height for the can. By lowering the can it will hopefully mean less heat/energy is lost to the surrounding air.

If I were to carry on this experiment in its present state I would probably go back and repeat the practical part again to hopefully give another set of results that I could compare my first with and hopefully get a better idea of what is going on.

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Violence: From Genes to the Media

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Violence From Genes to the Media

According to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, more than 11 million violent crimes, not including homicide, were committed within the last twenty years in the United States. At this rate, five percent of households in the United States will be a victim of a violent crime by the end of 00. There are many causes of why these violent acts were performed and will be performed. The most common causes of violence in our society are the media, social environment, and genetics.

The first culprit to violence is the media. With new technology, television shows and movies are now able to show violence in a more realistic manner. Television shows, such as The Sopranos, made their success by overexposing violence and leaving nothing to the imagination. Violence is not only captivated in adult programming but also in cartoons and in video games. Even popular music promotes violence to our society. Many bands and artists have been banned from performing in certain cities because of the extent of their violent-natured music. The media depicts violence as acceptable and many are following its footsteps. In recent news, a young boy burned his friend with hot water because he saw it on a television show. Some children have even committed suicide because the lyrics in a song commanded them to do so. With so much violence in the media and it being so accessible to the younger generation, many unnecessary violent crimes have been committed.

The media is not the only cause of violence in our society. Studies have also shown that the environment that you live in also plays a large part with violent crimes. A child surrounded by violence is more likely to perform a violent act than a child that is not. For instance, if a child is living under the conditions of constant abuse, that child is more likely to be abusive himself. Many children that are involved in violent crimes also have family members that have also been implicated in violent crimes. These children live under the impression that violence is a "normal" thing to do. It goes back to the old saying, "monkey see, monkey do". A family that sets an example of violence will only create a child that is violent. Even if the violence is not seen in the home, but a child is witnessing constant violence in its neighboring streets, then that child will also have the tendency to incorporate in violent crimes. Many cities in the United States with a high crime rate are also experiencing a high violent crime rate. This is partially due to the environment that surrounds these individuals. A person's environment affects more than is sometimes realized.

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Genetics also play a role in the development of a child and their violent tendencies. It is possible to remove a child at birth from a violent family and place them is a peaceful, loving home and still have a child that turns to violence. Some researchers have examined the genetics of these individuals and have noticed a common trait that causes them to be violent natured. Psychological factors that are passed down by genetics can make a person act in a violent way, even if they have never been exposed to much violence. Though this theory is still being reviewed and examined, there is still enough evidence that indicates that violence could be in our genetics.

With all this information, many wonder if violence is caused by just one thing in particular. Despite recent efforts from the media to suppress some violence from our children, violent acts are still being performed at alarming rates. Attempts have been made to educate communities with high violent crime rates by explaining to its citizens the negative affects of violence in the society. Yet these cities are still at the top of the charts when it comes to violent crimes. Medical intervention, such as medicine and therapy, have been given to patients in order to reduce their violent tendencies, but even under treatment, some patients are still reacting violently. The causes of violent act are numerous indeed and one justification will not be sufficed to explain all violent reactions. Therefore, the cause of violence may not be defensible by just one reason alone, but with a combination of influences from the media, our environment, and our genes.

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Shell Shaker

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Shell Shaker. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Shell Shaker paper right on time.

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Everyday we hear about multimillion dollar corporations taking over small companies. This power differential is what makes it so that the rich continue to get richer while the poor continue to get poorer. Throughout history, and even today it is this greed that corrupts a power figure. It is this bloodsucking, (Osano) that LeAnne Howe writes about in Shell Shaker.

At first Shakbatina's readiness to sacrifice herself for peace is a little shocking. What is it that makes Shakbatina willing to sacrifice her own life? "I will sacrifice myself, knowing that peace will follow between our two tribes" (Howe 4). As the novel progresses we begin to understand that importance of peace and that we must do whatever it takes to create and maintain it. Howe allows the reader to question the correlation between the murders of Red Shoes and Redford McAlester. As a piece of Native American literature, Shell Shaker follows a traditional archetype that explains how the past and present parallel each other. "Do not forget the dead are helping the living" (Howe 171). This similarity between the past and present allows us, as readers to examine our current and future situations in our own lives. In this way, the story of Shell Shaker will always be relevant.

What will it take to overthrow masters of greed? How can we prevent ourselves from succumbing to such greed individually? We must do whatever it takes to establish peace so that power may exist without greed and corruption. Howe uses Shell Shaker as a lesson to all of us that we must work together as a community to create peace.

Cheap College Papers on Shell Shaker

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Florence nightingale

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The Power Of Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was born on May 1, 180. She is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. She was a victorian women and in the era in which she lived it was almost impossible to gain any recognition as a scholar and an expert in her field. She accomplished this feat with the use of power. The purpose of this paper is to explore the avenues of power that she used in order to cause the changes in nursing that she believed were so important.

When Nightingale was a child, she fought with her mother for the right to study mathmatics. Her mother held firm to the belief that girls were only supposed to study poetry and philosophy, this would give them the background to make a good bride and be able to hold intelligent conversasions at parties. Nightingale fough against this and finally convinced her father to allow her to study mathmatics. When she turned of age, she again shocked her family by enrolling in a nursing program at Kaiserworth, Germany. Most people believed that a nurses role should only be filled by common women and prostitutes. Nighingale made it a personal priority to change this image( Baly,57).

She spent three years in Germany training to become a nurse, after this she recruited a small number of untrained women and took them to a British military hospital in Scutari, where she trained them and taught them her philosophies of nursing. She believed that fresh air, water and sunshine were critical to the recovery of her patients. Efficiant drainage of wounds, cleanliness and a healthy diet were extremely important, in the days when these methods were not taught. She beleived that moving a patients bed to give them a better view was a nurses responsibility, along with the responsibility to provide a healthy diet and to record what was eaten daily. Her emphasis on cleanliness of bed linens and patients was scoffed at by the medical profession but proved to be an innovation for the medical field in the future. She always held nurses responsible for the health of their patients, this included not only cleanliness, but also the environment in which the patients were healing. Noisy hallways and rooms were not allowed. Unruly family members would be asked to leave. She believed that if she changed a patients environment she could eventually bring about changes in the patient( Chitty, 50 ).

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It has often been said that Nightingale refused to accept the germ theory, this theory stated that all illness came directly from germs. Florence Nightingale believed in germs she just added to this theory by explaining that germs were not the only thing that caused illness. Over and over again her letters and essays laid down the law about the sterilization of instruments, in order to kill germs, however, she also believed that the environment of the patient played a crucial part in the healing process and that this factor should never be overlooked.

Sterilization and aseptic technique came slowly to London. In 1886, steam sterilization of dressings was pioneered in Germany and sterile rubber gloves for operations were first used in 180. But as late as 1 there were still surgeons that still performed abdominal surgery " the aniseptic way, dousing bare hands, swabs and instruments with lysoform and often smoking cigarretes while performing surgery"(Cope,168). Nightingale taught her nurses that this method was incorrect and 4

insisted that the nurses under her instruction uses a correct method.

By the time Nightingale composed her polar area diagram she had extensive knowledge in nursing and mathmatics. It was this knowledge that her power in the nursing community was based on. After training in Germany and spending some time nursing the wounded in the Crimean war he had made extensive political contacts and these also played a role in her political power. She used the contacts to no only improve the medical fielsd but also to critsize them. It was her critical nature that made her the enemy of many doctors and medical communities.

After the war Nightingale realized that many soldiers had died not of there original wounds but from nocosomial infections.It was at this time that she decided to use her power to change some things in the medical field. Her political contacts did not always agree with her, especially if her knowledge seemed to upset traditions that were held in the medical field. As explained earlier, she believed that the environment played an essintial role in the body's ability to heal. If an environment was not clean the germs and bacteria would grow and contaminate the body. This was a direct contradiction to the beliefs that were held by the majority of doctors(Goldie,74).

Nightingale founded the first school of nursing that based it's ideas and education on her methods. It was in this way that her knowledge and power had a major influence on nurses everywhere. Most nursing schools are based on her model and subsequently hold on to her beliefs that environment plays such a huge role in the body's healing abilities. Time and time again the medical community tried to hush Nightingale, but through her

5 political contacts she was able to make her ideas known.

Her mathmatics abilities provided her the knowledge to compose the first statistical analysis of the medical community. In her Polar- area diagram, she meticulosly plotted all deaths resulting form nocosomial infection. It was officially known as the Diagram of the causes of Mortality in the Army in the East. It showed that most of the deaths of British soldiers in the Crimean war died of sickness rather than wounds suffered on the battle field. It also showed that the death rate was higher in the first year of the war, than after the sanitary commisioners changed their policies and gave inspections to improve hygiene in the camps and in the hospitals(Smith,1).

The government would not allow her to publish he most damning statistics which showed that hospital conditions were the main cause of death, but through her political contats she was allowed to publish the diagram. She tried to support her case for better hygine by using the published army figures to show that the death rate decreased after the sanitary commision cleaned up the hospitals. However, her opponents claimed that the reduction in the death rate resulted from other changes that were made at the same time(Smith,158).

Florence Nightingale's knowledge and power in the medical field changed the way nursing is done today. Her political influence and power were directly based on her knowledge and experience of the subject. Eventhough her contributions were not recognized at the time, they are understood now and appreciated by nurses all over the world. We, as nursing students have her to thank for changing the atitudes held about nursing and and or introducing the idea that germs are not the only thing that causes infections and that we, as nurses, have a responsibility toward our patients to not only insure a clean environment, but a well lit, and peaceful and comfortable surrounding.

Please note that this sample paper on florence nightingale is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on florence nightingale, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on florence nightingale will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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