Photosynthesis

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Introduction

The process of photosynthesis is vital to humans and all other living organisms

on earth. Through photosynthesis plants use water, carbon dioxide, and light to

supply themselves with food and the rest of the world with oxygen. Although all

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plants carry out photosynthesis, the process by which they do so varies

depending on the plant. The rate at which plants produce oxygen is also

dependent on the plant. Two classifications of plants that differ in the way

they carry out photosynthesis are C plants and C4 plants. C plants such as

soybeans and rice go through two stages of photosynthesis which are light

reactions and the Calvin cycle. While in the light, during the Calvin cycle, C

plants often go through a process called photorespiration when the plant uses O

for the Calvin cycle instead of CO and therefore does not produce food or ATP.

This occurs when the weather gets too hot and dry for the stomata to be open and

rubisco, the Calvin cycle enzyme for C plants, accepts O and it overtakes the

CO concentration . C4 plants such as sugarcane and corn, on the other hand,

have adapted to hot, dry climate so that they do not carry out photorespiration.

The reason C4 plants differ from C plants is because the enzyme used in their

Calvin cycle called PEP carboxylase has a high affinity for CO and is able to

fix the CO concentration and not allow oxygen to overtake it.

We were specifically interested in the rate that both of these plants carried

out photosynthesis when a leaf from each plant was placed under a light. The

amount of oxygen produced, which is a byproduct of photosynthesis, was used to

measure the photosynthetic rate of each leaf. Since C plants carry out

photorespiration when exposed to excessive light, we hypothesized that the C4

leaf would produce oxygen more efficiently. The C leaf that we used was one

from a lima bean plant and the C4 leaf that we used was one from a corn plant.

We believed that the corn plant would have a higher photosynthetic rate when

placed under a light.

Methods

We obtained two leaves, one was from a lima bean plant, which is a C plant,

the other was from a corn plant, which is a C4 plant. We sealed the lima bean

leaf into the leaf chamber so that it was not shaded by the O sensor of the gas

inlet and outlet port holes. We placed a plastic petri dish filled with water on

top of the leaf chamber covering most of the leaf surface. We then inflated the

plastic gas bag with our breath, being careful not to overinflate the bag. After

the bag was inflated we sealed it with the luer lock plug. Since the y-axis

values for the pO and light graphs were already set for us, we proceeded to

click the start button on the computer screen. We then immediately removed the

plugs from the leaf chamber and squeezed the bag to send CO through the leaf

chamber. When the level of O hit 16 on the computer screen we resealed the gas

bag and the leaf chamber. After approximately one minute we used the dimmer

switch to turn on the light and began to observe the changes in O

concentration. We observed this leaf's O production for 5 minutes and pressed

the stop button on the computer screen. Then we highlighted the middle portion

of the graph and used the computer to find its slope. We then removed the lima

bean leaf from the leaf chamber and replaced it with the leaf from the corn

plant. Since we had already inflated the bag with our breath for the first leaf,

we did not need to do it again. We simply went through exactly the same steps

again beginning with pressing start on the computer screen and squeezing the bag

until the O level on the screen read 16. After completing all of the steps and

waiting 0 minutes we pushed stop on the computer screen, highlighted the middle

of the graph, and used the computer to obtain the slope of the line. Then both

of the leaves were taken and traced onto graph paper to obtain the surface area

of both. To figure out the surface area we counted the number of squares that

were entirely inside the leaf. Then, any squares that were intersecting the leaf

margin were given a value of 0.5. We added the values and divided by 4. This

gave us the leaf surface area in cm. Using the slope given by the computer and

degrees for our temperature, we were then able to use equation (1) to figure

out how many ìmoles of O per liter per minute of gas was in the leaf chamber.

(1) y= 10,000x/[(7 + T)/7] x .41 = ìmoles of O/L/min

We took the number we obtained here and put it into equation () to find out the

photosynthetic rate of both leaves.

() photosynthetic rate = 0.047 x y/leaf surface area ìmole O/m/min

Results

After we observed the O production for 5 minutes on both leaves we obtained

graphs that displayed the rate at which each plant produced O. Figure 1 below

displays the result for the lima bean plant and Figure displays the result for

the corn plant.

Figure 1

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Figure

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Using equations (1) and () from above we were able to find the photosynthetic

rates for the C plant and the C4 plant. We were able to conclude from these

findings that C4 plants produce O at a more rapid pace than C plants. The

individual data are shown below in Table 1.

Table 1

Plant Type Data Interval %O/min Photosynthetic Rate

(ìmole O/m/min)

C plant, lima bean 5 minutes .08 .18

C4 plant, corn 5 minutes .046 .117

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