Alcatraz Island

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Alcatraz Island has a very extensive history. Not only did the island serve as

a federal penitentiary, but was once the most powerful fort west of the Mississippi River.

The island rises 40 meters and 55m. long, a mile off San Francisco Bay. The island's strategic and isolated location made it an ideal defensive and disciplinary site. Alcatraz has housed convicts such as Al Capone, "Machine Gun" Kelly, and Robert "The Birdman." Since the "the Rock" has closed, over 14 million people have visited the island.

Discovered by Spanish explorer Lt. Juan de Ayala in 1775, the island was

Help with essay on Alcatraz Islanda barren sandstone rock inhabited only by seabirds. Lt. Ayala named the island "La isla de los Alcatraces," or "island of the pelicans." During 1848, California became U.S. property at the end of the Mexican-American War. Once gold was discovered in 184, the Gold Rush was on and San Francisco turned from a town of 00 occupants into a thriving city of thousands. Thus, more attention was brought upon the island.

During 185, Capt. Joseph Stewart and 86 men of Company H,

Third U.S. Artillery took command of Alcatraz. Over time, "the Rock" became a primary

fort to protect the coast from foreign invaders. By the late 1860's, Alcatraz was mounted

with 111 cannons with barracks and fortifications built. In 107, the island ceased being a fortress because of increasingly obsolete defenses and became Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison. The Army recognized that the island's cold 5F degree water and swift currents surrounding Alcatraz made it an ideal site for a prison. Over the next 50 years, additional cell blocks and buildings were erected to house over 600 prisoners. At various

times, "rebellious" American Indians were held on the island.

Because of the Great Depression of the 10's, the military budget was cut and Alcatraz was transferred to the Bureau of Prisons by 1. Alcatraz was meant to become a special prison for kidnappers, racketeers, and individuals guilty of predatory crimes. Segregation was sought, and the remote site kept communication with the outside world at a minimum. James A. Johnston, a retired 1 year worker with the California Department of Justice, was appointed warden of Alcatraz for the next 14 years.

What led Alcatraz to have such notoriety was the high profile it housed. "The Rock" housed Al Capone from 14 to 1. Capone managed to corrupt officers and enlisted several inmates as personal servants. Due to syphilis, he was transferred to FCI Terminal Island in January of 1. George "Machine Gun" Kelly was shipped to Alcatraz in September of 14, because he held a wealthy Oklahoma man for ransom. Guards considered him a model inmate and very gentle person. Kelly suffered a mild heart attack in 151 and was transferred to Leavenworth Penitentiary. Robert "the Birdman" Stroud was another popular prisoner of "the Rock." After shooting to death a bartender, Stroud was sent to Mcneil Island in 111. When he attacked a prison guard, he was transferred to Leavenworth. In 116, he once again attacked a prison guard by stabbing him in front of all the other inmates and thus killing him. Because of this, he was sentenced to death. Stroud wrote Mrs. Woodrow Wilson a letter and requested his sentence to be reduced. Eight days before his execution date, his sentence was commuted to life and transferred to Alcatraz. He got the nickname "the Birdman" from his keeping and studying of birds and Avian Diseases. In time, housing each inmate started to cost $100 per day. Plus, the prison was in need of repairs to keep Alcatraz up to date. On March 1, 16 the prison was closed due to cost effectiveness.

On November , 16, approximately 100 Indian people (about 80 of the Indians were UCLA students) boarded a charter boat, the Monte Cristo, to claim the island as their own. The "Indians of All Tribes" led by Richard Oakes, a Mohawk Indian, demanded that a cultural center, Indian University, and a museum to be established on the island. A council elected by the occupiers gave everyone who stayed on the island a job, ranging from security guards to cooking from day-care to laundry. The federal government insisted that the Indians leave but they prevailed. As student Indians began to return to school in 170, they were replaced by other urban Indians not involved in the original occupation. Oakes left the island after his 1 year old stepdaughter fell down a three stories down a stairwell to her death on January 5, 170. On June 10, 171 the final blow to the Indians occupation occurred. The federal government ordered FBI agents and special forces police to extract the 5 women, 4 children, and 6 unarmed men who were the only occupiers left of the island. Afterwards, 48 acres of land was returned to the Taos Indians, a Native American university was built near Davis, California, and many Native Americans were hired by federal agencies. The Alcatraz fiasco may have not been won by the Indians, but the event started a political movement that still continues today.

Alcatraz has faced a series of extensive events. The island and its buildings

have been through several uses. "The Rock" was once home to an army fortress and military prison more than a century ago. The island then became the well known federal penitentiary it is known for today. Most importantly, however, the Indians gained awareness for their people by non- violently claiming the island. This event gave way to the respect that Native Americans have now and are gaining every day.

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