Origame

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Origami is a form of visual/sculptural representation that is defined primarily by the folding of paper. The world origami is Japanese in origin; oru means "to fold", and kami means paper. It hasn't always been called origami though, it has been called a variety of names such as, orikata, orisue, orimono, tatamgami, and others. Exactly why it was switched to origami is unknown, but it is believed that the word was adopted in the kindergartens because the written characters were easier for the young children to write.

The first use of the word origami in Japan did not refer to paper folding but instead paper certificates. "Origami Tsuki", meaning "certified", "guaranteed", or "accompanied by origami", meant that a gift was accompanied by a certificate. An early document is dated 1185, so that this usage is an old one. The phrase is also used to refer to the ancient custom of folding certain special documents - such as diplomas for ceremony masters, or masters of swordsmanship - in such a way as to prevent unauthorized copies from being made. Origami Tsuki dates back to the Heian era.

The word origami came to be used occasionally for another kind of ceremonial folding, namely for tsutsumi, or formal wrappers, by the beginning of the 18th century. However, its use for recreational origami of the kind with which we are familiar did not come until the end of the nineteenth century or the beginning of the twentieth.

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Noshi is a kind of ceremonial fold entirely distinct from origami tsuki. They are not certificates, but are attached to gifts the express good wishes. In the Heian period in Japan, 74 to 1185, had origami as a ceremonial tradition of the nobility. This was because paper was such a rare commodity. The samurai would exchange gifts with noshi. A noshi was a paper folded with a strip of abalone or meat. It is considered a good luck token.

The only material used in origami is paper. Paper was invented in China in 50 B.C. it was invented because Chinese characters were being printed on cloth and the cost of making cloth to write on was expensive. An alternative material was needed to write on that was more practical. A Chinese eunuch by the name of Ts'ai Lun invented a material by which we call paper today to replace cloth as a writing surface. His invention didn't arrive until 105 A.D. this paper was a thin felted material formed on flat, porous molds from macerated vegetable fiber and unlike the paper used in other parts of the world.

Origami of the modern style, in which scissors and cutting are not developed until the Muromachi period, which lasted from 18 to 157, and by the end of the Edo period, which lasted from 160 to 1867, about 70 folding designs had been devised including the crane, frog, ship, and balloon. In the Muromachi period the folding style of this period represented a persons place in society. Paper was now inexpensive enough to be used by everyone and became a means of social stratification. Most of what we know today about origami comes to us from the Edo period.

When the secret of paper was carried into Japan in the sixth century A.D. by Buddhist monks it was quickly integrated into their culture. Paper was used in architecture and in many rituals of everyday Japanese life and of the Shinto religion. The word for paper, kami, is a homonym for the word for spirit or god.

Orizuru is a folded paper crane. Senbazuru one thousand cranes are still widely made, especially by girls. Comprising numerous folded paper cranes connected with a thread for hanging, it derives from the ancient Japanese belief that one can have one's wish come true by folding one thousand paper cranes. Senbazuru may be seen hanging from monuments at Peace Park.

The paper used in origami is squared and colored on one side only. For special artistic work, however, paper and color are especially chosen to suit a particular theme. The origins of origami are in dispute. The Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese all claim its development.

Yoshizawa along with American Sam Randlett, is the originator of the system of lines and arrows that are used in paper folding instructions. Yoshizawa has developed a technique of the lamination of two layers of handmade mulberry paper to produce a paper that is unparalleled for folding. Also, a technique known as wet folding where a heavily sized paper is folded while wet, allows the folder to sculpt his model into soft curves and D forms. Where once it was considered a feat to fold a representational insect that gave the impression of a segmented body and multiple legs, anatomically correct insects are now considered commonplace and the feat is to create insects that are of a recognizable species.

When the Arabs brought the secret of papermaking to North Africa, they taught that secret to the Moors who then taught it to Spain. The moors were later expelled from Spain by the Spanish Inquisition and the paper folding remained. The Spanish slowly expanded paper folding to incorporate representational forms of nature.

Paper made its way west but was not well received by westerners. Those in the west preferred parchment to paper. Paper did not last as long as parchment but was finally accepted for most things because it was easier and less expensive to produce. The invention of the printing later aided its acceptance. Origami had its beginnings in the west when the Moors invaded Spain in the 8th century.

Origami, by the late 1th century, became more of a recreational activity of children's diversion and most of the eastern symbolism was taken over by western influence. It is only now achieving western respect as a medium in art. It has provided a deeper awareness for eastern culture where paper arts are held in high esteem. Origami takes shape in popup books, greeting cards and traditional crafts. Schools are using origami to develop the motor skills of children. It challenges the mind to create, memorize sequences and concentrate on the final product.

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Dont have one yet

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Parenting skills

The way a parent reacts to a given situation is a reflection of their method of parenting. Are there different parenting ways? Or is parenting just an obligation where parenting is just simple parenting?. Parenting skills can be categorized in four distinct classifications controlling, nurturing, and indulging. Parenting skills are important because it shapes a Childs behavior.

The first category of a parenting skill are the controlling parents. Parents that are excessively watching their children's actions at all time are the type of parents that are too over protective. A controlling parent strict and wants a child to do exactly what they say without questions. A controlling parent also wants everything their way in either what school is best for their child without asking for opinion or suggestions or what kind of crowd to hang out with. For example; When I was in high school I had a friend who had very controlling parents. Susie wasn't allowed to date, go out with friends to the AMC theaters or wear pink lip gloss. If she would go to the movies with her friends she would have to bring her nine year old brother Bobby along. She also wasn't allowed to wear low raised cut off jeans, spaghetti strapped shirts or V neck shirts. Though, Susie was eighteen years old her parents would still demand that she would be in bed by nine o'clock. In addition, Sissies parents were so controlling that Susie looked like if she was living in a dark hole. In summery, controlling parents are selfish and old fashioned.

The second category of parenting skills is the good nurturing type. To begin with, nurturing parenting provide not only material things but also emotional support. Parents that are nurturers develop understanding, encouragement and know how to foster well. An excellent example of a nurturing parent is my father. My father is the type of person that goes out of his way to nurture his family well by filling up the refrigerator, paying the rent when it is due and keeping us happy under a safe roof. All in all, the nurturer parent skill provides love, food, clothes, shelter and warmth.

The third parenting skill is the indulgent parenting skill. This kind of parenting skill is having patience and being tolerant of a Childs behavior. For instance, when I was in elementary school I disliked my classmate Anita because she was showing off the new Barbie doll that I wished to have. As I remember, I was in the library and I decided to put Elmer's glue on Anita's chair. As we left the library students noticed Anita's white stained skirt some students laughed and others were worried. Anita's blue skirt was ruined by the Elmer's glue. As evil as it might sound, At the moment, my behavior seemed hilarious but after the she told the teacher what I had done, I was in deep trouble. The librarian called my mother and told her what had occurred. When I got home I seriously though I was going to get a spanking to my rear end but my mom decided to do the opposite and buy me that same Barbie doll Anita had because my mom made it seem that I was jealous and that I needed some attention. I was in so much trouble in school but my mother was indulgent in buying me all sorts of stuff. What can I say? Indulgent parents do come in handy sometimes.

In conclusion, I can best identify my future parenting skills as being a slight controlling, nurturing and indulging. There are different types of parenting skills but its up to me to decide which one I'm going to use. Parenting skills maybe difficult and important to do but it shapes society and it goes on from generations to generations.

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Register

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A Good Man is Hard to Find is consistent with Mary Flannery OConnors view that contemporary society was drastically changing for the worse. OConnors obvious displeasure with society at the time has often been attributed to her Catholic religion, her studies in the social science field, and the fact that the celebrated lifestyles of the elite southern whites were Gone with the Wind. Evidence of societys demise is woven into the story, and presented through an interesting generation gap.

The grandmother is representative of godliness and Christianity which OConnor apparently believed to be more prevalent in the glamorous Old South The old woman settled herself comfortably, removing her white cotton gloves and putting them up with her purse on the shelf in front of the back window. The childrens mother still had on slacks and still had her head tied up in a green kerchief but the grandmother had on a navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace, and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady. (148)

The parents pay little attention to the grandmother and when they do, they are often quite rude. The unruly children are representative of the breakdown of respect, and discipline, and are consequently a forecast of future generations. The Misfit represents evil. At one point the Misfit likens himself to Christ, in that they both were punished for crimes they did not commit. Christ accepted death for the sins of all people, however, and not only did the Misfit not do that, but he also killed other innocent people.

Near the end of the ordeal, the grandmother recognizes the shirt the Misfit has put on as her sons shirt. Upon observing this image, she realizes that to be truly Christlike, she is going to have to forgive the Misfit and accept him as a child of God. Flannery OConnor was deeply concerned with the values and the direction of the youth of her time. She believed that Christ was no longer enough of a priority to the people of her generation. A Good Man is Hard to Find is representative of Flannery OConnors concern for the priorities and values of the 140s

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Malaysia Products Boleh

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The success of local manufacture items such as automobile (Proton and Perodua), foods and beverages (B&W Coffee Mix) and furnitures (LY furniture) in both the local and international market is an achievement for us to reflect on and strengthen our confident to buy more local manufacture items. This will inevitably help our local industry to progress and thrive in highly competitive market environment.

Generally, the response to these local manufacture items is well encouraging considering their relative market share. For instance, Proton and Perodua are able to capture a staggering 70% of automobile market for 1600 cc and below. These show that our nation automobile makers can provide the Malaysian population with the opportunity of owning compact, affordable and reliable vehicles whose standard and quality are second to none.

Our local manufacture has realised the process of properly segment the local market for better offering in terms of pricing and products or services, channels and communicating programs towards only consumer that it can serve best and most profitably. Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sdn. Bhd (Perodua) was set to realise the nations aspirations for a second national car, creating a new market segment for people preferring a compact, less expensive and easy to manoeuvre car. Perodua Kenari is a Family Multi Usage Mini Wagon, which combines an adventurous spirit with ease of use around the town. It is stylish, unconventional, yet a powerful car with exceptional fuel economy. It is spacious, practical, fun and easy to drive and appeal to the Malaysian young smart families. The new Perodua Kelisa which is Fun and groovy, furthermore this nippy mini car has an

engine that packs surprising power and solid driving performance. Not forgetting a body that promises easy maneuverability. The car has space that sits 5 people comfortably. It combines stylish interior comfort with advanced technology that assures safety. In the Kelisa, you will find plenty of reasons why its the ideal choice. Along with features that make this 1st century mini car fun to drive and appeal to young working adult.

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The imported cars such as luxury cars (Toyota Camry and Mercedes Benz), Multi purpose Vehicle (Renault Espace and Hyundai Matrix), and cars of 000 cc (Hyundai Sonata and Nissan Ceriro) still occupy prominent higher end automobile market. Generally, these cars instigate prestige and safety for the car owner and the price tag does speak all for the reason for owning one. Toyota Camry appeals to successful executives who prefer their car modern and chic. The car does posses the quality and safety for higher end automobile market and comes with the price tag of RM150,000. The influx of imported cars has impelled PROTON to actively introduce and position new models into these target market. For instance, proton Waja 1.8 powered with a revolutionary Drive-by-Wire throttle control system as found in the most sophisticated fighter jets. The engine responds instantaneously to every driving command with zero lag time. A new generation Adaptive Automatic Transmission with Fuzzy Logic technology intelligently learns and adapts to your individual driving style. The proton Waja delivers a first-class continental driving experience for car owner on any road worldwide. Whereas, the proton Perdana V6 is a elegant, sophisticated, executive sedan that appeals to the successful senior executive or family man. The driver is promised of comfort in the ergonomic cabin, surrounded by luxurious leather upholstery.

Over the years, Malaysia local manufacture items were able to secure interest and buying from local people through its advertising and promotion efforts. Television and newspaper were among the media that use for that purpose. Furthermore, the government is assisting in boosting the sale of our local manufacture items by actively encourage the people to buy Malaysian manufacture items through its nation wide campaign such as "Belilah Barangan Buatan Malaysia" and "Sales Carnival". In becoming a symbol of the countrys aspirations, PERODUA is not only proving its capabilities as a viable and profitable entity, but also in meeting the taste and needs of the people of Malaysia and has begin paving its way into proving its compatibility in overseas market. Entrusted with the responsibility of undertaking the project, PERODUA established two wholly-owned subsidiaries - PERODUA Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. and PERODUA Sales Sdn. Bhd. - which are responsible for manufacturing and distribution activities respectively.

On the contrary, LY FURNITURE Sdn Bhd believes in participating in trade exhibitions. It said participation in trade exhibitions has been proven to be an effective mean to attract new customers. The company is the firm supporter of two major local events, namely the Malaysia Furniture Export Exhibition) and Malaysia International Furniture Fair for the past few years. Both of these events are recognised and granted the approved trade fair status by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. All these have given great exposure to their products to the international buyers. More international buyers are becoming their business partners and thus create a bigger market access for their products.

Finally, proper planning and marketing by the organisation will inevitably help them to increase more market share in both local and international market. We need better management of resources and finance to deepen the relationship between the organisation that produce these local manufacture items and the people who consumes at the final stage. Satisfaction and giving the value for the money spent is still an issue not well tackled by our local manufacture organisations. But giving time and better management training, I will not see this will be a problem that will protract without a solution

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Louis pasteur

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If I was to choose among the greatest benefactors of humanity, Louis Pasteur would certainly be up there at the top. Louis Pasteur has solved mysteries of rabies, anthrax chicken cholera and silkworm diseases, and contributed to the development of the first vaccines. He debunked the widely accepted myth of spontaneous generation, thereby setting the stage for modern biology and biochemistry. He described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine-making, and the brewing of beer. His work gave birth to many branches of science.

His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs known as the 'germ theory of disease' is one of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation for the science of microbiology. He championed changes in hospital practices to minimise the spread of disease by microbes. He also discovered that weakened forms of a microbe could be used as an immunisation against more virulent forms of the microbe. Another highly beneficial discovery is that he found out rabies were transmitted by agents so small they could not be seen under a microscope, thus revealing viruses. As a result he developed techniques to vaccinate dogs against rabies, and to treat humans bitten by rabid dogs. Pasteur also developed 'pasteurisation', a process by which harmful microbes in perishable food products are destroyed using heat, without destroying the food. He did this by going to a vineyard in Arbois in 1864 to study this problem. He demonstrated that wine diseases are caused by micro organisms that can be killed by heating the wine to 55 degrees Celsius for several minutes. Applied to beer and milk this process, soon came into use all over the world.

Pasteur also laid rest the theory of 'spontaneous generation'. John Needham and English clergy man in 1745, proposed what he considered as the definitive experiment. Everyone knew boiling kills micro organisms, so he proposed to test whether microbes appeared spontaneously after boiling. He boiled chicken broth, put it into a flask, sealed it and waited- sure enough microbes grew. Needham gained victory for spontaneous generation. However Lazzaro Spallanzi was not convinced and he suggested that perhaps the micro organisms had entered the broth by air after the broth boiled, but before it was sealed. To test this theory, he modified Needham's experiment- he placed the chicken broth in the flask, sealed the flask, drew off the air to create a vacuum, and then boiled the broth. No micro organisms grew. Proponents of spontaneous generation argued that Spallanzi had only proven that spontaneous generation could not occur without air. In 185 Pasteur did a winning experiment which was a variation of Needham's and Spallanzi's. He boiled meat broth in a flask, heated the neck of the flask in the flame until it became pliable, and bent it into a shape of an 's'. Air could enter the flask, but airborne organisms could not they would settle by gravity in the neck. As Pasteur expected no organisms grew. When he tilted the flask so that the broth reached the lowest point in the next, where any airborne particles would have settled, the broth rapidly became cloudy with life. Pasteur both disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and convinced that micro organisms are everywhere- even in air.

Louis Pasteur was a humanist, always working to the improvement of the human condition. He was a free man who never hesitated to take an issue with the prevailing yet false ideas of his time. All of his achievements point to a singular brilliance and perseverance in Pasteur's nature. He has protected millions of people from disease through his amazing work.

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Things Fall Apart

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Things Fall Apart

Things Fall Apart is a novel written by Chinua Achebe and is primarily set in the Igbo village of Umuofa in Eastern Nigeria. The novel is an attack on a perspective held almost universally in the West, and to some extend in Africa, that the pre- colonial era was a time of unsophisticated savagery. By focusing on the life of Okonkwo, in a story of the collapse of traditional life, Achebe is able to give readers a personal and meaningful insight into the richness of life in the Igbo society before the arrival of the British.

The narrative of Things Fall Apart is separated into three parts and concentrates to a very large degree on the fortunes of its main character, Okonkwo. Through mainly this character, every chapter within this novel enables the reader to learn a different/ new aspect of the Igbo society. In Chapter thirteen, which concludes part one of the novel, the reader learns about funeral rites as one of their clansmen die and also about local laws and punishment as Okonkwo accidentally kills one of their clansmen.

This chapter begins with the ekwe talking to the clansmen and awakens the village with the news that one of their most senior clansmen, Ezeudu, has died. It was the same old man who had warned Okonkwo earlier about harming Ikemefuna 'bear no hand in death.' Since Ezeudu was a great man, he was buried in all honours with the participation of the entire village. The funeral is very messy with people going berserk, slashing at trees, killing animals and threatening the villages. Guns were fired as part of the ceremony and speeches were made to celebrate the life of Ezeudu. 'The ancient drums of death beat, guns and cannon were fired, and men dashed about in frenzy, cutting down every tree or animal they saw, jumping over walls and dancing on the roof. It was a warrior's funeral' (p. 8). This demonstrates that the communal spirit is clearly involved.

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Later in this chapter we witness the very beginning of Okonkwo's downfall. In the last salute of gun and cannons in the funeral, 'Okonkwo's gun had exploded and a piece of iron had pierced the boy's heart' (p. 108). Nothing like this has ever happened in Umoufa before and although this incident was an accident but the reader cannot help associating it with Okonkwo's warrior qualities. It seemed to be like some sort of curse. Earlier Okonkwo had committed the sin of killing Ikemefuna who called Okonkwo 'father', despite Ezeudu's warning and now Okonkwo inadvertently kills the dead man's son. If there was a curse involved, it may be because Okonkwo is warlike and aggressive.

From this incident, the reader learns that in Umoufa murder within the clan leads to exile. There was also a distinction between the punishment for deliberate murder and accidental murder which the village classified as two kinds, male and female. Okonkwo had committed the female kind because the murder had been inadvertent therefore is banished for seven years, after which time he could return. Okonkwo and his family leave, fleeing to Mbanta, the land from which Okonkwo's mother came.

Although the female characters in the novel are merely background characters whose presence is referred to but not detailed in any important way, the importance of women in Africa is seen as Okonkwo flees to his mother's land. Achebe presents Mother Africa as nurturing, long suffering and forgiving. The day to day experiences of women have been discounted or ignored… that is until real trouble starts. This is seen as Okonkwo returns to his motherland; women become the bedrock of strength and stability. The view of women was one of the many issues that Achebe was writing against, as back then, African women had a very specific image in the colonial imagination. To the western society, tribal women were just seen as the very lower class of society and symbols of negative sexuality. The women just represented metaphoric images of the continent which quietly waited to be conquered, raped and dominated. Therefore Achebe demonstrated to the world how wrong the western world's views were.

Therefore under the covers of darkness, Okonkwo and his family leave the village. At dawn, tribal warriors arrive and destroy Okonkwo's compound and kills all his animals. This was not an act of hate but simply cleansing the land that Okonkwo had polluted with the blood of a clansman. This demonstrates to readers another ritual that had to be undertaken as a result of the crime committed. The Igbo society was highly sophisticated with ancient, complex rituals and a complicated and highly extensive judicial system.

The most significant aspect of Okonkwo's exile is the soul searching it causes Okonkwo's close friend, Obierika. He is left to ponder the complexities of custom 'Why should a man suffer so grievously for an offence he had committed so advertently' (p. 1) he asks himself as he is no longer satisfied with traditional answers. The traditional answers no longer seem adequate. He further remembers about his twin children whom he had to abandon in the evil forest. This being another ritual of the tribe. Obierika was a thinker, he had a reforming mind. It is in his character that the readers see that the traditional African world was not necessarily an unchanging one; rather it was dynamic and progressive with the ability to generate change.

Chapter thirteen, with Okonkwo's exile, concludes part one of the novel. Although it is only one chapter within this complex novel but it shows readers many different aspects of the life in Umoufa like funeral rites, and also law and punishment. It is also in this chapter that the beginning of Okonkwo's downfall is seen (although things begin to fall apart for him after he kills Ikemefuna.). Although, as seen in the accidental killing of Ezeudu's son, Okonkwo was unable to stop things falling apart, but Achebe has successfully given readers a more in depth knowledge of the value of those 'things'.

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The character of Iago in Othello

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Iago is perhaps one of the most intriguing and heinous villains in Shakespeare. Iago is on stage from the very beginning of the play Othello and he dominates and dictates the action from then onwards. Immediately, we observe how the plot of the play largely relies on the villain himself. In Act One Scene One, Iago shapes all of the events that are to come by duping the foolish Roderigo into calling upon Brabantio, a Venetian Senator, to inform him of his daughter Desdemona's misdoings "Call up her father,/Rouse him, make after him, poison his delight,/Proclaim him in the streets; incense her kinsmen…" It is upon Iago that the plot of the play relies; here Iago linguistically takes control.

Iago revels in his own intellectual prowess and the way that he so easily manipulates other characters. Iago is often funny, especially in his scenes with Roderigo, which serve as a showcase of Iago's manipulative abilities. In truth, we realise that Iago is indeed a very intelligent man, playing with his language and ideas to suit his situations. Iago uses his language to fool and persuade his 'sidekick' Roderigo, and persuade and manipulate others, namely Brabantio and Othello. Iago seems almost to wink at the audience as he takes pleasure from his own skill. As entertained spectators, we find ourselves on Iago's side when he is with Roderigo. We watch in fascination as Iago easily persuades his subordinate, "Lay they finger thus, and let thy soul be instructed. /Mark me with what violence she first loved the Moor, / but for bragging and telling her fantastical lies." We watch as Iago changes role completely to suit his situation, performing as a faithful servant in front of Othello and his attendants "Nine or ten times/ I had thought t'have yerked him [Roderigo] here under the ribs." Further, we are amazed at Iago's sarcasm when Desdemona, Iago, and Iago's wife, Emilia, arrive in Cyprus, Cassio welcomes Emilia with a kiss, then says to Iago, "Let it not gall your patience, good Iago, / That I extend my manners; 'tis my breeding / That gives me this bold show of courtesy" . Cassio is making a big point of what a charmer he is, but Iago sarcastically and intelligently punctures his balloon with a joke "Sir, would she give you so much of her lips / As of her tongue she oft bestows on me, / You would have enough" . If Emilia kissed Cassio as much as she nags Iago, Cassio would have more than enough kissing. Here the audience is also surprised by Iago's complete disrespect of Desdemona and Emilia by saying such things in front of them.

The interactions between Iago and Roderigo also reveal Iago's distorted sense of honesty and his clear and easy admittance to this. At the end of Act One, Scene Three, Iago implicitly confirms our suspicions that he is using Roderigo for money and his own purposes "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse". Yet Roderigo is so void of intelligence he is easily manipulated by Iago's persuasive language and does not see this. Further, when Iago explains to Roderigo that he hates Othello, Roderigo wonders why Iago is still working for Othello. Iago then goes on to explain that hes a hypocrite, who is only pretending loyalty to Othello. He is not like those men who loyally serve their masters all their lives and then are fired when theyre too old to work. "Whip me such honest knaves", Iago contemptuously exclaims. It appears that Iago has no qualms in admitting to his scheming behaviour, indeed it appears that as Iago continues to spin his plot he takes pleasure in knowing the pain that he will inflict on those around him "I have't. It is engendered. Hell and night/ Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light." It is all the more distressing for the audience, therefore, to observe how Iago manipulates his characters, and how Othello still continues to trust his Ancient. Othello exclaims "A man he is of honesty and trust" as he appoints Iago to deliver documents from the Senate in Act One Scene Three. Later, Othello entrusts Iago with the responsibility of escorting Desdemona to Cyprus, and asks him to have Iagos wife be her companion. He says, "Honest Iago, / My Desdemona must I leave to thee / I prithee, let thy wife attend on her / And bring them after in the best advantage" . At the end of the scene, when Iago is hatching his plan against Othello, he comments that "The Moor is of a free and open nature, / That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, / And will as tenderly be led by the nose / As asses are". In Cyprus, observing the joyous reunion of Othello and Desdemona, Iago says to himself that he will wreck the lovers harmony "O, you are well tuned now! / But Ill set down the pegs that make this music, / As honest as I am". Iago knows that Othello considers him honest, and his planning on using that in his dishonest plans. Iago also knows that Othello himself is too trusting and this could be easily used to Iago's advantage. This again is an example of his manipulative and plotting abilities, vital to his villainous character.

Although we observe clearly how Iago manipulates those around him, his motivation for such villainy is less clear. From the outset we learn that the promotion of Cassio, rather than himself, to the position of Lieutenant, is the catalyst for his machinations "One Michael Cassio, a Florentine -/A fellow almost damned in fair wife -/That never set a squadron in the field, /Nor the division of a battle knows/ More than a spinster." However, we soon see that Iago attempts to find other reasons for his actions, and other reasons for disliking the noble Othello. At the end of Act One, Scene Three, Iago decides that he thinks Othello may have slept with his wife, Emilia "It is thought abroad that twixt my sheets / He has done my office". Iago mentions this suspicion again explaining that he lusts after Desdemona ("Now, I do love her too;") because he wants to get even with Othello "wife for wife". Throughout, the audience is also led to believe that Iago may dislike Othello's skin colour, and subsequently his race, culture, and background. Iago repeatedly uses beastly vulgarity to describe the sexual relationship between Othello and Desdemona, highlighting his dislike for Othello's colour. He shouts out to Brabantio that "Even now, now, very now, an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe". Moments later, he yells to Brabantio, "youll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse; youll have your nephews neigh to you; youll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans" . In short, if Brabantio doesnt do something, his whole family will be nothing but horses. Brabantio, who can only hear Iago, not see him, asks who he is, and Iago replies, "I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs". These interactions not only show the audience Iago's motivations, they again display in full Iago's masterful linguistic techniques.

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However, it could be argued that Iago has a true lack of convincing motivation for his actions, and this could indeed be his most terrible characteristic. None of his claims, his beliefs over the promotion of Cassio, Othello and Emilia, and his own lusting for Desdemona, seems to adequately explain Iago's deep hatred of Othello, and Iago's lack of motivation'or his inability or unwillingness to express his true motivation'makes his actions all the more terrifying. He is willing to take revenge on anyone'Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Roderigo, even Emilia'at the slightest provocation and enjoys the pain and damage he causes. At the closure of Act Two, Scene One, it even appears that Iago is simply pulling at straws to give himself reasons to dislike Othello and carry out his mischievous deeds, he even jumps to believing Cassio has slept with Emilia, crying "For I fear Cassio with my night-cap too-", the audience is left completely unconvinced and outraged by Iago's lack of true motivation for his actions, and yet at the same time the audience is compelled and drawn in by this curious character.

As he attempts to develop his reasoning behind his actions, Shakespeare further shows how it could be argued that Iago does not have a clear plan to bring about the destruction of Othello, but adapts and amends his plotting in response to opportunity. At the close of Act One Iago begins to formulate his plans, ("How? How? Let's see./After some time, to abuse Othello's ear/ That he is too familiar with his wife…"), at the end of Act Two, Scene One, Iago decides to manipulate Othello's open nature to imply Desdemonda's infidelity, yet his plans are still in their infancy, as he suggests that his ideas are in his mind, "but yet confus'd." Iago has the ability to plan as he goes along and take advantage of situations to suit his purposes; it has been suggested that Iago is Machiavellian. However such a perilous unwinding of events again leads the audience to believe that even Iago does not know what or why he is doing what he is doing, and perhaps he just dislikes Othello for no clear or valid reason at all.

However, one aspect of Iago's character is very clear, and this is his high opinion of himself. In order to prove to Roderigo that he hates Othello, Iago comments, "I know my price, I am worth no worse a place", he feels he deserved to be Lieutenant. Later in the same scene, still explaining his hatred of Othello, Iago praises those who serve their masters only for their own purposes. He says that "when they have lin'd their coats," they "Do themselves homage" . We would call such persons embezzlers, but Iago sees them in another light "These fellows have some soul; / And such a one do I profess myself". At the closure of Act One, Scene Three, it is perfectly clear that Iago considers himself vastly superior to Roderigo "For I mine own gain'd knowledge should profane, / If I would time expend with such a snipe. / But for my sport and profit" . A snipe is a bird notorious for its flightiness and its tendency to run right into traps. Amusingly, when describing Cassio to the audience, we realize that he is in fact painting a perfect picture of himself "a slipper and subtle knave, a finder out of occasions;/ that has an eye can stamp and counterfeit advantages,/ though true advantage never present itself; a devilish/ knave!". Throughout, Iago depicts himself as being vastly superior to most that surround him, and more worthy of the position of lieutenant than Cassio himself, although we know just how noble and worthy Cassio is. This aspect of Iago's character adds dramatic tension and excitement, we the audience are aware of things that the characters are not.

Furthermore, Iago is developed as a character that holds a general hatred of women. Iago does not believe in love, only lust "It is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will." It could be suggested that he views relationships as merely existing for sexual purposes; his language in Act Two, Scene Three shows his vulgarity "What an eye she has! Methinks it sounds a parley to provocation." Although Iago admits to lusting after Desdemona, he severely lowers her respectability in his own and Roderigo's eyes, suggesting that Desdemona will be easily bored with Othello and will wish to move on for a new sexual partner "Her delicate tenderness will find itself abused, begin to heave the gorge, disrelish and/ abhor the Moor. Very nature will instruct her in it and/ compel her to some second choice." Iago even explicitly voices his views on women, in a jovial manner, in front of Desdemona and Emilia "you are pictures out of doors, / bells in your parlours, / wild-cats in your kitchens, saints/ in your injuries, devils being offended, players in your/ housewifery, and housewives in your beds." Suggesting that women are on best behaviour in public but wild inside, and hussies in their beds, the audience is shown Iago's poor view of women. Iago believes that stupid yet beautiful women will always get their way "She never yet was foolish that was fair, /For even her folly helped her to an heir". The audience is often amused by Iago's outbursts on love and women, but simultaneously we wonder if these opinions have helped to develop Iago's bitter character and outlook upon people, and even whether these views are reason for his villainy.

So far, we have seen that Iago is Othello's Ensign, and the perpetrator of evil and fallacy in this play. He finds pleasure in destroying happiness and therefore plots to ruin many lives. Yet, it does not appear that Iago has true reason for this catastrophic destruction of people thus far. However, he still chooses to go about manipulating characters through his use of language, whilst holding himself in high esteem and harbouring a general disgust for women and love, all to serve his bitter and vengeful purposes.

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