Alienation uncovered

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This study examined a subtype of teenagers- high school students (N= 40) and their alienation from society. The various aspects and reasons of alienation within teenagers were determined from their self-assessments in the form of completing a survey. The students perceived themselves as feeling left out blaming mainly their hectic schedule that prevents other social interactions. However, responses to specific questions in the survey showed that the main reasons for this alienation were extreme competition and materialistic goals; personal reasons somewhat played a role too. These findings are similar to past research papers suggesting that the major causes of teen alienation has more to do with coping with the competition and fulfilling materialistic goals as opposed to their personal choices of isolating themselves.

Alienation, also referred to as social isolation, is a lack of connectedness or a clinical disease causing depression and loneliness and has been a key area of interest for social scientists. Alienation exists among all kinds of people regardless of their age, sex and race; it exists among housewives, working women, the elderly and the men (Jain, 16). Teen alienation, however, has become a growing concern. Alienation can be caused by the individual, who tend to seek social isolation because of his/her personal reasons (Boeree, 00). However, external factors like the growing competition of the globalizing world and people's cravings for materialistic possessions, are responsible for bringing about alienation as well (Jain, 10; Eddy, 001; Pagano, 000). Teen alienation is the growing cause of violence in school, drug abuse and an increase in the number of juvenile delinquents (Seeman, 1). To help researchers clarify the meaning of teen isolation and its effects, it is important that the causes are recognized and this study was a small attempt to initiate that. The hypothesis of this study is that In today's world, materialistic goals and extreme competition are the main causes of alienation of an individual, as opposed to any change within that individual stimulated by external (death of a loved one, moving to a new country, etc.) or internal (a realization or choice) factors.

In order to prove this hypothesis four possible causes of alienation were identified. The first one, materialistic goals include securing a highly paid job, in order to keep up the living standard and social status; an obsession with money; a tendency to always prioritize one's job over social interactions. The second cause extreme competition is accompanied by frustration and dissatisfaction; tending not to trust people and choosing to be lonely rather than to face the competition. The third cause internal factors include a personal choice, which mainly depends on the individual's personality. Lastly, external factors are those, which force an individual to isolate oneself and might include religious/cultural restrictions, or any kind of change which is not brought about by the individual. A survey with seventeen questions was composed, aimed at teenagers, to find the causes of their alienation. The variable chosen was different high school situations/events (Prom, Student Council elections, juggling school and work etc.). The study, therefore, basically deals with the society's versus the individual's contribution towards alienation and the rationale behind it is to identify alienation and solve its related problems, since it's giving rise to concerning issues such as bullying and other offences. [" I think the biggest problem we have is the amount of alienation and rage in our young people," (Paige, 001)]. Finding out the reasons behind this alienation might bring us one step closer to solving the problems associated with it; this is the main goal of this study.

Method

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In order to test the hypothesis, a survey was conducted. It consisted of 17 questions, most of them being relevant to the topic and two distracter questions. [A copy of the survey is attached to the appendix]. The questions were all multiple choice and it was set up in way that answer a. showed materialistic goals being the cause of alienation; answer b. was about extreme competition; answer c. was about an internal factor; answer d. was an external factor; answer e. was left as a final option "other". The survey was conducted among 40 high school teenagers, the majority being students of Georges Vanier Secondary School (on June , 00). The rest were conducted at Fairview Mall Library (on June , 00), among members of the same age group. While conducting the survey, the students were assured full confidentiality and they were given the option of not completing the survey if they didn't wish to. The topic of survey was not disclosed to ensure genuine responses.

Results

The results are summarized below. Those included here are the ones that closely relate to the hypothesis.

The first question asked how often does he/she feel left out or alone. In response to that, 5% said "all the time"; 17.5% said "most of the time"; 7.5% said "sometimes"; 7.5% said "once in a while" and 1.5% said "never".

To the 5 people who didn't answer "never" to the first questions, the second question asked, "What do you think is the reason for this loneliness? 7.1% said that they were engaged otherwise in school and work and couldn't spend time with their family and friends, which caused them to be lonely at times. 17.1% said that they felt that the people around them were better and instead of getting frustrated by being around them, they'd rather be left alone. 8.6% said that they didn't get along with the people around them. The rest (7.1%) chose other and included reasons such as the people were too fake or formal making them uncomfortable or that they didn't have anything in common with them.

The third question was "Do you feel that sometimes you can't relate to your friends' behaviour?" Out of the 40 people surveyed, 65% said yes to that; 0% said no and 15% didn't know. The next question "why do you think this happens?" included responses from 6 people, 6.% of whom said that their friends were culturally different. 46.% said that those people were not comfortable in doing things that were done as a group. 7.7% said that they were extremely obedient of their parents, which didn't allow them to do certain things and thus alienate themselves. 1.% included other reasons such as they had different personalities or didn't get the jokes etc.

The next question was "Suppose you decided not to go to Prom. What might affect your decision?" A whopping 4.5% said that it was a waste of time and money. 15% said that if they didn't go, the reason would be that they wouldn't look as good as everybody else. 5% said that since all you do there is eat and dance, they wouldn't really enjoy themselves. 7.5% said that a religious, cultural or family restriction might prevent them from going. 10% said that they'd rather go clubbing or watch TV.

The next question was "Was there ever a time that you went to a party and felt lonely? If yes, then why?" 50% people said yes to the first part. Among those people, 5% identified the reason being that they kept on thinking how much studying they have to do after going back home and hence didn't enjoy the party that much. 5% felt that the other guys or girls at the party had a higher popularity status, which made them insecure and alienated. 5% couldn't adapt to the atmosphere. 15% isolated themselves because people were smoking, drinking and gossiping and they wanted no part in it.

When asked whether they try to stay out of romantic relationships or not, 5% said yes; 7.5% said no and 7.5% said sometimes. People who said yes or sometimes (5) were asked the reason for this. 5 said that they had better things to do like focus on their studies to get a well-paid job. 4% said that they couldn't bear a broken heart caused by a third person. 8% said that they'd rather spend more time with family and friends since relationships were a hassle. Lastly, 16% said that it was against their religious or cultural beliefs which is why, they would stay out of a relationship.

The next question was "You decided not to run for a position on your Student Council because" I'd rather focus on my studies to go to a good university and secure a well-paid job (45%); I don't think I can bear losing in the elections (0%); I personally think that I don't have the qualities of a politician (7.5%); people might not vote for me because I am not popular enough and there's no point in embarrassing myself (7.5%). The rest (0%) said that they hated SAC and therefore, would not have anything to do with it.

The next question asked the students to rate themselves from 1 to 5 regarding how social they were. 1.5% rated themselves 1; another 1.5% rated themselves . 7.5% got the rating ; 0% rated themselves 4 and 17.5% rated themselves 5. People who rated themselves 1 and (10 people) were asked why they weren't that social. 0% said that they didn't want to face the popularity contest or competition for power at a party or in a club; 10% said that they didn't get along with the people there which was the main reason for their alienation. The other options were "parties are a waste of time. I'd rather make some money" and "my friends don't like that group, hence I didn't join even if I wanted to".

The next question was "Have you ever missed out on a family occasion or event because of your job?" 1.5% said yes they have because missing out a day of work might hamper their promotion or a raise. 0% said that they have since they would get fire otherwise and it's difficult to get another job. 45% said that no they haven't missed out any family occasion because of their job, since family was more important to them. 7.5% said that they were lucky that a replacement was found and they decided to take a break by attending that occasion. The rest 5% didn't have a job.

The next question was "Feeling lonely is sometimes associated with bigger university or college campuses, but I might choose to go there because" They have a good image which will give me a good job (5%); the competition will make me work harder (0%); I feel that I'll learn more from the different people and resources (7.5%); my parents/teachers/friends are recommending that campus (7.5%). The rest 10% said 'the bigger the better'.

The last question asked was "Suppose you are a new immigrant here in Canada. What might cause you to isolate yourself from the society here?" 5% said that they planned to focus on their studies (the main reason for them to be here) and therefore, would isolate themselves from everything else. 5% said that they didn't think that they would fit in; they would therefore be left alone rather than make a fool out of themselves. 10% didn't want to compromise their values by conforming to a group. 5% said that the people around them might be hostile and that might discourage them to socialize. 5% said that their language barrier would act as the alienating agent.

Discussion

The survey results showed interesting aspects of teen alienation, where some contradictions were detected. This might be because of the high school atmosphere where students want to rush through something that's of least importance like a survey! However, the results more or less seemed to support the hypothesis.

A large percentage of the students said that they felt left out at least once in a while and a comparatively larger portion of the group identified the reason being their hectic schedule, which allows them to spend less time with family and friends. This hectic schedule is directed towards the competition where everyone is trying to win! Majority of the people surveyed said that there were times that they couldn't relate to their friends' behaviour and a little less than half identified the reason being that they were not comfortable in doing certain things that the group does. This contradicts my hypothesis a little, since this is more of a personal reason, that one related to competition or materialistic goals. Half of the students admitted that they had felt left out at a party at least once in their lifetime and quite a large percentage identified the reason being that they couldn't mingle because they thought that the other girls and guys had a higher popularity status. This points to the extreme competition, which might cause an individual to isolate oneself.

Materialistic goals were very prominent when some students said that they would miss out on something as important as their Prom, because it was a waste of time and money, which was the reason for most of them. A few people said that they try to stay out of romantic relationships all the time and some more try to do it sometimes, mainly because they'd rather focus on studying and getting a good job. Others thought that relationships were a hassle- an internal factor (the next leading cause, as shown by the results). About half the students said that they'd rather focus on their studies to secure a well-paid job instead of running for a position on the student council. This shows how teenagers isolate themselves from getting involved and making a change in school, owing to their materialistic goals.

Some people said that they were not very social (those that rated themselves 1 and ). The main reason was that they didn't want to face the popularity contest by joining a club or going to a party (a huge majority). This clearly shows that extreme competition might cause a person to alienate oneself, rather than facing the competition. Even though loneliness is sometimes associated with bigger campuses, a lot of them said that they would go there because of the name, which will get them a well-paid job. This too, points out the materialistic goals of people and how they are contributing to a person's social isolation.

All these results clearly support my hypothesis that materialistic goals and extreme competition are the main reasons for the alienation of an individual as opposed to any internal or external factors. This has been best described in Jain's article Private hells published in 10 where the author says " The corporate world, where the winds of change are blowing even stronger since liberalization become the breeding ground for the virus. The man at the top has built an impenetrable moat around him. Colleagues are more likely to be rivals, if not enemies. We deliberately create our own empire of loneliness." Some scientists say that automatic sorting among athletic and non-athletic students at school (an external factor) might leave the non-athletic boys out in the cold with nicknames like 'geek', 'nerd', 'kooky' or 'uncool'. This ultimately leads to teasing and taunting- one of the ways cliques reinforce themselves (Bowman, 001). However other scientists have observed that "as we approach the limits of our ability to deal with the complexities of life, we begin to experience a state of anxiety and alienation. We tend to approach or avoid. Increasingly we deal with the hyperculture cacophony by cocooning- the cost of such disconnection is a day-to-day lack of civility and humanity." (Carducci, 000). Other studies show that one-fifth of teens in America fall in the "high alienation" category. A significant number of them wish they were somebody else. This lack of sense of belonging leads to suicide or violence. These previous studies only reinforce the hypothesis of this study. These findings are important because by identifying the reasons, social scientists can come up with the solutions to the increasing level of social isolation and help people connect with each other more, by prioritizing social interactions more than their materialistic goals.

Please note that this sample paper on Alienation uncovered is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Alienation uncovered, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Alienation uncovered will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Database System with Oracle

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Databases have been around for a while and each year new developments and types are born. All databases are not created equal and in order to develop database driven applications successfully and on time, you need to understand exactly what your particular database can do and how it does it.

In this new era of computer applications and modern technological advances, databases have play an important role in finances, companies, enterprises, small business and other just to name a few. Database management is the core arrangement of data for an organization to keep the data organized, clean and easy to manage. Since technology has evolved so much from old times to this new era, new database companies have also emerge. Few of these companies are Microsoft SLQ Server, MySQL, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Microsoft Access, Microsoft FoxPro, DB and many others that engage the database business.

Oracle is designed to be a very portable database. It could be implemented in Microsoft Windows, UNIX, and the OS/0 Mainframe. On UNIX, Oracle is implemented as a single, threaded process, which is the appropriate implementation mechanism on this platform.

There's a clean and vital connection between the oracle DBA's functions and those of the UNIX (or windows) administrator in your organization. Your database and the database software will be running on a physical UNIX (or Windows/Linux) server and will be run on a UNIX (or windows/Linux) operating system. Depending on the size of your organization and the role within it, you may need anywhere from a basic to a thorough understanding of UNIX system administration.

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There are many challenges developing a multi-user database , one of the key challenges in developing multi-user, database-driven applications is to maximize concurrent access, but at the same time, to ensure that each user is able to read and modify the data in a consistent fashion.

All work in a relational database is essentially performed through the use of a database language called Structure Queue Language (SQL). SQL is an English-like language that enables you to manipulate data in a database. SQL statements can be divided into two major categories data definition language (DDL) and data manipulation language (DML). DDL statements are used to built and alter database structures such as tables. Database schemas are defined and constructed using DDL statements. DML statements are used to manipulate data in the database table. With DML statements you can delete, update, and insert tuples that are part of a relation.

Transactions are one of the features that set a database apart from a file system. In a file system, if you are in the middle of writing a file and the operating system crashes, this file is likely to be corrupted. It is true there are file systems, and the like, which may be able to recover your file to some point in time. This is the main purpose of transactions in the database; they take the database from one consistent state to the next. That is their job.

Relationships shows how many instances of one entity can be relate on an instance of another entity. There are three types of database relationships.

-One-to-one relationship For example, an employee works in only on department. A department employs one and only one employee. It is very unusual to find a true one to one relationship in the real world, and they are normally used to split tables for security reasons.

-One-to-many relationships For example, an entity called customer can check out many books from a library. One and only one customer can borrow each book. So, the entity customer and the entity book have a one to many relationships. Off course, the relationship may not exist if you have a customer who has not yet borrowed a book. So the relationship is actually "one customer may borrow none, one, or many books."

-Many-to-many relationships As an example, let's take an entity called Movie Start and an entity called Movie. Each Movie Start can start in several Movies, and each Movie may have several Movies Starts. In real life, a many to many relationship is broken down usually into a simpler one to many relationship, which happens to be the pre-dominant form of "cardinality" in the relationships between entities.

A primary key is a filed or a combination of fields (columns, to be accurate) that uniquely identify each record or row. A primary key is the candidate key that's chosen to serve as the unique identifier (UID) for that entity (or table). Keys are vital when you come to the point of physical building of the entity models, and are from among the attributes of the entity that you chose a primary key. It is common to use social security number because it is obvious that every person has a unique social security number. If there is not appropriate field you can chose as a primary key, you can use system-generate numbers to uniquely identify your rows. A primary key most be unique and present in every row of the table to maintain the validity of the data.

Object Database Management Systems (ODBMS) are still not at the point were they can seriously compete with traditional relational databases for several reasons. The relational model and the object model refer to two different streams in data modeling, and a newer extension of the relational model has come forth to bridge the gap between the two. This new model is the object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), and Oracle has adopted this ODBMS model since Oracle 8 version of its server software.

Oracle defines the i version (as well as the 8i version) of its database server as an ORDBMS.

The relational model has several limitations. One of the biggest problems with the relational model is its limited capability to represent real-world entities, which are much more complex than what can be represented in tuples and in relations.

The object model is base primarily on object-oriented programming languages such as C++, Java, and Smalltalk. ODBMS are created by combining database capabilities to object oriented programming languages.

The object relational model (ORDBMS) attempts to combine the best that relational model have to offer while adding as much of the objects-oriented methodology as possible.

Oracle with Experts.

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Nunya

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Cynthia Dawson (Digulimio), born in Gainesville Florida on leap year of 184 and moved to a small town in Mississippi at the age of 4.

By the age of nine she was busy performing at fairs, festivals, benefits and churches. It was in Mississippi where Cynthia became interested in Southern Gospel and Country Music. At the age of 1 she recorded a tape entitled I Call Him Lord.

While living in Mississippi Cynthia opened for Squire Parsons. She also opened for Jeff and Sherri Easter, and Michael English after placing first in The Masters Quartet gospel talent search. Also after being the youngest ever winner in the talent search at The Spirit of the Suwannee she opened for quartets such as The Dixie Echoes, Florida Boys and more. Cynthia also represented Mississippi at the National 4-H convention held in San Antonio, Texas.

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After returning to Florida in 1, Cynthia became interested in Contemporary Christian Music and continued in Country Music.

She opened for Juice Newton at The Villages in Lady Lake, Florida and also did a Christmas Concert at their Church on the Square.

After showcasing at The Starrs Showcase in Orlando Fla. she met with members of Creative Focus Management Group. Cynthia has been working with manager Terry Hudson, producer Bill Warner, and his wife Kirsti Manna (songwriter of countrys hit song Austin). Cynthia has been performing and recording original material written and co-written by Kirsti and a CD is in the works. Bill and Kirsti are also presenting Cynthia performing this material to major record labels in Nashville.

The showcase also opened opportunity for Cynthia to open at Sea World for Lee Greenwood, and Grandfunk Railroad. She also performed the Contemporary Christian song Redeemer at their first two Praise Waves during the finale at the Shamu show focusing on the creation story. The past two years she has performed the National Anthem at Sea Worlds Naturalization Ceremonies.

On October 17 the first airing of Cynthias TLC, makeover was shown featuring her as Darlin Diva changing from Cynthia Digulimio to Cynthia Dawson at the Starrs Showcase this time as a guest entertainer.

Recently Cynthia has filmed local talent show Connect Zone with Thundercommunications. She has stayed busy performing at local fairs and events. Cynthia will be performing at the Daytona Opry and has been invited back to open for Keith Urban, John Michael Montgomery, Tommy Shane Steiner, and Darryl Worley at Sea Worlds Bud and BBQ in March 00.

Cynthias desire is to be in the center of Gods will for her life, without Him there is no true success.

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Thomas Jefferson a federlist?

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Thomas Jefferson was the rd president of the United States. He was best known for his help towards the Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence and Father of the Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson was far from a federalist and disagreed with the majority of their decisions. However, he did adapt to their strategies when he saw them to be the better efficiency for the nation he was serving. Throughout his presidency, Jefferson proved to be a truly exceptional individual and demonstrated numerous ways that set him out to be true blue to the Democratic-Republican Party.

During Jefferson's presidency , he conveyed many transformations throughout the White House, as well as the government. He preferred to ride his own horse rather than journey in a fancy coach, resulting from his belief in a "wise and frugal government. Jefferson also thought that no one should be superior to another when dining at the table, so he inducted in a round table into the White House. Contrasting both of the former presidents, who were inclined to amusing their guests in a preferably flamboyant manner. Jefferson choose to be more prudent when amusing his guests. Jefferson was a strong advocate in the power of the "common people" and felt that they were capable of running a government. For this reason he fought and managed to abolish the whiskey tax and other Federalist excises which pleased the drinkers, grain farmers, and backwoods distillers. Jefferson is also credited for

ratifying the Embargo act of 1807 which bared the export of all goods from the United States. He believed that by doing this the warring powers would obtain admiration for America's rights. Europe, who was reliant on the raw materials that the United States had and with the military being powerless, Jefferson was hoping for a win-win scenario but instead it ended up harming the states and not the French or the British. In result of this the states were considering leaving the Union. This act was revoked in 180 and the Non-Intercourse Act was passed which reopened the trade routes with everyone except France and Great Britain. The states no longer considered departing from the Union.

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Jefferson like many, believed that if employees or worker didn't view things the way you viewed them then you were to discharge or get rid of them. Jefferson sought for the Federalists, to mess up somehow or other, giving him the opportunity to put them in their rightful place. When Jeffers couldn't securely sub out the parties by person he did away with the whole office just as he did with the revoke of the Judiciary Act of 1801. Jefferson focused on the new and got rid of the old.

In the beginning of Jefferson's second term he faced trouble within the republican party. Jefferson forced himself to thrust his Republican philosophies in every aspect possible, such as banning the Foreign Slave trade as of 1808, but, once more, the war between England and France furnished Jefferson with a condition that would call for him to act against his own values, and seek the best interest of the Nation. France and Britain had been at war in Europe for a number of years, with France ruling the continent and England controlling the seas. For sometime, the U.S. managed to trade successfully with both countries, however when France and Britain decided to adopt laws ("Orders if Council" and "The Continental System") which was, to keep the U.S. from trading with their foe and holding our ships if we did so. Britain also begin to halt our America vessels at sea and "impressing" our seamen. Though the public wanted war, Jefferson make an effort for a serene solution instead of the Embargo Act of 1807.In order to get pass act, he once again had to twist his Republican values and broadly construe the Constitution that the power to "regulate" commerce was also the power to prohibit commerce.

Please note that this sample paper on Thomas Jefferson a federlist? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Thomas Jefferson a federlist?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Thomas Jefferson a federlist? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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1.Who were the liberal reformers who were influential in the establishment of arbitration? Why did they favour this form of industrial regulation and how did trade unions and employers respond?

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In a time of social unrest and industrial action was becoming a common place. A few sort to rectify the problem. These liberal reformers included Charles Kingston, Alfred Deakin and Justice Higgins who were influential in bringing about the establishment of arbitration. This paper will discuss what these liberal reformers did to establish arbitration and why did they favour this type of form of industrial regulation. Also, what the response was of employers and unions to this type of industrial regulation.

Charles Kingston is considered the pioneer behind the arbitration. Seeing the need for a system that would end the industrial strikes he first attempt an industrial conciliation and arbitration legislation in 184 as a means of preventing and settling industrial strife. However, the Act was not a success due to the trade unions not registering under this act. The next attempt was to include a clause in the constitution relating to arbitration powers, which was include in the constitution. His final attempt was the conciliation and arbitration bill of 10. However, disagreement broke out regarding the inclusion of British and foreign seamen who employed in the Australian coastal trades (Playford Vol ). Finally, Charles Kingston resigned form ministry and the bill gained royal assent in December 104, now known as the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 104.

Alfred Deakin was a most harden supporter of 'New' protection. Described by Alfred Deakin himself in Gollan as

"The 'Old' protection contented itself with making good wages possible. The 'New' protection seeks to make them actual. It aims at the manufacturer that degree of exemption from unfair outside competition, which enable him to pay fair and reasonable wages without impairing the maintenance and extension of his industry, or its capacity to supply the local market. It does not stop. Having put the manufacturers in a position to pay good wages, it goes to assure the public that he does pay them." (160 p165).

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Deakin used this 'New' protection to introduce a series of protective legislation including arbitration. Collaborating with Charles Kingston to introduce the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill.

Justice Higgins is considered the father of arbitration. As a Victorian radical, he with Charles Kingston were responsible for the clause relation to the arbitration powers of the Commonwealth. Gollan indicates that Higgins was firstly opposed to the first draft of the constitution saying, "the machinery of the Government should be mobile and free from complications and embarrassing restrictions"(160 p18). This relates to the first draft of the constitution that did not relate to the interests of the working class and ultimately all classes in the country. Higgins would then go on to sit on the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration.

Liberalism in short is independence and the way these liberal reformers would obtain independence was through economic prosperity of Australia. For arbitration to be accepted steps had to be taken to guarantee economic prosperity. Which at the time in the 180's was becoming derailed by the great depression and associated strikes of the era. So in order to stop these disruptions Deakin drew up a new social contract. This new social contract is described by Robert Leach "labour would receive award wages; the state would be the great independent mediator in the best corporate (or guiding) state tradition; this would be backed by a class alliance between white capitalist business and white male labour; Australian business would receive protection" (00 p8).

The new social contract did not end there. Free trade was a looming just overhead and big business needed protection. Deakin used this to his advantage and by offering protection he insured the success of arbitration. Robert Leach illustrates,

"Free trade would also mean the destruction of the local national capitalist by foreign capitalism. National capitalism, or locally based big business, needed the state to protect it and wanted labour demands to be reasonable (or, as some argued, to be slowed). Arbitration would do this. Protection and industrial arbitration and conciliation became the norms as local capital and right wing trade unions and labour politicians found a mutual interest in its existence"(00 p)

Not only was free trade protection used as a bargaining chip for the implementation of arbitration so was protection of white Australian labour. The Deakin administration also implemented the Immigration Restriction Act 101 which "had attempted to ensure that indentured labour would not be imported and that coloured labour would not seek to enter Australia to the detriment of employment conditions of white labour"(186 p51). Also, along with this Act was the Defence Act of 10, which deterred illegal aliens from entering the county.

The final nail in the coffin in gaining support for arbitration was the Customs Tariff Act of 10 and the Excise Tariff Act of 106. These Acts are put in place to protect local manufacturers from adverse overseas competition on the condition they paid fair and equitable wages.

With all of these steps in place Deakin gained support for the arbitration in the constitution and later the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 104. Therefore, the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration established the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, this court exercised judicial and arbitral powers. The court was able to create new rights and obligation for employers and employees by making awards which defined the terms and conditions of employment. (History of Regulation) This court could also intervene to interpret awards, order compliance of awards and intervene in any industrial action or dispute between employers, unions and employees that may affect the economic prosperity of the country.

The employer response to arbitration is one that is closely related to those of the resulting strikes about the minimum wage before arbitration. The employers immediately lead to the formation of employer groups. Plowman illustrates this on page 588 " the fact that arbitration legislation provided for standing rather than ad hoc tribunals, together with the legal protection afforded unions under legislation, forced employers to form permanent associations, which fragmented once their raison d'etre had cease to exist. Employer and trade associations further responded by federating at the state levels to form employer federations" (186). This brought into being the Associated Chambers of manufacturing of Australia in 10 and Central Council of Employers of Australia in 104.

These new employer organisations were anti-labour and used political lobbying and legal action to limit the impact of compulsory arbitration. Some of the methods used by employer association to disrupt compulsory arbitration are illustrated by Patmore pg 110 stating "Employers also frustrated the system by encouraging the registration of bogus unions, refusing to register their own associations and using legal representation to slow down procedures and increase union costs. They reduced the impact of awards by strategies such as subcontracting and installing new labour saving machinery.'(11).

As in the rest of the country were employer association were weakening compulsory arbitration so was New South Wales. "Employers tried to weaken the federal arbitration system through legal challenges. Before 11 they were assisted a High Court dominated by judges who adopted a restrictive interpretation of Commonwealth powers. Between 107 and 11 employers successfully challenged the 'New Protection', the common rule and the registration of craft unions"(Patmore 11, p115). However this did not last long, with the death of a judge and the Fisher government replacing them with three pro-federal judges in 11. Employer's victories diminished and some decisions overturned.

Employer association increased the pressure on the government by lobbing state premiers. "In 115 the Council of Employers was further involved in lobbying sate premiers to ensure that they did not legislate to hand over industrial powers to the commonwealth as promised in that years premiers conference" (Plowman 186 p601). However, employer lost a lot of power with the introduction of section 1AA of the Conciliation and Arbitration Act, which reduced employer's ability to challenge the court finding in any industrial dispute.

With the introduction of compulsory arbitration in 104, trade unionists took a novel response to it. The faith in a system of compulsory arbitration was weakened and unions decide they could have it both ways. Laffer indicates, "For a particular trade union, consideration of the relative advantages of (a) compulsory arbitration, or (b) collective bargaining backed by the threat of strike" (171 p100). To use the arbitration system unions had to register to qualify for legal representation. However it started slow, Bennett depicts

"The period of 105-110 there were 61 successful applications for union registration as compared with 116 for the period 111-10. The limited impact of the system on Australia industrial relations was partly due to the successful campaign waged by employers against the legislation in the courts"(14 p).

After registration, they were eligible to acquire a legally enforceable award if the unions were involved in an industrial dispute that extends beyond the limits of the state.

Even though there was strong support of the union for compulsory arbitration, New South Wales experience was one of delayed claims and curbed militancy. This created dissatisfaction and some unions tried to alter the system

In New South Wales the legislation created an outcry in the trade union movement. "Unionists criticised the extensive penal powers for enforcing awards and preventing strikes. They also condemned the legislation for undermining trade unionism, since it allowed associations of at least twenty workers, as well as registered industrial trade unions, to apply to the wages board."(Patmore 11, p111). The labour council of New South Wales reacted by advising all unions to ignore the Act and rely of industrial action to achieve 'fair and reasonable' wages.

But it was not until the end of World War I the difference between the unions and arbitration became extremely evident. The most serious was industrial action taken by the Seaman's Union in 11, which resorted to direct action and repudiated arbitration. Bennett describes

"The strike lasted for over three months and involved ,000 seamen. It was claimed that 5,000 workers of the Victorian manufacturing industry were thrown out of work, as were ,000 coalminers in New South Wales, there were marches on parliament and report that shortages of goods had produced illness and chaos in the remote communities of western Australia and Queensland. The strike was finally settled by around table conference where the employers granted the bulk of the unions demands" (14 p).

The government by passed the arbitration system using the industrial Peace Act 10 where power to set up special tribunal in single industrial disputes. These special tribunals have since been used to settles disputes with powerful groups of workers such as miners, seamen, wharf labourers and pilots.

In conclusion, the Liberal reformers such as Charles Kingston, Alfred Deakin and Justice Higgins used Conciliation and Arbitration to solve issues such as social unrest, industrial action and economic prosperity. They favoured this form of industrial regulation because it gave the decision making power of solving strikes, wage disputes and terms and conditions of employment in the hands of the government. However, the liberal reformer did not anticipate the response of the unions or employers. The introduction of arbitration led employers to form association that actively tried to bring down compulsory arbitration seeing it as unfair and protect unions more then employers. The introduction of arbitration was suppose to help the unions and was fairly well received. However, unions will always strike if there are enough employees that see there is an injustice. On a whole Arbitration and Conciliation has had its ups and downs, but due to some smart thinking by Justice Higgins the act can be amended as the current economic climate dictates.

Bibliography.

Patmore, G. (11). Australian Labour History. Melbourne Longman Cheshire Pty Limited.

Bennett, L. (14). Making Labour Law in Australia Industrial Relations, Politics and Law. Sydney The Law Book Co. Ltd.

Gollan, R. (160). Radical and Working Class Politics A Study of Eastern Australia. Melbourne Melbourne University Press.

Pember Reeves, W. (10). State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand. London Allen and Unwin.

Macintyre, S. (18). Niether capital nor labour the politics of the establishment of arbitration. In Macintyre, S. and Mitchell, R., eds, Foundations of Arbitration, OUP, Melbourne. Ch. 8.

Deery, S, Plowman, D, Walsh, J & Brown, M. (00). Industrial Relations A Contemporary Analysis. Roseville McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd.

Alexander, R. & Lewer, J. (001). Understanding Australian Industrial Relations. Victoria Nelson Thomson Learning.

Plowman, D.H. (186). Employers and Compulsory Arbitration The Higgins Era 107-10. The Journal of Industrial Relations, 4(4), 588-60.

Buckley, K. (171). Arbitration-Its History and Process. The Journal of Industrial Relations,1 6-10.

Leach, R. (n.d). Australia and the changing world; the background to a new Alliance of political parties. The Alliance Alternative in Australia.

A Fair Go Economy-Institutions. (n.d). Australia's Centenary of Federation. [Online]. Available http//abc.net.au//federation/fedstory/ep/ep_institutions.htm

Call Off the Funeral. (001). Australin Labour Law Association. [Online]. Available http//ww.actu.asn.au/public/news/107677_668.html

Playford, J. (n.d). History Charles Kingston. [Online]. Available http//cofq.qld.gov.au/charles_kingston.html

The History of Regulation. (n.d). Australian Industrial Relation Commission. [Online]. Available http//www.airc.gov.au/research/about/ab_history.html

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The Youth Criminal Justice Act

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The Youth Criminal Justice Act (Y.C.J.A.) will replace the Young Offenders Act (Y.O.A.) later this year, 00. The Act will cover youths from 1-years to their 18th birthday. The main purpose of this new Act is to treat violent crimes differently from non-violent crimes, so the youth who committed the crime will face the consequences according to the seriousness of the offence committed. This new Act will promote responsibility and meaningful consequences for youth crime, support more constructive, long-term sustainable solutions, involve the communities in identifying and finding solutions to the offences committed fairly and expand the roles of the victims and the accused. There will be more encouragement for community-based sentences, such as compensation or restitution to the victim, community service or probation. The crimes committed by any youth will be viewed more carefully as to whether the youth should be tried in an adult court, stay in the youth courts, or not go to court at all, but have a community-based sentence. The types of offences that are covered in the Y.C.J.A. are the same ones in the Y.O.A. However, there are a few adjustments, such as extra-judicial sanctions. These give police officers the authority to consider if the offence committed should be tried in court or should the youth be given compensation. The extra-judicial sanctions are easier to sentence and less time consuming. There will be adult sentences in appropriate cases, where only 16- and 17- year olds can be convicted of murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, and aggravated sexual assault. The key principle of sentencing under new legislation is that the sentence should be in proportion to the seriousness of the offence. When sentencing, the young person must be held accountable for behaviour, and level of maturity. The judge has a range of sentencing options under the new Act, from an absolute discharge to a maximum penalty of ten years imprisonment. Those youth who are expected to receive an adult sentence will be extended to include 14- and 15- year olds. The new legislation would permit publication of the names of youth convicted of an offence who receive an adult sentence of murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, and aggravated sexual assault or if the youth is considered a serious offender to the public by the judge. The youth records will be treated the same as adult records and will allow authorized people, such as victims, police officers, or school authorities to access the youth records.

The Y.C.J.A. gives the community an opportunity to get involve with the victims and the accused and deal with the less serious offences committed outside of court. This Act has a better effectiveness than the Y.O.A., since new regulations have been made and the old ones have been adjusted. From 16 to 001, the number of cases heard by youth courts with guilty findings has decreased from 74, 77 in 16 to 60, 041 in 001. This shows that with the new Act soon in place, hopefully, the number of youth cases will begin to decrease rather than increase. However, the number of youth cases can increase because of all the new crimes that the youth today are committing. This new Act will help settle summary offences in a different manner by not getting the courts involved. The government of Canada does not know yet of whether this Act will work better than the Y.O.A. or be worse.

In Canada, there are alternative sentences that are being used for the youth. There is one in British Columbia called Camp Trapping that has been very successful in the past years. Those who are sent to this rehabilitation camp are drug addicts and repeated offenders (average 8 offences each). Camp Trapping is an isolated place and very different from prison, since the offenders are always doing something, such as attending classes and attending to their assigned chores. This camp is great for youth offenders because the counselors are more caring and one-on-one with the youth. Less than half of the youth at Camp Trapping will reoffend when they finish their 4-month program compared to the 70% of whom will reoffend when are released from prison. This camp is a good example of an extra-judicial sanction that can be used for many youths who commit a crime. Another alternative sentence is the Child and Youth Protection Centre in Quebec City, which offers an intensive probation program for young people convicted of an offence who would have been placed in custody. The program has reduced the reoffending rate by more than 0%. There are many more alternative sentences that are used to rehabilitate offenders. These boot camps and programs are examples of community-based programs, besides the community service and probation. They assist better with the young offenders and are more encouraging than community service. However, of all the sentences given to young offenders, only 1, 77 out of 60, 041 cases in 001, are sentenced to restitution and compensations. This number has been dropping since 18, but hopefully it will begin to increase since many young offenders benefit from these type of programs, like Camp Trapping.

As mentioned before, the main purpose of the Youth Criminal Justice Act is to treat violent crimes differently from non-violent crimes. The government has added a number of sentencing options with youth crime to support and impose conditions the youth must meet in the community. This Act will improve the youth crime rate and will help the young offenders to understand their responsibility, their actions and the consequences they must face. Overall, this Act is effective and has been through so many changes. I believe that this Act will help the public and the youth have a better understanding of the legislation. After having done this research on the new Youth Criminal Justice Act, I found that I now have a better understanding of a young person's rights under this Act. Now it's up to those who offend or will offend to state whether this piece of legislation is effective.

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Bibliography

1. Buckingham, Donald E. Learning About Law. Toronto McGraw- Hill Ryerson

Limited, 17.

. http//canada.justice.gc.ca/eh/dept/pub/ycja/youth.html

. http//www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/justic.htm#cri

4. Out of the Woods. Videocassette. ITP Nelson, 18

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The Fall of the House of Usher

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Edgar Allen Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher demonstrates romanticism throughout the entire story. This story, like all of his short stories is written in Gothic literature. First of all, the tone is gloomy, dark and threatening. Then, the events that take place are strange, melodramatic and evil. Romanticism is included because imagination becomes a reality and a cultivation of emotion and sensation takes place.

The setting of this story is a big, old, dark, and scary house. Poe uses the setting to enhance the plot. Living in the house is its owner Roderick Usher. Roderick is experiencing physical and emotional illness, and he and his sister (whom also is ill with a rare disease) are the last line of the Usher family. The narrator, whom is a good friend of Roderick, moves into the house to add more excitement into the story. Both the narrator and Roderick question whether the house and its vicinity are naturally unhealthy. The setting itself seems to infect the characters.

To me, the House and the family that lives inside of it is the same thing. This adds to the Romanticism because the house is falling just as the family is.

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Gothicism is also evident because the treatment of a lady (Madeline Usher) is gruesome and violent.

With Romanticism and Gothicism obvious in the story, all that is left is the Sublime. The Edmund Burke quote, "Darkness is more productive of sublime ideas than light," fits The Fall of the House of Usher perfectly. Although all Edgar Allen Poe stories are dark and scary, this one is a great example the Sublime. When Madeline gets buried alive and comes back to Roderick bloodstained and broken, and Roderick dies of fear, the sublime of the story is complete.

The illness of this story, as well as all Poe stories demonstrate the theme of science verses superstition. The dramatic adventure, high-flown sentiments, exotic setting, and cult of the past, build up the Romanticism included in the story. The physical collapse of the house at the end makes the reader wonder whether the entire story is a supernatural phenomenon or whether it is merely a tale of scientific coincidence. Nobody knows for sure if Madeline actually fought her way out of the tomb for several days, or if she is a ghost that both men see. Poe does a terrific job of including the sublime into this story.

Please note that this sample paper on The Fall of the House of Usher is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Fall of the House of Usher, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on The Fall of the House of Usher will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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