Structure in "Manifesto", by Rubén Martínez

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Structure in "Manifesto", by Rub'n Martínez

This poem, written by Rub'n Martínez, is called Manifesto in allusion to the Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx, in which the Communist ideas were stated. Here, Rub'n Martínez states his ideas about racism and discrimination in the U.S, more precisely in the state of California, and all over the First World countries.

The poem begins with a question ("Can anyone tell me what time it is?") which is repeated all through the text and which is answered in the sixth stanza ("Third World in the First"). What he is actually asking is "What's going on?" in those places he is mentioning , where several things happen at the same time.

In the first three stanzas, he describes the history and the political and social aspects of Latin America and of the immigrants who are now living in the U.S. These people speak different languages but communicate with each other in English. Their customs and beliefs are not at all accepted in this violent society ("...where Third World kids etch the walls with a message clear as Civil War") and they are sometimes discriminated against. A lot of countries around the world suffer from poverty. They constitute the Third World. In these countries you may find people who want changes, such as in El Salvador, where there is the Farabundo Marti National Liberation (FMLN) which is a leftist group against the government. And their "ideas" are also found in the U.S because of the immigrants, who also want changes to take place here and everywhere, as they want to be accepted and treated with respect.

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In stanzas three and four, Rub'n Martínez points out the union of all races ("...crossing every border for ever held sacred") and their preparation for "war" against injustice and discrimination ("But it's live ammunition on the streets of Southcentral L.A") This does not mean they are going to use violence to fight against this injustice, they will fight in some other way. This is why I wrote "war" in inverted commas.

The "war" finally begins ("This is war", "Third world in the First...") and there will be "battles" whenever Third World people get face to face with First World people. Latin Americans and all other immigrants and poor people will fight for their rights, for being respected and for their cultures to be respected.

In the seventh stanza, the author talks about what the consequences of this war should be a Fourth World should arise. By Fourth World he means a world without poverty, violence, discrimination, injustice, racism, where we are all the same ("see how gringo and how indigena and how black and asian we all are"). But this is an utopia, because he is describing a perfect world.

Finally, he states that this "war" seems to be never-ending, that these problems shall remain. But he tells you that you should keep on "fighting" ("choose your weapons") for your ideas and rights. The last line in this stanza means that we are all living together, but we should be careful when we shoot ("So careful how you shoot") because we may shoot one of ourselves.

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Ancient civilization

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Two Ancient Civilizations, the Greek and the Roman, have profoundly influenced the modern cultures that we are part of today. Greece, otherwise known as the birthplace of Western civilization, had a great time span starting from the Early Bronze Age of 000 BC all the way to the Hellenistic period up to about 0 BC. On the other hand is the civilization of Rome-which name is derived from the Greek word meaning strength and vigor- and rightfully so because the civilization covered a majestic 7 centuries. Both civilizations shared many similarities, especially in the fact that the Greeks heavily influenced the Romans. However, each civilization had its own take on life and the life of its citizens resulting in different social values and cultural practices.

In this world, few people have attached such significance to the essence of physical beauty as the Greeks. No wonder in the Greek arts we can see that beauty and perfection were quite an essential part in the Greek frame of mind. Looking at Greece in the context of its entire civilization, it heavily emphasized both athletic ability and physical beauty.

The Greek adoration for the human physique found many outlets that helped them portray such ideas. Greek art, especially sculpture, gave them the power of almost unlimited expression. By observing many of the sculptures that remain with us today from the times of Ancient Greece, their civilization can be accredited with being the first civilization to centralize the human body as the primary object of artistic expression. The demand for physical beauty in the Greek culture came about mainly from their religious beliefs. The Greek religion composed primarily of Zeus, the father and king of the Gods, as well as many other deities whom were either brothers or sisters of Zeus or his children. The main aspects of the Greek religion did not have much to do with a system of belief but instead the focus was more on taking action to please the gods. What really mattered to the Greek people was to secure the goodwill of the gods so that in return they can benefit from all of their worshipping. The Greeks were not preoccupied with the future life that comes after death, but instead their objective was to secure a good life while they were living it; people living in the now, and not thinking ahead about later. Since the influences of the Gods were so strong and because the gods were seen as perfection in every sense of the word, the Greeks modeled many art forms after their gods.

The Greeks emphasized physical beauty, but this did not include both sexes. It is with the male body that provided inspiration to create fully three-dimensional figures; and with time to advance, the sculptures became more and more realistic to the natural sense. The two subjects that kept the sculptors preoccupied were the statues of the standing nude male and the fully clothed female. A good example of this is the early sculpture of the Anavyssos Kouros in which a nude male is standing upright with his body portrayed, as he would appear in the natural world. As time went on and the art of sculpting advanced tremendously, the Greeks were able to define their work in the belief that every single detail is important. The bronze statue of Poseidon hurling a thunderbolt is a classic example of modeling their ideals of perfection after their beloved gods. In this sculpture, the muscles are more intensified and the action of the statue basically speaks for itself. The evolution of Greek art from representing how things are seen naturally transformed into the emphasis on how things should be. To the Greeks, the ideal rests in physical beauty and striving for perfection.

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No less important to the ideas of physical beauty were the Greek emphasis on athletic abilities. As a matter of fact, the idea of physical beauty went hand-in-hand with athletic ability because physical beauty could be achieved through keeping fit and participating in sporting events. Participating in competitive athletics was one of the ways the entire Greek civilization found itself a sense of cultural unity. Though there were probably hundreds of more local athletic festivals within the city-states, four major pan Hellenic games attracted athletes from all over the Greek world. Two of these were the Nemean and Olympic games, both of which are held in honor of the mightiest of the gods Zeus. The other two of the four major games were the Isthmian Games, held in honor for Poseidon and the Pythian games, which were held to worship the Sun God Apollo. It is from these athletic competitions that we have our modern Olympics today; still with many of the same rules that apply like having it take place once every four years. Winning was so important to the competitors that they would pray "either for the wreath or for death." When the games would come to an end in the fifth and final day, the ultimate prize of the olive wreaths were only awarded to those whom were victorious. There were no consolation prizes for those finishing second or third. The Greeks were so supportive of the victors that their own cities and fellow citizens usually treated them lavishly once they returned home from the games. From the Ancient Olympic games, we can see that athletic ability had no less significance than physical beauty because both ideals were equally emphasized in the Greek culture.

In the other direction, the Romans left a legacy for encouraging its people to be good and dutiful citizens. Instead of looking at things in an idealist approach, the Romans focused their attention more on systematic and practical approaches. It is with the Roman culture that we start to see the effective use of critical thinking and logic in order to accomplish goals expediently. With the time of the Roman Empire, only a practical framework would be suitable because of the stable upper class patricians compared to the continually growing lower class Plebeians. In a situation like this, only a system of law that requires a minimum level of participation is beneficial because it makes each individual feel as though they had to some extent a right to govern. It is quite obvious that the more aristocratic wealthy Romans had richer opportunities and had more ways and means. But the way the Romans set up their structure of law, it made it that all Romans wanted to take part in what is their culture. Due to the introduction of self-governing, just having Roman citizenship meant that there was an obligation to show some public display of participation. In the minds of the individual Roman citizen, being patriotic and partaking in a system that requires each single individual is the ultimate idea of success.

The Republic had a lot of heavy control on the everyday lives of its citizens but to what extent did the state interfere with the private lives? The State issued many different laws and the three main branches were the civil laws there were held in common by all the people in Rome, the Law of the People, and Natural law which basically means that you were naturally born into an existing law; the basic idea that it just exists. Like the Greeks that had all the ideas of athletic competitions and physical beauty, the Romans' everyday life was constantly being fueled by the political arena surrounding them. Even in modern times, whatever is the ideal to the mainstream of people and their actions towards this has a heavy influence on others. This kind of effect causes something like a chain reaction that makes each citizen not want to be any part of the minority of people that were not active in politics.

The basis for the Roman government was established because the people of Rome believed in an imperium, which meant that there had to be some sort of authority overlooking the people. Since the ideas of patriotism were so widespread, many of the duties that the Roman citizens were urged to partake in was the military. A strong military is greatly required during such times especially when the Roman intent was to set out and deliberately conquer new territory. The Roman Empire had a talent for planning and organizing, which is clearly shown by their extreme military power. The State was able to consolidate their standing army into an equipped striking force that made up of men carrying javelins and swords. The Roman military was able to move around quickly and proficiently, resembling a well-disciplined war machine. All these great achievements could not have been realized unless the people of Rome did not volunteer their time and effort into defending and fighting for the Republic. Many times the men would go into service with the thought that they are being promised post-war benefits and opportunities. The way the system of government works in the Roman Empire, it creates an atmosphere more directed toward simplicity and pragmatic approaches. The basic principle behind the Roman approach to political ideology is that if every single individual plays an active role in government and strive to understand everything that is going on around them, it should result in the general populous being content and satisfied with their lives.

On one end of the spectrum, the Roman idea is the push for their citizens to be good and dutiful. The other side of the thought spectrum, the Greek lived life with their emphasis on physical beauty and superb athletic abilities. The Greeks were very idealistic as a culture and used more theory in their approaches. The Romans are known to be a culture of realists whom look passed theoretical ideas in favor of more logical and systematical methodology. In my opinion, I think it is the Roman approach that has a higher possibility of a successful outcome within the relationship between the State and its people.

The Greek virtues behind athletic ability and physical beauty are quite unique and fascinating because it was a way for the entire community to be united under one universal ideology that attempts for perfection. However, I don't think that the Greek emphasis on those two aspects produces a system of government that is stable. Instead, the Roman practical approach serves a better ideology that first started out the whole idea of the Republic. The Roman approach is much more beneficial because they have left a groundwork for future civilizations and empires to strive for because even our U.S. Government got its democratic foundation from the Roman emphasis on civic duty. The U.S. Government, with our basic ideas coming from the Roman achievements in politics, is the longest standing written Constitution that exists to this day. It is amazing to think that over the past 00 years that our Government is still standing strong under a written Constitution that is under 4,000 words long. If it were not for the Romans, I don't think we would be in the status that America is in the world, and so that is why I believe that the approach that Rome took was better.

Works Cited

Crook, John Anthony. Law and Life of Rome. New York Cornell University Press, 167.

Garland, Robert. Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks. London Green Wood Press, 18.

Garnsey, Peter. Social Status And Legal Privilege In The Roman Empire. London Oxford University Press, 170.

Lamm, Robert. The Humanities In Western Culture. Hong Kong McGraw-Hill Companies, 16.

Pomeroy, Sarah and Stanley Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Roberts. Ancient Greece A Political, Social, and Cultural History. London Oxford University Press, 1.

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Images of Transformation:Benjamin Alire Sáenz's " To the Desert"

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Images of Transformation

Benjamin Alire Sáenz's " To the Desert"

Benjamin Alire Sáenz's poem, "To the Desert" uses the image of the desert to represent God and his personal journey of surrender. The opening line "I came to you one rainless August night" captures the desolate stillness, darkness, openness to the universe and loneliness that is required for this journey inward to find God. "To the Desert" personifies the sacrifice needed to obtain the ultimate surrender, which requires a personal journey through the dark night of the soul. "You taught me how to live without the rain." is a symbolic description of how the author needs to give up his personnel needs in order to reach divinity. He acknowledges his unification with this divine force in the third line, "You are thirst and thirst is all I know." He becomes enmeshed using this symbolic term.

The forth line, "You are sand, wind, sun and burning sky, the hottest blue" expresses the harshness of the elements and are symbols of purification. Images of pain and suffering depicted in this line, "the hottest blue", represent purification through fire, a symbol of the Holy Spirit's baptism through fire. Saenz understands his purification requires that he suffers willingly in order to become resurrected in his faith. The imagery describes the symbolic journey of having to face our fears through pain in order to renew.

Saenz realizes the mercy of God through his statement of "You blow a breeze and brand your breath into my mouth". There he surrenders the necessities and accepts the pain needed to create this transformation through the next statement, "You reach then bend your force to break blow, burn and make me new". Like a black smith that molds his work, he describes God as bending him with all his force, breaking him, striking blows and burning him to make him anew.

The images of birth from line eight, "You wrap your name tight around my ribs And keep me warm. I was born for you" describes the birthing of his soul. The tightness around his ribs relates to a child being released from the womb.

"Above, below, by you surrounded, I wake to you at dawn" he finds himself surrounded by the spirit of God that embraced him in the cold desert night. To find himself awakened by God symbolizes the awakening of his consciousness and intimacy of his love of God. "Never break your knot" he asks never to be abandoned or let go. "Reach, rise, blow, Sálveme, mi dios, Tragáme, mi tierra." Salvá, Traga, break me, I am bread." describes his total surrender and willingness to accept all pain and suffering that is necessary not to be abandoned by God. His use of Spanish amplifies his desire to be saved. He cries out in his native language and surrendering his vulnerabilities in the purist essence. His willingness to even die suggests the supreme sacrifice of his love for God not to be separated from him. "I am bread and I will be the water for your thirst" describes his union with God, like Christ in the Eucharist and his ultimate surrender.

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Socrates the oracle at Delphi

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The Sophists'

The Sophists' were known as the wise ones and did not waste any time convincing the public of this. From mid-fifth to mid-fourth they spread their view of reality from city to city for a price which in time reached Socrates. Furthermore, the Sophists' didnt believe that gods and goddesses influenced behavior or absolute moral and legal standards but that man is the measure of all things and truth is different to each individual. This view led them to live their lives in a selfish way because they believed that the knowledge they carried would come with a price even if it meant twisting the truth.

Sophists' were known as the wise ones of Philosophy, traveling from city to city convincing everybody including Socrates that reality was a waste of time researching, and that one should be more interested in relativism and individualism. For instance, they believed that one should live to be wealthy and enthusiastic. Sophists' had this belief that man himself predicts what is real and not any kind of God. For example, two men staring into the sky see a bird and one of them sees it's blue and the other sees it red, so to the Sophist's these men are determining what is real to them not God. This view that the Sophists' had was selfish because they would charge anybody that wanted to learn and if that person didn't have the cash to pay them then Sophists' would twist the truth about their agreement, so that in the end they would get their money. For example, someone that learned their knowledge of running a business from the Sophists' did not pay for the services that Sophists' provided for them, then the Sophists' would turn around and take that person's business away from them.

Help with essay on Socrates the oracle at DelphiAll in all, Sophists' were the wise ones if someone had the cash or collaterals for their services. In their sight reality was what men wanted it to be not God or Goddesses. Furthermore, this view they had led them to live their lives in a selfish way because they wanted only the people's money even if it meant lying to them.

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Thesis: Ankle Injuries

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.0 Literature Review

.1.0 Autonomy of the ankle

The foot and ankle combine flexibility with stability, thus providing two main functions propulsion and support. (M. A. Hutso) The ankle joint is made up of the shinbones (tibia and fibula) and the foot bones (talus and calcaneus). On the outside, the bones are held together by three ligaments. This is where a high percentage of ankle injuries occur because these ligaments are laxer than the inside ligaments. (Internet 1) Refer to figure 1.

Custom Essays on Thesis: Ankle Injuries

Figure 1 (Internet 1)

.1.1 Types of injuries

.1.1 Sprain

Ankle sprains are usually caused by a twist of the ankle. An ankle that sprains because the athlete rolls over on the outside of the ankle is known as an inversion sprain; sprains caused by turn-ins are eversion sprains. (Dr L.J Micheli, et al)

Sprains are graded in to three categories, minor, moderate and severe. A mild sprain usually affects only the anterior talofibular ligaments, causing a partial rupture. A moderate sprain involves the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligaments, resulting in increased damage to the structure of the ligaments. A severe sprain affects the previous two ligaments as well as the posterior talofibular ligament. (P.M. Taylor et al).

.1. Minor Sprain

A minor sprain occurs with mild swelling, pain and little loss of stability or function. A player would expect to be back playing within three days up to two to three weeks.

.1. Moderate Sprain

A moderate sprain occurs when ligaments are partially torn, more swelling/bruising and loss of function and stability occurs. A player would expect to be back playing within three to six weeks time.

.1.4 Severe Sprain

A severe sprain occurs when the ligaments are completely torn, there is swelling/bruising and possible bone or tendon damage. A player can take up to eight to twelve months to heal. (Internet 1)

.1.5 Fracture

A fracture is a crack, break, or complete shattering of the bone. Ankle fractures usually affect the bottom end of the fibula on the outer side of the lower leg, an usually occur in same way many inversion sprains do; the athlete rolls over on the ankle and, the body's momentum breaks the bone. (Dr. L.J Micheli, et al).

.1.6 Strain

Numerous muscles originating from and contained within the lower leg are responsible for a variety of foot and ankle motions. Given the large mechanical forces associated with running, jumping and other similar activities, strains commonly occur due to an over stretch in a muscle. With a roll of the ankle a strain is extremely common due to rapid muscle expansion during in the roll. (P.A. Houlgulm, et al).

..0 Treatment of an injury

..1 Initial treatment

· Rest the injures ankle

· Ice the injured ankle (wet towel and ice for ten fifteen minutes every two hours for forty eight hours).

· Compress the injured ankle

· Elevate the ankle above the level of the heart. ( Internet 1)

.. Post treatment

· See your general practitioner

· Anti- inflammatory medication my be prescribed

· Crutches may be needed the person can not walk without pain

· See a physiotherapist (P. Fitzgerald, et al).

.. What if it is left untreated.

The ankle will be prone to recurrent injuries if it is not rehabilitated to its maximum potential. (Internet 1).

..0 Rehabilitation

..1 What is rehabilitation

Many people have had injuries in there life and have probably treated them in the correct way. However, like most people the rehabilitation under-gone would have been the usual rest. As a result, the area of injury will probably have a number of weaknesses. Rehabilitation is improving your body so that your are not injured again. ( Auty, Davis, et al).

.. Ankle rehabilitation

Every ligament needs rehabilitation. Otherwise, your ankle might not heal completely and you might re-injure it. All ankle sprains from mild to severe, require three phases of recovery

1. Phase 1 includes resting, protecting and reducing swelling of the injured ankle. Early weight bearing with proper protection is actually a benefit for healing.

. Phase includes restoring your ankles flexibility, range of motion and strength.

. Phase includes gradually returning to straight ahead activity and doing maintenance exercises, followed later by more cutting sports, such as tennis, basketball or football. Once you can stand on your ankle again, your doctor will prescribe routines to strengthen you muscles and ligaments, and increase flexibility, balance and coordination. Later, you may walk, jog and run figure eights with your ankle taped or in an air cast. (Internet )

.. The rehabilitation sequence

1. Static(isometric) exercises

Muscles are rested at various joint angles using rubber bands, towels, weights of a partner.

. Dynamic exercises

These exercises are performed over a range of movement allowed by the pain threshold. As strength returns, the load should gradually be increased.

. Stretching exercises

Stretching exercises improve the range of movement. These must be within your pain tolerance.

4. Co-ordination and balance exercises

After you have been injured, co-ordination between nerves, muscles and joints is usually impaired. Co- ordination exercises are designed to re-teach correct functioning between joint receptors and muscles spindles. Using a wobble board or skateboard to practise balance is ideal co-ordination work.

5. Sport-specific training

As recovery progresses, gradually you move back into the specific strength and flexibility work required by your sport, and then eventually to full training.

(Auty, Davis, et al).

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Evidentary Hearing

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I. Brief Question and Answers

A. Is a party entitled to a full evidentiary hearing on the issue of attorney's fees, where the incursion of those fees is due to the violation of the frivolous lawsuit statute and where Rule 11 sanctions may be applied?

• Under the frivolous lawsuit statute a court's decision is limited to a finding that the lawsuit in its entirety was frivolous and advanced without cause, barring this, a party will not be prejudiced by an inability to present additional evidence.

• Under Civil Rule 11 a supplemental hearing on attorney's fees should not be had unless an extraordinary circumstance has been presented.

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II. Analysis

RCW 4.84.185 Frivolous Lawsuit Statute Sanctions against the party

An attorney is not entitled to a full evidentiary hearing on attorney's fees where the court has stated its reasons for finding that the claim in its entirety is frivolous and advanced without cause. A lawsuit is frivolous under § 4.84.185 when it cannot be supported by any rational argument on the law or the facts. Smith v. Okanogan County, 100 Wn. App. 7, 4, 4 P.d 857 (000). A court is to consider all evidence presented at the time of the motion to determine whether the suit in its entirety is frivolous. Potts v. Smith, 00 Wash. App. LEXIS 407 (unpublished opinion).

The non-prevailing party appealed a claim for attorney's fees under the frivolous lawsuit statute. Id @1. The party claimed error on behalf of the court for not holding an evidentiary hearing. Id. The court found the trial court is in a reasonable position to make that decision without the consideration of additional evidence. Id. Specifically because the party was not prejudiced by their inability to present additional evidence. Id.

Where the record is clear that the action is frivolous in nature and the award is reasonable the trial court's decision will not be disturbed except for an abuse of discretion.

CIVIL RULE 11 Sanctions against the attorney

An attorney is not entitled to a full evidentiary hearing on sanctions imposed by rule 11. Discovery should only be had when an extraordinary circumstance presents itself. Donaldson v. Clark, 81 F.d 1551 (11th Cir. 187).

"The major goal of CR 11 is to rid the courts of meritless litigation and thereby reduce the growing cost and attendant burden of civil litigation. It would be counter-productive if the rule itself were to cause an increase in unnecessary litigation by mandating extensive collateral procedures as a prerequisite for CR 11 sanctions. Donaldson v. Clark, 81 F.d 1551 (11th Cir. 187). The federal advisory committee notes to Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 plainly state that for this reason, satellite litigation is to be avoided." Watson v. Maier, 64 Wn. App. 88.

While it is fundamental that due process requires notice and opportunity to be heard, Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., U.S. 06, 14, 4 L. Ed. 865, 70 S. Ct. 65, 657 (150), this does not necessarily mean that an attorney is entitled to a full evidentiary hearing on CR 11 sanctions. Generally, the court should limit the scope of the sanction proceedings to the record. See, e.g., Delaney v. EPA, 88 F.d 687 (th Cir. 10); Donaldson v. Clark, supra; Oliveri v. Thompson, 80 F.d 165, 180 (d Cir. 186); Brown v. National Bd. of Med. Examiners, 800 F.d 168 (7th Cir. 186).

The sanction attorney is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing.

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Robert Kennedy

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On June 5, 168, at about 115 am, Senator Robert Francis Kennedy, was making his way from the ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel, in Los Angles, California, to give a press conference, after winning the California Democratic Primary. The prearranged route went through a food service pantry. While making his way through this area, a Palestinian Arab, Sirhan Sirhan, made his way through the crowd, stepped forward, and fired a . revolver at the Senator. Although Sirhan was quickly subdued, Kennedy and five others were wounded. Kennedy was fatally wounded and died the next day(June 6, 168). Kennedy's death came just two months after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King by James Earl Ray.

Sirhan, born on March 1, 144 in Jerusalem was an Arab who had emigrated to the United States in the 150s and was reportedly disturbed by Kennedy's pro-Israel positions. After the shooting, Sirhan was arrested at the scene. He was later charged and convicted of first degree murder. After a 16 trail lasting nearly four months, Sirhan was convicted and sentenced to death. He was to have been executed, but the U.S. Supreme Court voided the constitutionality of the death sentence before the sentence could be carried out. Sirhan has been incarcerated at Corcoran State Prison in California since then.

Robert Kennedy was born on November 0, 15, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He died on June 6, 168. He served as a Seaman nd Class (SN) in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He was campaign manager for John F. Kennedy when he sought the Presidency in 160. He served as Attorney general in his brother's administration from January 161, until his resignation on September , 164, to become a candidate for the United States senate from New York. He won the Primary on June 5, 168 and was later shot that morning. He died at age 4 and leaves behind a wife and several children. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. I really dont know what i was writing I just decided to write something. YOu might not want to use this for anything for a grade. This is probably wrong. I reapeat dont euse thie fopr a grade. You can but just add some more stuff on to it.

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