Mathematics

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Mathematics is an essential language used in science to quantitatively describe natural and social phenomena and to expand systematic thinking.

Faced with the increasing complexity of modern society, particularly in the 1st century, the scope of mathematical applications is being further extended to the processing, analysis, and preparation of diverse information. Therefore, capable mathematicians and research manpower well trained in mathematical thinking are in critical need, as the global competition in science and technology becomes more and more intense.

In response to such needs from the society, the Mathematics Department of POSTECH aims to foster teaching and research manpower capable of diverse mathematical applications, striking a harmonious balance between research and education as well as theory and practice.

Already popular with math educators, according to the Los Angeles Times, the new book, Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics offers insight into the background that all mathematics teachers need to succeed. The author demonstrates the necessary profound understanding of mathematics through an in-depth analysis of Chinese and American elementary school teachers and their classroom teaching practices. The described differences and their implications tell an eye-opening story.

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The heart of the book analyzes a study that asked Chinese and American elementary mathematics teachers how they would handle a variety of exercises. Extreme differences in the results dramatize the Chinese versus the American learning environments and signal the need for reforms in teaching training. The book explores how Chinese teachers deep understanding of basic mathematics contributes to their students success, and it proposes that teachers in the U.S. have difficulty developing such understanding. The central message is that the quality of knowledge gained, for both teachers and students, is more important than its quantity.

This book may be of particular interest to teacher trainers and college faculty who teach mathematics to future teachers and future parents, according to its foreword by Lee Shulman, head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics offers an intriguing view of teachers mathematical and pedagogical knowledge.

ADVANCE PRAISE FOR RADICAL EQUATIONS

Robert Moses is the towering activist/intellectual of his generation--

a grassroots freedom fighter of quite dignity and incredible determination

for over forty years. He and Charles Cobb, Jr., have written the

definitive book on one of the most important projects of

youth empowerment and citizenship of our times.

--Cornel West, professor of Afro-American Studies, Harvard University

Bob Moses, one of the most important voices in the civil rights movement,

is now on the creative edge of leadership again. In this innovative new book,

he shares stories from the civil rights movement and the Algebra Project

to show us why math literacy for all children is a key next step in the

ongoing fight for equal citizenship.

--Marian Wright Edelman, president, Childrens Defense Fund

An almost legendary civil rights organizer in Mississippi during the 160s,

now blazing trails in education, Bob Moses tells a powerful and compelling story,

paying tribute to a grassroots organizing tradition that is often ignored. As we enter

the twenty-first century, he shows that the lessons of the civil rights movement

have important application today.

--Julian Bond, chairman of the board, NAACP

This is a marvelous book, moving, challenging and novel. A visionarys

treatise for educators and community.

--Theresa Perry, professor of education and vice president for community relations,

Wheelock College

Please note that this sample paper on mathematics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on mathematics, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on mathematics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Cultural Marketing

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With a diverse population existing in the United States today our country is a salad bowl of different cultures, each one unique in its own respect. Culture, distinguishing one societal group from another, includes beliefs, behaviors, language, traditions, art fashion styles, food, religion, politics and economic systems. Through lifelong and ever changing processes of learning, creativity, and sharing culture shapes our patterns, of behavior and thinking.

A culture's significance is so profound that it touches almost every aspect of who and what we are. Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on around us.

The cultural and social environment affects how and why people live, and behave as they do which affects customer buying behavior and eventually the economic, political, and legal environment. These changes which make up for this cultural and social environment are the style of clothing, what type of foods they eat, religious beliefs, and the type of education, just to name a few.

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Most people don't stop to think about the effects of the cultural and social environment it has on them because in most countries this is a way of life. They don't have time to think about how it may be changing or how it may be different for other people. It is about survival.

As a marketing manager you would have to understand cultural lifestyles to sell certain products to certain cultural groups. Managers have to pay close attention to cultural trends or their product will not sell. For instance in Japan the leading washing powder in the United States, which is Tide, which gets out stains when used with hot water may not work in Japan, since they use cold water to wash with. A different slogan for Tide would be like, cleans all clothes in any water temperature may be a better selling strategy for Japan.

This is a big challenge for managers who deal with these cultural and social environments when planning strategies, especially for international markets. Also a marketing manager would know that a diet product or low calorie product in most third world countries would not be very popular or in demand. As a manager gets more involved with marketing concepts he or she will find attractive opportunities and develop profitable marketing strategies in the community and abroad.

Please note that this sample paper on Cultural Marketing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Cultural Marketing, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Cultural Marketing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The War on The Western Front

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Many people originally thought that World War One would be over by Christmas 114, so it came as a shock when a year passed. Two. Three. Four. Four terrible years of stalemate, endless tragedy, devastating effects on families, many deaths and life altering experiences. Also, most people believed by 118 that a war like the previous one would never take place again, and that it would be the War to end all Wars.

False advertisements lead people to believe the war was exciting. Recruitment posters resulted in men feeling it was their duty to join the army, and men who didnt join were often looked down on.

The war was extremely different for generals and soldiers, and there were huge changes in Warfare, leading to stalemate. Noone was used to trench warfare, and life was nearly as dangerous in the trenches as it was in No Mans Land.

World War One seen the introduction of many new things. Weaponary had advanced, and was distributed to the Armies. These new weapons were suited far more for defence than attack, and included grenades, more powerful artillery and the machine gun. As I have previously said, gas attacks were very effective and would have devastating effects particurlarly mustard gas, which would kill thousands of men at a time. They became a lot more common as the war progressed, and from the years of 115-118, there were 185,706 casualties relating to gas attacks and 5,8 deaths. Also, a few months into the war, when trenches had started being dug, barbed wire was set up which was a defence measure and machine guns came into effect. Towards the end of the war, cavalry charges were no longer common and horses were mainly used to transport supplies. Tanks were first used in the Battle of The Somme (From 116 onwards) yet were very primative and not very reliable, firstly due to them breaking down a lot and secondly because of lack of speed and manoeuvrability.

Help with essay on The War on The Western Front John Dale describes the battlefield as terribly muddy. Conditions were appalling, and were not suited for quick attacks. Advancing troops couldnt hold on to the ground they won, and were pushed back. These appalling conditions had an enourmous effect on the speed of soldiers, slowing them down as they would try to run and in consquence end up slipping and stumbling because of lack of grip. This lead to troops moving slowly, and in effect becoming easy targets to machine gun fire. This caused many deaths in World War One. Soldiers would be Sucked into the Quagmire, as source J describes once soldiers had been sucked in, they were trapped making it impossible for them to get out. Thousands of men would be sent accross No Mans Land, resulting in a massive slaughter of infantry.

Another major reason to the war lasting so long was because of too much emphasis on attack. As the French General Foche had said, focusing on defence would have been a better plan- defence was stronger than attack. Falkenhayn, the German General expressed his viewsstating no matter how many soldiers were used or materials, attack plans miserably failed because tactics werent right. Tactics were extremely poor, leading to many British casualties and deaths. Even towards the end of the war, there was still too much emphasis on attack and not as much on defence. As a result, noone was winning the war, soldiers just continued to die- hence the 4 year stalemate. Noone was capable of breaking this stalemate.

Many people may have percieved Haigs confidence in his army to be pure arrogance as he believed the Battle of The Somme would be easy, and perhaps a simple case of capturing the enemy trenches and rebuilding them. His main strategy was to wear the Germans down. A large number of men were killed under Haigs command, and he stressed The attacks are to be pressed, regardless of loss. He could have changed tactics after witnessing the devastating first day of the Battle of the Somme yet he persisted with original tactics. Perhaps if he would have changed tactics, learning from his mistakes the war would not have lasted until 118. Haig believed in 117 that Germany was within 6 months of the total exhaustion of her avaible manpower. Yet, as Lloyd George had previously predicted, the war came to an end in 118.

Men in the British army began to lose confidence in their officers, and the majority of soldiers became disillusioned- they were appalled and struck with disbelief at the amount of deaths, particurlarly as an incredible 57,000 Britons were killed or wounded on the first day of the Battle of the Somme.

Had communication technology been more advance, a lot of deaths may have been avoided. When soldiers had left their trenches, verbal communication was impossible because of the heavy noise of machine guns firing. Source B shows troops on their own, perhaps unsure what to do. If Walkie-Talkies had been invented (as said In Source I), Generals would be able to direct troops what to do, and perhaps battles would have been more successful. Source B shows an advertisement, promoting the war, and trying to recruit more soldiers, as volunteers seemed to be the only way of going about involving more British men- Britain was in desparation for more soldiers.

Many soldiers minds had been corrupted, and seeing the deaths of other soldiers (such as Wilfred Owen had in Source H) had a huge emotional and psychological impact on the troops. Many felt they couldnt cope, and their fate was similar they were exhausted, traumatised and no longer had the motivation or willigness to fight- they simply wanted peace.

Finally, on 11th November 118, the war on the Western Front was declared over Britain and France gaining victory.

In conclusion, the main factors that made the War on the Western Front continue for so long was all because of not enough emphasis on defence, poor conditions on the battle fields, in No mans land and the trenches, awful tactics and unadvanced technology. World War one caused more deaths than any other war, thus being called The Great War. .

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Images of Africa in 'The River Between' and 'Things Fall Apart'

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Images of Africa In 'The River Between' and 'Things Fall Apart'

The colonization of Africa enforced peoples of different cultures, who had lived practically separate, and who probably fought wars against each other, to accept the same political boundaries, common citizenship, one national name and a unified administration. It is a fundamental fact that the process of colonization overwhelms the whole culture of the society it possesses, inevitably leading to a hybridization of that culture. This not only applies to countries on the African continent, but all countries where occupation and suppression for economic gain has taken place. Different writers at different times have attempted to supplant the impressions of the African experience and stereotypes, portrayed by writers such as Joseph Conrad and H Rider Haggard, with their individual vision of a complex society in the process of coming to terms with the legacy of Western colonial oppression. A legacy that had forcibly divided the continent into manageable units to suit the colonizing powers, enabling them to establish political and social control. This process of divide and rule even after independence results in conflict. 'The River Between' written by Ngugi in 165, two years after independence, parallels some of the political events happening at the time of writing, with the events in the years he is writing about. Setting the novel between two mountain ridges emphasizes the antagonism between the two native groups and their irreconcilable belief structures.

"When you stood in the valley, the two ridges ceased to be sleeping lions united by their common source of life. They became antagonists. You could tell this, not by anything tangible but by the way they faced each other, like two rivals ready to come to blows in a life and death struggle for the leadership of this isolated region."

Ngugi also wrote a play 'The Black Hermit' which is concerned with stamping out tribalism and was produced in 16 marking East Africa's debut in drama. The antagonisms at that time between the ethnic groups comprising the Kenya African National Union, and the Kenyan African Democratic union resulted at independence, in a 'quasi-federal society with seven provinces each with their own authority, which only worked out its differences in December 164 to become a unitary, one party state, and a republic.' The contradictions and antagonisms created by the process of colonization are still realities in contemporary Africa.

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Fanon postulates that the first step for a colonized people in finding a voice and an identity is to reclaim their own past. The initial literary reaction to this is a relative over production, taking as a theme a 'cry of protest' addressed in such a way as to either ingratiate himself with, or reproach his oppressor. To do this the writer writes in the language of the colonizing power, effectively affirming his assimilation of that culture. The next stage the writer arrives at is a remembrance of his origins. In this the writer appeals to the native peoples to remember who they are, recalling the past to emphasize his conceptions. However, returning to the past is impossible, he is no longer a part of that culture only, but also that of the colonizing power. Succeeding this is the stage Fanon considers to be the beginning of a national literature, the 'literature of combat'. This is the clarion call of the writer to the people to defend their culture, his attempt to become the 'mouthpiece of a new reality' but any struggle whether political, military, or the struggle for enlightenment, irreconcilably changes the culture you are trying to defend. The traditional stories, rituals, customs and philosophies that form the ideology of a people change and evolve over time, and they can be manipulated and adapted to suit the situation, and to mould the consciousness of that society. Under these influences all society's can be considered to be hybrid. On this basis, and in the light of his own experience the writer has set himself an impossible task and he can only present an individual ideal, creating a pre-colonial version of his own nation. It is not only the literature, but also the painting, sculpture, music, drama and dance of a nation that represent the perceptions of the culture of a nation at a given time.

Whilst agreeing that contemporary issues are legitimate themes for the novelist, Chinua Achebe in "The Role of the Writer in a New Nation" states 'the novelist's duty is not to beat this morning's headline in topicality, it is to explore in depth the human condition. In Africa he cannot perform this task unless he has a proper sense of history.' Achebe has designated himself an educator writing to teach his readers that

"their past with all its imperfections was not one long night of savagery from which the first Europeans acting on God's behalf delivered them".

The novel 'Things Fall Apart' attempts to do this using the themes of tribal traditions, proverbs, folklore, and the philosophical and political concepts, of the Ibo people, and the changes that occur with colonization. Both authors are not writing a history, they are writing a fictitional representation of the past in an attempt to reclaim it. Ngugi uses many of the same themes, but in 'The River Between' greater emphasis is placed on religion and education. At the time of writing both novels were attempting to challenge the hegemony of the colonizing power. In the second half of the nineteenth century the continent saw a rise in the activity of Christian missionaries, especially after the abolition of the slave trade and growing interest in other types of trade. The missionaries established schools originally intended to train local helpers, but they later served European colonial administrations and commercial concerns by preparing low-level functionaries. In 'Things Fall Apart' these functionaries are derisorily named 'Kotma' and the treachery, corruption and betrayal that they display is highlighted when the six leaders, Okonkwo amongst them, are imprisoned for the destruction of the church. This highlights the process of the pacification of the people undertook by the colonizing power. The increase in the fine from two hundred to two hundred and fifty cowries emphasizes the corruption and shortcomings of these natives.

Ngugi attended the mission-run school at Kamaandura in Limuru, Karinga school in Maanguu, and Alliance High School in Kikuyu. During these years Ngugi became a devout Christian. Later he rejected Christianity, and changed his original name in 176 from James Ngugi to Ngugi wa Thiongo. This is significant in that the main theme of 'The River Between' is one of deeply rooted religious conflict. The Kameno ridge symbolizing the continuation of indigenous cultural traditions such as circumcision and polytheism, the Makuyu ridge, Christianity and a British educational system. Christian missionaries attempt to outlaw the female circumcision ritual and in the process create a terrible rift between the two Kikuyu communities on either side of the river. The people are divided between those who believe in the Western Christian education and the opportunities it will offer, and those who feel that only unquestioned loyalty to past traditions will save them. Waiyaki the main protagonist is placed between the two trying to reconcile his sense of responsibility as the saviour of the Kameno traditions, and a rising belief in the value of the British educational system, as a result of his father sending him to the school at the Siriana mission, and so subjecting him to the colonizing influence.. This inner conflict is prevalent throughout, further complicated by his growing love for Nyambura, the daughter of Joshua, a convert to Christianity who fervently preached against the old ways. The author depicts his predicament in such a way as to involve the reader in making value judgments, which from a euro centric view would invoke sympathy and understanding for Waiyaki, but from the viewpoint of a native could be considered to be a betrayal. A view that is subtly enforced throughout the narrative, one of the more obvious ways of doing this appearing early in the text, written in both English and the native language.

"The oilskin of the house is not for rubbing into the skin of strangers"

At the time of writing this could equate to Fanon's 'clarion call', emphasizing the betrayal of the people not only by the colonizer but also by the colonized. In 'Things Fall Apart' Okonkwo far from being converted to any part of the 'white' man's culture actively fights against it and after his seven years of exile comes to realise that this encroachment in the form of the church, government, judicial system and trade has fragmented the traditional way of Ibo life. Achebe successfully creates a character who can be seen as exemplifying a traditional Ibo worldview with all its positive and negative aspects. His portrayal of a Okonkwo's thoughts are a means of revealing his feelings and responses, and is an invitation by the writer to see things from a his point of view. Achebe shapes his life and his death by suicide to parallel the process of colonization, the 'falling apart' and the destructive compromises the indigenous culture and ideology is forced to make. The tempo of the narrative stays constant throughout leading to a climax that descends on the reader with the same force and speed with which the colonizing power descended on the land.

Ngugi is an active campaigner for the African language and form. And has made a conscious choice to write in his mother tongue as has the Nigerian writer Obiajunwas

Wali believing writers should not go 'whoring after foreign gods'. Other writers acknowledge that the choice of English may in part, contribute to the death of the mother tongue, but any diachronic study of a language will trace changes in the language over time, and given the escalating use of the English language it could be presumed that they face a continual challenge. A return to the native language can be seen as an attempt to restructure attitudes to the indigenous culture and create a link to those people whose lives have continued to be conducted in their mother tongues. Nigeria has as many as 400 indigenous mother tongues and three widely used link languages. Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba as well as English. Achebe distinguishes his writing from the writing of other English language novelists by introducing the rhythms, speech patterns, idioms and other verbal nuances of Ibo.

" In literary writing the dominant language and its discursive forms are appropriated to express widely differing cultural experiences. Chinua Achebe (quoting James Baldwin), noted that the language so used can bear the burden of another experience and this has become one of the most famous declarations of the power of appropriation in post-colonial discourse."

The third person narrative provides a voice that conveys the sense of order and harmony in the rhythms and rituals of the clan before the coming of the white man, conveying the sense of native Africans speaking and living in a genuine native African living situation, whilst ensuring the meaning remains clear. African literatures have been influenced to a remarkable degree by the continent's long tradition of oral artistry.

"As Edward Sackey observes, Ngugi and other African writers depend on the oral tradition of Africa to deform the received Western novelistic pattern in order to challenge our received notion while our African identity is also affirmed, thereby freeing Africa from the negative image in which others have created us".

Achebe uses folklore legend, myth and proverbs to point out the indifference, selfishness and stupidity of man, and to portray the traditions and customs of the clan The story of the bird Eneke-nti-obi and the wily tortoise feature prominently, as does the descriptions of the treatment of a guest and the sharing of the kola. The folktales are often employed for social commentary and instruction and also serve as a potent means of affirming group values and discouraging antisocial behavior. Whilst Ngugi doesn't use the didactic animal tale in his novel he places great emphasis on the myth surrounding the activities of the gods at the beginning of creation,

"This land I give to you, O man and woman. It is yours to rule and till, you and your posterity"

The two novels looked at are representations of 'Africa' and as such must be viewed as constructed images that need to be interrogated for their ideological content. In 'The River Between' there is undoubtedly a political message whereas in 'Things Fall Apart' the underlying theme is one of pathos. Ella Shohat claims that the reader should constantly question, and that representations in one sphere effects other spheres of representation, particularly the political one.

"The struggle to speak for oneself cannot be separated from a history of being spoken for, from the struggle to speak and be heard."

Edward Said in his analysis of textual representations of the Orient in 'Orientalism' emphasizes the fact that representations can never be exactly realistic. Whether Achebe and Ngugi have been realistic or not they have both achieved significance in what are considered to be post colonial literatures.

"Post-colonial literatures, which were not considered to be part of the canon, found themselves able to represent their own worlds, their own local cultures with an immediacy often denied so-called Universal literature. They appropriated the techniques and the genres of literature and made them work for African forms of representation.

Please note that this sample paper on Images of Africa in 'The River Between' and 'Things Fall Apart' is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Images of Africa in 'The River Between' and 'Things Fall Apart', we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Images of Africa in 'The River Between' and 'Things Fall Apart' will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gandhi

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He maintained the unity of all people under one God and preached Christian and Muslim ethics along with

the Hindu. He gave up Western ways to lead a life of abstinence and spirituality. His efforts led the British to

imprison him several times, but so great was his following that his threats to fast until death - usually forced

his release. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi also known as Mahatma, "great soul", Gandhi or Bapu, was one

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of the most influential people in India. Although he was religiously erudite and politically active, Gandhiji

proved to be one of the greatest social leaders of all time.

As a social leader, Mahatma Gandhi influenced many people all over the world. His philosophies

and ideas inspired and encouraged others to undergo a social transformation. He maintained the unity of all people under one God and preached Christian and Muslim ethics along with

the Hindu. He gave up Western ways to lead a life of abstinence and spirituality. His efforts led the British to

imprison him several times, but so great was his following that his threats to fast until death - usually forced

his release. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi also known as Mahatma, "great soul", Gandhi or Bapu, was one

of the most influential people in India. Although he was religiously erudite and politically active, Gandhiji

proved to be one of the greatest social leaders of all time.

As a social leader, Mahatma Gandhi influenced many people all over the world. His philosophies

and ideas inspired and encouraged others to undergo a social transformation. Gandhiji put a sense of

self-confidence in the common man to fight against any wrong with truth, non-violence, and

non-cooperation. He taught the people to be self reliant and respect manual labor, which he believed must be

rooted in the life and culture of the common people, whom which he lived alongside. Also, Bapu exhibited

the importance of village industries. His honest, virtuous actions launched his movement of passive

resistance toward Britain.

self-confidence in the common man to fight against any wrong with truth, non-violence, and

non-cooperation. He taught the people to be self reliant and respect manual labor, which he believed must be

rooted in the life and culture of the common people, whom which he lived alongside. Also, Bapu exhibited

the importance of village industries. His honest, virtuous actions launched his movement of passive

resistance toward Britain.

Please note that this sample paper on gandhi is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on gandhi, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on gandhi will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Conflict Resolution

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Conflict Resolution. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Conflict Resolution paper right on time.

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Conflict Resolution 1

Running head CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN WORK TEAMS

Conflict Resolution in Work Teams

Team A

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GEN 00 Skills for Professional Development

University of Phoenix Online

September , 00

Conflict Resolution

Abstract

"A clash or struggle that occurs when a real or perceived threat or difference exist in the

desires, thoughts, attitudes, or feelings, or behaviors of two or more parties" (Cox,

00, p.15). Conflict arises each day in relationships. Some of the problems a team can

encounter can be within a variety of environments. However, communication is the key

to resolving the differences. Having conflict amongst a team is not the end of the world.

If you manage and understand each type of conflict effectively, then the outcome will

create positive solutions. There are three types of conflict that can occur in a team

environment. They are interpersonal, intergroup, and interorganizational. To every

conflict that surfaces, there is a possible solution. Random House Webster College

Dictionary 001 defines resolution as, "a settlement of a problem, controversy, etc." As

there are different forms of conflict, there are diverse steps to determining a resolution, as

well.

Conflict Resolution

Conflict Resolution in Work Teams

Interpersonal Conflict

There are many forms of team environments. A classroom, place of work, sports

teams, and private residences are types of team environments, just to name a few. Each

of these environments can be easily infected with conflict, unless individuals have

developed a resistance, either intuitively or with training, the skills to handle their

differences. It is also important to have established a leader within the team. Having a

leader gives the rest of the team a focal point to get everyone back on track. Assigning a

leader is an effective way to provide a sense of unity for the rest of the team. However,

what happens when conflict arises with the leader? For example, a manager and her two

assistants, recently experienced conflict in defining their individual roles. Often the

manager would overstep her boundaries by constantly fulfilling, not only her

responsibilities as a manager, but by doing the tasks of her assistants, as well. By the

actions of the manager, the assistants became confused as to what their specific roles

were exactly. Meanwhile, the productivity of the rest of the group was at risk. Proper

steps are finally taken by the assistants. It is agreed that the three individuals would

communicate their feelings and what appropriate action needs to take place to define their

roles. Thus, resolving one form of interpersonal conflict. Barge (14) indicates that

interpersonal conflict exists between two individuals within a group. There are many

outcomes that convey when a conflict is resolved. It would be great to say that with a

decision, everybody involved would win, as in the previous example, but the feelings of

all those involved must be considered. Also, the policies and procedures one must follow

have a tremendous impact on how the problem will be resolved. It is in these types of

Conflict Resolution 4

cases that you may encounter a win/lose outcome. For instance, an employee working in

a customer service call center may engage in a variety of conflicts where he must find a

probable solution, while staying within the guidelines of their employer. A customer

calls in to his financial institution to report that he had received $100.00 extra during a

transaction through the drive-thru window. The financial institution caught the mistake

and had already debited his account for the error. It is explained to him that every

attempt was made to contact him, so that he could bring the funds back instead of having

to debit his account. After reviewing the mishap the financial institution had come to the

conclusion that it was their right to not take the loss, even if the error was made on there

part. This situation demonstrates a perfect example of a win/lose outcome. Overall, it is

important to understand that various types of team conflict will arise no matter what the

environment may be. Interpersonal conflict is just one of those types.

Intergroup Conflict

Intergroup conflict involves "conflict between two or more groups, within the larger

system"(Barge, 14). It is possible for one or more of each class of conflict to intersect

with one another. The two types of conflict that most often collide with one another are

interpersonal and intergroup. The reason for this is because "every individual may be

perceived as a representative of a group, and every personal interaction may be perceived

in part as a intergroup interaction"(Lambianca, Brass, Gray, 18, p. 55). The

comprehension an individual has on intergroup conflict endures whether or not a conflict

will arise. It is often conceived that bringing groups closer together will reduce the

chance of a conflict arising. Nevertheless, each individual is holding still, their own

perception of intergroup conflict. A situation where intergroup conflict occurs is

Conflict Resolution 5

demonstrated one day in an office setting. Conflict is easily created when there are two

brokers, one who is employed with Merrill Lynch and the other with Cuna . Each broker

is in charge of working with fiduciary accounts for the benefit of a particular credit union.

Their approach on handling these accounts is somewhat different. Each employee has

their own understanding of the task they have to complete. Thus, working together with

their opposite views, is an invitation for a dispute to happen. This form of intergroup

conflict can best be described as being destructive, instead of constructive. Although the

end result to a positive solution for the example provided may seem improbable, there

may be a way to negotiate. The involvement of a third party or simply being able to

communicate amongst them may help resolve the dispute effectively. The following is

an example of constructive conflict.

A mother's battle for her special needs child and the school district in which he

attended came to blows when she felt that the Individual Education Plan (IEP) that was

conducted was less than satisfactory.

The mother, we'll call her Carolyn, has an autistic child. Due to the child's special

needs, an IEP was considered necessary to determine what instructive requirements were

needed for his educational development. A meeting was scheduled and attended by

teachers, special education coordinators, a psychologist and the parents. After many

hours of deliberation the school officials were satisfied that they had created an IEP that

would best suit the child's needs. The mother was in disagreement. The school district

dismissed her and decided to go ahead with the IEP as written.

Carolyn, distraught with the school's decision, decided to take action of her own. She

was determined to have her voice heard. One day she was surfing the World Wide Web

Conflict Resolution 6

and had stumbled across a website called, www.wrightslaw.com, which was started by

two attorneys who wanted to aid parents that were caught in the middle of certain school

dilemmas on special education issues. The website referred to two books that could be

used as reference tools. One of which, "Emotions for Advocacy", had been written by

one of the attorneys. After a great deal of research, Carolyn was ready to make her case.

She notified the school district that she wanted another IEP meeting to be scheduled. The

school district declined and told her that one had already been done and that they were

satisfied with the outcome. Carolyn informed them of her rights under Wrights Law and

used her reasoning from the research that she had gathered. Under this law it stated if a

parent was not satisfied with the final result of an IEP that had already been administered

by the school district, that he/she had the right to ask that a second IEP be completed.

The reasoning for a second meeting was to discuss possible changes in the educational

procedures for children with Autism.

Ironically, after the resolution of this conflict, another one had arisen. But this time it

was within the school system itself. Classroom teachers and the aides that were assigned

to assist them were in conflict over which type of setting would be appropriate for the

students that did not fit in this category.

This is also an example of constructive conflict. Constructive conflict can allow

change and growth to occur within the system and provide the opportunity for resolving

problems associated with diversity of opinion (Thompson, Aranda, Robbins, 001, p.

8)

Interorganizational Conflict

Interorganizational conflict occurs when there is a breakdown in leadership. Visible

Conflict Resolution 7

signs of conflict within an organization are low productivity, withdrawal, and fighting.

These are all examples of conflict that hit above the surface. But there is much more

going on beneath the surface, within the organization, between and within teams, and

within individuals.

There are a number of causes for this type of conflict. First, the members of the

team's responsibilities and what they are accountable for are unclear. No clarification is

given by leadership, nor is it asked for by team members. Each individual including the

leadership are blind in how to reach the team's main objective.

Secondly, the expectations of the team are mismatched. Without clearly knowing

what each of their responsibilities are, each member of the team will develop there own

design on how to achieve their personal objective instead of the team's objective. Each

of the team member's paths will clash with one another creating more unwanted chaos.

Proper communication skills are the key to a sound team environment. The leader

needs to be clear at communicating what he or she expects for each individual to fulfill

the team's purpose. It is also necessary for the leader to provide the appropriate

resources and support that the team requires meeting its main objective.

If some or all of these factors are found within a team's structure than help can be

found by sorting out what member of the team is accountable for what. Make sure that

the expectations of parties involved are clarified. Again, it is the leader's responsibility

to the team to identify the resources that are needed to meet its goals. To encourage that

clear, specific and direct feedback be given to the involved parties. If the leader is found

at the center of a conflict, than leadership skill development training should be provided

by the organization.

Conflict Resolution 8

Resolution Techniques

The productivity of any group is at risk unless proper steps are in place before

collaborative arrangements are to begin. Individuals should adhere to these procedures if

there is to be resolution within their prospective groups.

Individuals should thoroughly prepare their ideas, thoughts, and suggestions before

presenting them to a group. They should be able to share these ideas willingly and also

be prepared to answer questions relative to their presentation with decisiveness and

without hesitation.

Keep remarks brief and relevant. Group participants should keep their comments

concise and applicable to the context of the discussion. They shouldn't verbally run off

on a tangent with unrelated conversation. If an individual does head off task, it is up to

the other team members to get him/her back on track.

All group participants must maintain an open mind at all times. Before heading into a

discussion, everyone involved should be optimistic about the conversation and its

outcome. To do this accordingly members must listen carefully to each individual's

comments, suggestions or opinions without taking offense. This leads us to the next

phase, being able to give and receive constructive criticism willingly. The majority of

conflicts begin when individuals feel threatened or become defensive. The discussion

should remain positive. Again, the mindset of each individual should be focused on

productivity and not the opposite. The environment must remain comfortable and

neutral.

There will be times when points of discussion between a few may become personal

and argumentative. It is up to the whole team to assist in reconciling the differences of

Conflict Resolution

opinion before moving on with the discussion. It is extremely important to remember

that the outcome of the discussion must be beneficial to the team's objective and not

reflect any individuals purpose.

In conclusion, encountering conflict in a team is a healthy way to keep the team

growing in a positive direction. Learning about the differences of others can strengthen a

team, while contributing to a better understanding of how to effectively manage a team.

As discussed, there are three types of conflict, interpersonal, intergroup and

interorganizational. Although it is important to distinguish the basis of the conflict, it is

equally important to determine a positive resolution. There are appropriate steps to begin

the walk to a proper resolution. If one manages and understands each type of conflict

and the steps to a resolution, then the end result may be a triumph.

Conflict Resolution 10

References

Cox, K. (00). Nursing, Teamwork, Job Satisfaction.

Nursing Administration Quarterly, 7(1), 15.

Lambianca, G., Brass, D., Gray, B. (18). Social Networks and perceptions of intergroup conflict The role of negative relationships and third parties.

Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 55.

Thompson, L., Aranda, E., Robbins, S. (001). Tools for Teams.

Building Effective Teams in the Workplace (pp. 8).

Barge, J.K. (14). Leadership Communication Skills for Organizations

and Groups.

Hulbert, J.E. (14). Developing collaborative insights and skills. Bulletin of

the Association for Business Communication, 57(), 5. Retrieved

August 5, 00, from InfoTrac OneFile database.

Please note that this sample paper on Conflict Resolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Conflict Resolution, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Conflict Resolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Euthanasia

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Velma Howard, age 76, knew her life was coming to an end. Lou Gehrig's disease was taking away the use of her limbs one by one. Eventually it would affect her throat and she would be in danger of choking on her own saliva. With her left arm useless, and her legs weakening, Velma began to think about an accelerated death. Her health was quickly getting worse. Most of all, she did not want to linger for months in painful decline, dragging down her aging husband and her family at the same time. Velma read books on assisted suicide, talked on the telephone with a right to die group, and discussed her plan with close friends and immediate family. With a lot of thinking, Velma ultimately decided on assisted suicide. Unable to write clearly, Velma made a three-minute audio tape outlining her reasons for deciding to die now rather than wait. On the tape she accepted full responsibility for her actions, stressing that no one else should be blamed.

Velma practiced what is called euthanasia. Euthanasia, which is a Greek word meaning "easy death" can be defined as the act of causing death painlessly, so as to end suffering.

In the articles, "It's Over Debbie" by Anonymous, "In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia" by Sidney Hook, "Make Mine Hemlock" by Ernest van den Haag, and "The Dignity of Helplessness What Sort of Society Would Euthanasia Create?"by Rand Richards Cooper, all authors with the exception of Cooper agree that euthanasia should be a legal option for a patient.

Euthanasia is a topic that provokes as much controversy as capital punishment and abortion; primarily because it is an irreversible act. The question of euthanasia being offered to a patient is one that most people would prefer to be left alone. However, recent situations such as Velma's have started considerable discussion and debates. The political and social issues of euthanasia have raised many questions in my mind; and after reading the above articles, I believe euthanasia should be a option for suffering patients for two reasons; it is an unselfish act to end suffering, and a patient should have the option to take his or her life when they are suffering from irreversible illness.

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In the case of euthanasia the patient is deciding to take his or her own life. There are many reasons why a patient may want to end their life unselfishly. One reason maybe the uncontrollable pain the patient no longer wants to endure. In the article, "It's Over Debbie" by Anonymous, Debbie a 0-year old women was dying of ovarian cancer. Debbie was having unrelentess vomiting, had not responded to chemotherapy, and her overall health was in painful decline. When the gynecology resident entered the room with the syringe that would help Debbie ease into relaxation, and say good-bye, Debbie simply said, "Let's get this over with," (401).

Another unselfish reason a patient may want to end their life may be the burden that their sickness puts on the loved ones around them. After being denied the option to discontinue all life supporting services by his doctor, philosophy professor, Sidney Hook was told by his physician that he would some day appreciate the wisdom of doctor not taking his life. Six months later Hook gained almost full recovery, but still did not agree with this physician. Throughout Hook's illness he dreaded imposing on his family and friends who suffered emotional misery. He would not want his family to go through a second round of pain if he were to suffer another "cardiovascular accident". "My wife and children endured enough for one lifetime. I know that for them the long days and nights of waiting, the disruption of their personal duties and their own familiar responsibilities counted for nothing in their anxiety for me," (40).

The motives for these deaths are compassion and an unselfish desire to bring on death when continued living is unbearable for the patient due to their physical and/or mental suffering.

Last winter I was struck with a serious case on pneumonia. I was in the hospital for two weeks. My lungs were fully infected, and a simple thing like turning over was painful. Every morning I was injected with a pain killer called Toradol in my left hip. Toradol never seemed to work and I was always in unbearable pain for the rest of they day. Hypothetically speaking, if I was told by physicians that I would never get better, and I would feel that way for the rest of my life; I would do that of Velma and Debbie and ask for my life to be ended. There is no need for a patient to suffer through a irreversible illness when they can be relieved of their pain.

With euthanasia one is seeking to end physical pain for which there is no other treatment. Euthanasia generally reflects an acceptance or willingness to face the inevitable. To the terminally ill, death is the last hope of maintaining any remnants of dignity left to them in a life where there is no longer any control and is the only escape from a life where pain rules their existence.

In the article, "The Dignity of Helplessness What Sort of Society Would Euthanasia Create?", author Rand Richard Cooper recalls the death of this mother's life-long best friend Gretchen who died of lung cancer. Cooper explains what his mother went through while watching her best friend slowly die, "For my mother, there was the anguish of watching a person she loved being overwhelmed by illness-an especially hard kind of sorrow." After Gretchen had passed away, Cooper explains Gretchen's death as "...a remorseful, irreversible disease that steals a person from us bit by bit." Cooper explains that euthanasia offers a way to manage a loved ones death before loved ones have to see their loved one in pain.

Euthanasia is a complex issue. Euthanasia would give patients a greater autonomy over their own lives and give the terminally ill a chance to avoid great pain and emotional distress. I believe that an individual must be able to make their own decisions - if they chose to die to avoid insufferable pain, but are incapable of acting out their wishes, we should be duty bound to help them. If all other options have been exhausted, and especially if the pain cannot be adequately controlled, then the most humane thing would be to allow the person to die...peaceully.

Please note that this sample paper on Euthanasia is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Euthanasia, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on Euthanasia will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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