A Critical Review of The Valentine Generation by John Wain

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A Critical Review of The Valentine Generation by John Wain

The Valentine Generation by John Wain is about a postman who for the first time in his 40 years on the job meets a person who wants to get back a posted letter. However, in all these years he has strictly adhered to the regulations and he is not about to break one of the ¡¥firmest¡¦ in the book. Despite the young woman¡¦s explanations, he decides to leave with the mail and stick to his work schedule. But, in the end he cannot bring himself to leave her crying and a discussion on love ensues and eventually they strike a deal¡K

The strength of this story lies in Wain¡¦s portrayal of the two main characters, the lively discussion they have and the themes these bring out.

The character of the postman is clearly brought out through the thoughts that he conveys in narrating the story as well as how he expresses himself. From these, we see that he is a down-to-earth and direct character and an experienced person. Right from the start, he tells us he is ¡§getting on towards retiring age¡¨ and he shares with us the secret why he is still as quick with his work. The key, he tells us lies in getting the most done ¡§before nine o¡¦clock.¡¨

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Also, most of his narrative is presented in the present tense. For example,

¡§I¡¦m coming up to the third box and even as I drive up to it I can see this

girl standing there on the pavement.¡¨

¡§I think perhaps she¡¦s waiting for somebody to come out of one of the houses¡¨

This creates a sense of immediacy and directness to the events and his responses. And it fits with his no-nonsense attitude.

¡§But it ¡¦s no business of mine. On the collecting, you¡¦ve no time to spare

before nine o¡¦clock. After that, you might just as well slacken off, that¡¦s

what I always tell them.¡¨

And yet he is sympathetic as well.

¡§Just one minute. She¡¦s in trouble, and I¡¦ve got daughters of my own.¡¨

Through the above, Wain has created the personality of the postman as a direct, no- nonsense and yet sympathetic character.

The other main character, the girl, is a more emotional character. The language she uses is emphatic as she tries to persuade the postman to return the letter to her

¡§¡Kjust once in forty years¡K¡¨

¡§¡¥Please,¡¦ she says. ¡¥Please. You¡¦ve got a kind face. I know you¡¦d help me

if only you knew.¡¦¡¨

¡§ And he¡¦ll never, never come back to me if he reads that letter.¡¨

The woman posted a letter that she had written in anger upon discovering that her boyfriend, Jocelyn, has gone out with another girl. However, upon reconsideration she regrets having written the letter and wants to get it back.

In their following discussion on the girl¡¦s relationship with Jocelyn, it seems that the postman and the girl differ in viewpoints. While the postman thinks that Jocelyn has ¡¥trained¡¦ such that ¡¥she doesn¡¦t even count the other girls he runs after,¡¦ the girl believes that times have changed and that love has changed. She even suggests that the postman has had never to face ¡¥reality¡¦ and that his was the ¡¥Valentine generation¡¦ and as such of a whole different matter.

Finally, the postman proposes they have a bargain that if she can explain what she thinks love is and he agrees with her, he will give her back the letter. In the end, her explanation of love in fact matches with his viewpoint and thus the letter is returned. Although the postman does question the compatibility of their relationship if their ideas on love differ, the girl is only concerned about her part in the relationship.

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'Here's much to do with hate, but more with love'. Shakespeare's world is foreign to us only in some of its customs and value systems. The variations he plays in 'Romeo and Juliet' on love, it's corollaries and antitheses are timeless. What do you think?

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All Shakespeare's tragedies examine a flaw in human nature. 'Othello' deals with jealousy, 'Macbeth' with ambition and 'Romeo and Juliet' deals with the fatal proximity of love to hate. Shakespeare shows us that love has many different facets and contrasts, but are his theories still valid today? In this essay I hope to find out.

The first example we see of love is to be found in the first scene. This is love as carnal satisfaction. To Sampson and Gregory, love means only the rape of Montague women, they will 'thrust his[Lord Montague's] maids to the wall.' It is hinted that the serving men of both houses share this idea of love- these are men of simple tastes.

Another aspect of love displayed in our first meeting of Romeo. This is courtly, unrequited love. Romeo is deeply in love with Rosaline but she has chosen a life of chastity. Romeo's first love is stale and sterile; nothing can ever come of it. Romeo is not so much in love as obsessed with Rosaline. His love makes him miserable, we are told that Romeo 'in his chamber pens himself ¦Shuts up his windows, locks fair daylight out.' Love to Romeo is a mass of paradoxes and oxymorons 'Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health.' He sees Rosaline's vow of chastity as a work of evil for she 'cuts beauty off from all prosperity'. This means that if she has taken this vow, she will have no children to inherit her looks. He cannot believe that any girl can be more beautiful- 'The all-seeing sun¦Ne'er saw her match since first the world begun.' He begins to think that love is cruel 'it[Cupid's arrow] pricks like the thorn.' Romeo's love has consumed him and Shakespeare takes the metaphor of a flower to describe it. Lord Montague is anxious that Romeo will not blossom into a young man because an 'envious worm' (his love for Rosaline) has bit the ripe bud of his adolescence.

Friar Lawrence carries yet another strand of love. He believes in an idealistic, healing love. As a priest, Friar Lawrence is celibate and therefore without any personal experience of love. We are told that he was amusedly worried by Romeo's devotion to Rosaline, but he definitely finds Romeo's sudden change of heart comical. We are told that he often reprimanded Romeo's doting on Rosaline. He is worried that Romeo may be a 'waverer'. He has the idealistic idea of healing the feud and making Romeo and Juliet happy by the action of marrying them- For this alliance may so happy prove, ¦ To turn your households' rancour to pure love.' He is however conscious of the undue speed of their match-'wisely and slow'-and warns them that too much honey can spoil the appetite for it-'Therefore love moderately, long love doth so.' He does his best to console the lovers after Tybalt's death, arranging for their one night together and planning Juliet' pseudo-death. The Friar sees the hypocrisy in the Capulet's mourning and is quick to tell them that 'The most you saw was her promotion, ¦ For 'twas your heaven she should be advanced.'

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Lady Capulet's idea of love is purely practical. She sees love as the creation of a 'good marriage. She endorses the idea of Juliet's marriage to Paris, whom she extols as a 'fair volume', like a beautiful book that lacks only a cover (a wife). She is determined to advance Juliet through a rich marriage and is thus delighted when Capulet chooses Paris-'the gallant, young and noble gentleman'- to be her daughter's husband. However she is not averse to occasional vindictiveness, calling on Prince Escalus to execute Romeo for the death of Tybalt, and when he refuses, plotting to have him poisoned while in exile in Mantua. When Juliet refuses to marry Paris Lady Capulet's love for her is exposed as hollow-'I would the fool were married to her grave' and 'Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee.' Her hypocritical display of grief for Juliet- 'But one, poor one, one poor and loving child, ¦ But one thing to rejoice and solace in'by Friar Lawrence.

Lord Capulet's ideas on love are quite similar to his wives. However they are dominated by his belief that daughters should obey their fathers in all things. This was a common idea in the sixteenth century, the time when Shakespeare was writing. Arranged marriages were commonplace at the time. A daughter had no rights and was considered a possession to be traded. When Shakespeare was writing, most of his audience would also be of this mind. To this end, Capulet chooses the County Paris to wed Juliet. He is impressed by his nobility- 'A gentleman of noble parentage, ¦ Of fair demesnes, youthful and nobly liened.' In fact his love for Juliet depends on her acquiescence to his demands. When she does not accede to his demands he launches a massive verbal attack upon his daughter- either she obeys him or she will be thrown out of the house 'to hang, beg, starve, die in the streets.' When she 'dies' he is devastated, he claims that 'with my child my joys are buried.'

Paris displays a prime example of how unrequited love can be true and pure, unlike Romeo's for Rosaline. He is one of Verona's most eligible bachelors, who seeks Juliet's hand in marriage. He has excellent manners but is obviously disappointed that Juliet does not return his love (although because of grief for Tybalt he thinks). The fidelity of love is shown in his vow to strew the tomb of his love with flowers and weep for her every night. When mortally wounded in the fight with Romeo his last wish is that Romeo will lay him with Juliet. This is done.

The Nurse reflects the attitude that love must end with a marriage. However she is unable to see past the sexual side of marriage. The Nurse's frequent, bawdy jokes show her opinion that marriage, to her, means only legalised sex. More than once she tells an anecdote regarding an accident Juliet had when she was younger. Juliet fell and hit her forehead and the Nurse claims her husband said to Juliet 'Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit'. What she is saying, is that when Juliet is older, she will fall backwards with a man on top of her. She is inconsistent, telling Romeo of Juliet's disdain for Paris. She loves her part as a messenger between the couple but makes a big fuss about it-'I am the drudge…but you shall bear the burden soon at night,' this is once again a sexual reference. She says that there is no faith in men, all are dishonest. She advises Juliet to marry Paris after Romeo's banishment- she claims Romeo is a 'dishcloth' in comparison to Paris. She has no conception of the depth and strength of her wards love.

Benvolio displays a rare kind of love, platonic love of one man for another. This is true friendship, an unselfish concern for a friend in trouble. He is desperately anxious about Romeo's feelings for Rosaline- he does not want Romeo to get hurt. He urges Romeo to 'examine other beauties'.

The main theme of true love is introduced by its partner-love at first sight. As soon as Romeo sees Juliet at the Capulet ball, he falls passionately in love with her. This is an example of chemistry or electricity between two people. He forgets Rosaline instantly as his inner poet is inspired Juliet 'teaches the torches to burn bright…she hangs upon the cheek of night¦Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear'. Irony is displayed here as Romeo renounces all his former vows to Rosaline, who is forgotten, and pledges them all to Juliet. Was his unrequited true, or fantasy? His declarations of Rosaline's beauty melt away as he exclaims 'I never saw true beauty till this night.'

The main strand of love in the play is the true, self-sacrificial love between Romeo and Juliet. It is clear from the outset that the chemistry has effected them both. They share a metaphorical sonnet. Romeo, like he did with Rosaline, puts Juliet on a pedestal, he imagines himself to be a pilgrim (palmer) at the holy shrine of a saint. The only difference with Juliet is that this time she returns his previously unrequited love. Juliet therefore is horrified when the Nurse informs her that Romeo is a Montague. She is horrified-'my only love sprung from my only hate.' Romeo's new found love makes him feel light-headed and full of hope. His new courage enables him to climb the Capulet's steep orchard walls to see Juliet again. There is symbolism a plenty as Juliet comes onto the balcony and he enthuses of her beauty. Her eyes are to him the brightest stars in the sky, her cheek in heaven would make the night so blaze that birds would sing, believing it to be daybreak. She is to him an angel, a winged messenger from heaven. She is depicted as a glorious sun, showing light and life giving. Rosaline is now demoted to being seen as a jealous moon, representing chastity and sterility. The love of Romeo and Juliet is synonymous with light that cannot be stifled, even by night, whereas Romeo's love for Rosaline revolved around the absence of light, he drew his curtains and lived in blind darkness.

Juliet tells herself of the futility of names, they have no meaning- 'That which we call a rose¦By any other word would smell as sweet'. When Romeo reveals himself Juliet is embarrassed, as what she has declared is not 'proper'. However she soon overcomes her reservations and they exchange lovers vows, the last being one of the most beautiful passages in English literature- 'My bounty is as boundless as the sea, ¦ My love as deep; the more I give to thee ¦ The more I have for both are infinite.' This is true love, unstinting and unfettered.

The couple can hardly bear to leave each other. Juliet wishes he were a trained bird who would return to her when she called, or a little bird tied to a string that could not fly away. Romeo leaves the meeting a trifle shell-shocked. He cannot believe that such perfection can be true- 'How silver-sweet are lovers' tongues by night, ¦ Like softest music to attending ears.' Mercutio notices the change in Romeo but attributes it to him finally getting over Rosaline. This is partially true but he does not know of Romeo's new found love. Romeo's new wittiness he feels is better than 'this drivelling love', Romeo is however profoundly in love-more so than before. As he awaits confirmation of his impending marriage, Romeo challenges 'love-devouring death' to do its worst. This it promptly does. Tybalt slays Mercutio and Romeo in revenge betrays his wife and murders her cousin. He is indeed fortune's fool.

Juliet waits impatiently for her wedding night, not knowing of the tragedy that has befallen her new husband. Once more the light metaphor is played out with Juliet wishing to cut her spouse into stars that would make heaven so fine that all would worship night. Her illusion of Romeo is shattered when she learns of Tybalt's demise. Confusion racks her, she sees Romeo as a lethal serpent hidden beneath a beautiful flower. Her doubts about him soon pass, when the Nurse also speaks ill of Romeo. Neither of them can bear the harsh sterility of banishment; they would prefer death. Juliet vows that death and no other man will take her maidenhead. Romeo attempts suicide, rejecting philosophy and the advice of his mentor Friar Lawrence.

One night alone of happiness is allowed to these 'star cross'd lovers'; their love that was as fast of lightening has faded as quickly. As Romeo leaves his wife, Juliet has a vision of her husband dead at the bottom of a tomb. Juliet vows that she will remain an unstained wife to Romeo despite Capulet's plan to marry her to Paris. She agrees to Friar Lawrence's plan and is prepared to face the horrors of the Capulet tomb to be reunited with her true love. Tragically her premonition is fulfilled, the next time she sees Romeo he is indeed dead. Her overwhelming love leads her to follow Romeo into death. Their pure, generous love cured the ancient feud, but at such a cost! Escalus sums up the whole situation with these lines 'See what a scourge is laid upon your hate, ¦ That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love.'

The primary antithesis to love is hate. This sentiment is personified by Tybalt Capulet. He mistakes love for rancour. He sees Romeo as a troublemaker who has come to the ball to 'fleer and scorn at our solemnity.' He stands as a stark opposite to the pure love of Romeo and Juliet; his only love is for fighting and perpetuating the feud with the Montagues. He vows at the ball that he will convert Romeo's intrusion 'now seeming sweet' to 'bitterest gall.' This he duly does.

Mercutio, who has never experienced true love, carries another antithesis-cynicism. He mocks love as a foolish thing that makes all lovers subservient to it. He constantly refers to loves blindness in a mocking fashion- 'If love be blind, love cannot hit the mark'. He thinks of love as an illusion and feels pity for those, like Romeo, who 'suffer' it. Mercutio is almost a little cross about what Rosaline is doing to Romeo. He thinks Romeo has taken leave of his senses and is 'dead, stabbed with a white wench's black eye…the very pin of his heart cleft with the blind bow boy's [Cupid's] butt-shaft [arrow].' He jests at Romeo's comparisons between Rosaline and great mythic beauties like Helen, Thisbe and Cleopatra. His only belief in love is smutty and sexual. His frequent jokes are of a sexual nature. An example of this is his comments that Romeo is 'raising a spirit in his mistress' circle' when he cannot be found after the Capulet ball. This antithesis, though milder than hate is still valid.

A lot has changed in the four hundred years since Shakespeare wrote his plays. Globalisation has shrunk the world substantially and exploration has even added bits to it. In his time arranged marriage was commonplace, now it would be unacceptable. However Shakespeare's genius has enabled him to capture the most profound of all human emotions, love. His observations are definitely still valid today, and some of his characters are recognisable with others. Will Shakespeare's thoughts on love still be valid in another four hundred years? Only time will tell.

Please note that this sample paper on 'Here's much to do with hate, but more with love'. Shakespeare's world is foreign to us only in some of its customs and value systems. The variations he plays in 'Romeo and Juliet' on love, it's corollaries and antitheses are timeless. What do you think? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 'Here's much to do with hate, but more with love'. Shakespeare's world is foreign to us only in some of its customs and value systems. The variations he plays in 'Romeo and Juliet' on love, it's corollaries and antitheses are timeless. What do you think?, we are here to assist you. Your essay on 'Here's much to do with hate, but more with love'. Shakespeare's world is foreign to us only in some of its customs and value systems. The variations he plays in 'Romeo and Juliet' on love, it's corollaries and antitheses are timeless. What do you think? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Untouchable Ganesha

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The Untouchable Ganesha

What is the caste of Ganesha? The Savarna Caste Hindus decide the caste identity of individuals in the Indian Society. They believe that the Ganesha of Dalits is an untouchable.

The Dalits of Peapuly village in Kurnool district brought Ganesha to their wada to celebrate Vinayaka Chaviti.The Ganesha was made to sit and eat in the Dalitwada.When the Dalits wanted to send Ganesha off, the Savarnas stopped the procession and destroyed the Ganesha. The Savarnas told the Dalits that the polluted, untouchable Ganesha should not walk through their streets. This happened on 1st September, Monday.The Dalits complained to the police asking for protection. The District S.P and Collector bought another Ganesha for the Dalits and try to take out the procession on Tuesday, nd September. The Savarna castes-Boyas, Reddys, Telagas got together and prevented the entire Revenue and the Police personnel including the S.P and the Collector from passing through their streeet. They pelted stones and injured several Policemen. They burnt down petty shops, Chappal repair shops and some houses belonging to the Dalits in the presence of the Police. The Police opened fired to control the Savarna caste crowd. They failed to control the Savarnas and postponed the procession to the next day.

On rd September, the procession started again.. The SP, the Collector, the Inspector General of Police, Rayalaseema zone and also the Minister for minor irrigation K.E.Prabhakar tried to lead the procession. The Savarna castes refused to allow the procession. The Minister and the top district officials re-directed the procession to go through Dalitwada to a nearby tank where they immersed the Ganesha.

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This is the plight of the Untouchable Ganesha in the hi-tech regime of Chandrababu Naidu.

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P.S. A team of our organization has gone to the village today. I will get back to you with an update.

Three hurt in police firing in Peapuly

By Our Staff Reporter

KURNOOL Sept. . Violence erupted once again at Peapuly in Kurnool district on Tuesday where trouble started over immersion of Ganesh idol yesterday. Three persons sustained bullet injuries as the police opened fire today to control violence. Three constables also received injuries in stone throwing.

The violent mob indulged in arson and looting and attacked police parties with stones. Two shops were set on fire, one shop was looted and three kiosks, all belonging to Scheduled Caste families, were damaged. An SC house which was close to the main town was also attacked. The police fired over 70 rounds and dispersed the mob.

The Superintendent of Police, N. Sanjay, who was camping along with the Collector, Ajay Jain, and the DIG of Police, Satyanarayan, at Peapuly said curfew was clamped in certain sensitive areas of the town while prohibitory orders under section 144 of Cr. P.C. were in force in the remaining areas.

The trouble started yesterday when the upper caste people reportedly objected to a procession being taken out by the SCs through their locality. Roads in the upper caste localities were blocked and violence started when the police tried to remove the obstacles.

The mob damaged the idol leading to tension. The police secured another idol and proposed to escort the procession today. The promise had further enraged the upper caste people.

The people in upper caste localities who moved in groups allegedly attacked police and tried to assault journalists too accusing them of sympathising with the SCs through their reporting. At one stage the senior officers were held up at the police station and could not enter the town. After the additional troops joined them, the police resorted to action and opened fire. The gangs dispersed after the firing. Damage to shops and houses of the SCs was estimated at Rs. 67,000. The injured were shifted to hospital.

Dalits families, whose population was around 1,000 out of total population of 1,000 were fearing for life. They expressed fears that they may not be able to return to their homes immediately as the upper caste people were crying for vengeance. The MRPS leaders who gathered at the place to support SCs could not take up any agitation except sympathise with them after seeing the violent mood of upper caste people, especially Boyas, Telagas and Reddys. Attacks were allegedly carried out on the houses of few Vysyas, who sympathised with the SCs.

(The Hindu,..00)

Official visits Peapuly, report likely today

By Our Special Correspondent

Hyderabad Sept. . The Government has deputed the Commissioner for Social Welfare, Ajayendra Pyal, to Peapuly in Kurnool district, on a fact-finding mission of the incident in which upper caste people prevented and attacked a Dalit Ganesh procession causing injuries to many.

Mr. Pyal, who rushed to the spot this morning, is expected to submit his report to the Government by tomorrow, sources in the Government said.

CPI demands compensation Meanwhile, the Communist Party of India (CPI) demanded action against those responsible for the Peapuly violence and blamed local TDP leaders for the incidents.

In a statement here, State CPI Council Secretary, S. Sudhakar Reddy, also demanded a compensation of Rs.50,000 for each shop destroyed in the violence. He accused the police of failing to take precautionary measures.

Our Kurnool Staff Reporter writes

The town remained peaceful today. The Minister, K.E. Prabhakar, in whose constituency the town falls, the collector, Ajay Jain, the IG, Sivanarayana, the DIG, Satyanarayan, and the SP, N. Sanjay, camped there and reviewed the situation.

The police rounded up a few people responsible for the violence taking the total arrests to over 80. The police cleared the obstacles created in the upper caste localities. A few women from the upper castes protested saying they were harassing their men while the SCs were left untouched. They sat in dharna when the police were bringing the damaged jeep. Officers pacified and dispersed them.

Meanwhile, the Ministers and officials offered prayers at the Ganesh idol installed by the authorities after the first idol was broken. The idol was immersed in a tank on Gooty road and the procession was routed through another lane bypassing the upper caste locality. The SCs did not show much enthusiasm in the function and most of them stayed away from it.

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Christopher Columbus

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Christopher Columbus. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Christopher Columbus paper right on time.

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"Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress,"

In the opening chapter, "Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress, " in the book, A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn gives the reader a new way to look at America's history. He uses harsh tones and blunt statements about the cruelty towards the Indians to persuade the reader about their views on Columbus. Zinn then gives his reasons for retelling history the way he does. Zinn says, "I prefer to try to tell the story of the discovery of America from the viewpoint of the Arawaks, of the Constitution from the standpoint of the slaves…" (10).

Howard Zinn Begins his retelling of Columbus's discovery with excerpts from Columbus's first letter to the King and Queen. He tells the reader that Columbus's main objective was gold and the idea that if he could prove it was there Ferdinand and Isabella would finance another trip back. When they finally found land the first people they saw had gold jewelry in their ears. Zinn believes, " this was to have enormous consequences it led Columbus to take some of them aboard ship as prisoners because he insisted that they guide him to the source of gold" (). Though all they found was little specs of gold in the rivers led the Spaniards "to wild visions of gold fields" ().

Though some of Columbus's descriptions in his letter were true, other parts were false; however, the king and queen had faith in him and gave him "seventeen ships and more then twelve hundred men" (). This time the objective was to find more gold and bring back slaves. However, when they returned to the new land they found no gold, some of their men had been killed a battle with the Indians, and a large majority of other Indians had fled to escape the Spaniards. The first time to Spain they had no gold so they made up for it with slaves, yet most of them died en route.

Help with essay on Christopher ColumbusZinn then goes on to talk of Columbus's desperation to pay back those people who had invested in him (4). He travels back to the new world intent on finding gold this time. He forces the Indians to search and return with gold for him, but this is an unfeasible mission so the Indians flee the shores and head for the hills where they are found and killed. Zinn states quite bluntly that, "In two years, through murder, mutilation, or suicide, half of the 50,000 Indians on Haiti were dead" (4).

After describing the mass murders that had taken place on this Zinn goes on to compare his writings of history to those of Samuel Morison who wrote, Christopher Columbus Mariner in 154. Zinn refers to the idea how so many "history books given to children in the United States, it all starts with heroic adventure-there is no bloodshed- and Columbus Day is a celebration"(7). He goes on to say that although Morison accounts the life of Columbus with out lying, he manages to downplay this mass murder by sticking it very briefly in the middle of a very long book, and focusing more on other topics. Zinn is very adamant about how history is told and discusses this before going on to talk more about Columbus.

Zinn starts off his account of Columbus's discovery with his first letter back to the king and queen. This letter makes a good contradiction to Zinn's point that he is trying to form throughout his piece. He then uses the contradiction to make his point more clear about the way history is written and portrayed through out time. He tells his account of Columbus's discovery first because it helps lead into his point of the way history is retold. Without telling his account of the discovery his point about history would not of had such an impact on the reader.

Although Zinn's account of Columbus's discovery of the new land is unsympathetic and frank, I would rather feel as if I am being told the truth then being lied to. Morison downplays murder as if it was just a small casualty of finding this new land, which to me seems inhumane.

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A view of the theories

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The main ideas of Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner and Carl Rogers have been with us for decades. These ideas, however, have not grown old (in recent writings, Skinner and Rogers have continued to expand their basic concepts. They still attract attention, cause debate, stimulate research, and gather criticism as well as praise. They form the bases for, or have influenced, many current attempts to understand and change human behaviour, and they remain vital elements of present-day psychology-despite the rapid growth and expansion of the field in numerous directions.

Freuds psychoanalytic approach, Skinners radical behaviorism, and Rogers humanistic views actually constitute three different psychologies. They differ in the answers they provide to basic questions such as What are the inherent qualities of human beings? What are the most important influences on personality development? What are the causes of problem behaviours, and how should these behaviours be treated? What should society do to maximise human achievements? What is the most effective way to study human behaviour?

The fact that all three of these different perspectives currently have considerable vitality, and are not just significant historically, points out that psychologists have not achieved consensus on important basic issues. Psychology certainly is in good health if judged by the large number of persons entering the field, by the vast number of books and research articles being published, and by the publics interest in psychological matters.

However, it is a field marked by numerous controveries. Psychologists often disagree. Reasons for this lack of agreement include the complexity of human behaviour, the relatively short history of scientific psychology, and the problems caused by the fact that psychologists are human who are trying to study humans (one problem is the difficulty of maintaining objectivity).

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It could be argued that the controveries that exist among psychologists, though very disturbing when a definite answer is being sought, actually are additional signs of the fields good health. They show that psychologists often are willing to settle for a quick consensus and willing to take positions that they know will arouse criticism from at least some of their collegues.

The diferences among the psychologies of Freud, Skinner and Rogers is their theories on human behaviour, being psychoanalysis, behavioural, and humanistic.

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Were Stalin's methods the only ones appropriate to the task of transforming the Soviet Union into an industrial nation?

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I believe that Stalin's methods at the time were the only ones appropriate to the task of transforming the Soviet Union into an industrial nation. In this essay I will cover the following points to back up my argument Russia's industrial state at the end of Lenin's era in 14, Stalin's rise and consolidation of power, Stalin's methods and policies on industrialization, collectivisation and form of a totalitarian state, victory against the Nazi's and becoming the world superpower.

At the end of 14 Russia was in a very awkward position, due to being the only country that was ruled by a communist government. Lenin intended to transform the Russian economy by wiping out all exploitation of man by man. Here was the problem that faced the new leader of the regime. In 11 as a result of the chaos caused by the Decree on land and War Communism policies Lenin introduced a new policy. The basic strategy was now to restore the economy a degree of capitalism and private enterprise. Introducing his New Economic Policy (NEP), Lenin argued that the road to socialism would be longer then originally thought. In the NEP Lenin left an intermediate strategy which contained a long-term problem. Should the mixed economy be retained indefinitely, as Bhukarin argued, or should socialism be accelerated a course urged by Trotsky. So any leader that was taking over power from Lenin would be faced with a problem. As we come to find out Stalin handled this superbly in the end and in my view he was the only man that could have taken the country forward.

Stalin was probably an outsider to take over the Bolshevik party after Lenin's death in Jan 14. He was totally eclipsed by Trotsky in the October revolution and never succeeded in winning the confidence and the friendship of Lenin. He was widely regarded as a plodder. However beneath Stalin's grey exterior, was a singularly ruthless and opportunist character. While posing as a moderate he waited for the opportunity to attack other candidates, like a crocodile patiently waiting for its prey to make a mistake, then pounce. The fact that unlike other candidates Stalin was not Western educated, put him above Trotsky in people's estimations. "He was a very skilful politician who had a superb grasp for tactics, could predict behaviour extremely well and had an unerring eye for personal weaknesses" quoted by a well-known historian McCauley. In particular he was able to capitalise on Bhukarin's inability to convert his plausible economic theory into a credible programme, on Kamenev's lack of vision and on Zinoviev's organisational weakness. Stalin, by contrast showed consistent skill in grouping around him, his own sets of allies men like Kalinin, Kuibyshev, Molotov and Voroshilov. It is clear that like other Bolshevik leaders, Stalin's ultimate aim was collectivisation of the land and industrialisation. He was prepared to do anything to achieve everything. Of course we cannot tell how Lenin, had he lived, or how Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev or Bhukarin, would have ruled the USSR if they had won the struggle for power. However it is very unlikely, from what we know about them, that any of theses leaders could have equalled Stalin's success.

Before Stalin came to power after Lenin's death in 14 he had held numerous positions within the party. The combinations of these posts allowed Stalin to monitor grassroots party appointments all over Soviet Russia, and thus build up an army of henchmen. This in turn, meant that he was soon able to control the election of deputies to the Supreme Soviet, the top legislative body, and to the Party Congress. This enabled him to have his 'own' people in place, so everything was channelled through him. This means he would have total control. This method Stalin used to establish a totalitarian dictatorship, which allowed him greater control and I doubt that had it been any other leader, would they have made such a drastic difference all the way through the chain. Stalin was very skilful in manoeuvring his people to positions where he wanted them, then changing sides if he saw a better option, therefore leaving them hi and dry. Stalin consolidated his position with his well-timed formulation of the theory of "Socialism in one country", for which idea he had earlier condemned Trotsky. This doctrine, calling for construction of socialist society in the Soviet Union regardless of international situation, distanced Stalin from the left and won support with Bhukarin and the party's right wing. With this support Stalin ousted the leaders of the "Left Opposition" from their position in 16/7 and forced Trotsky into exile in 18. As the NEP era ended, opened debate within the party became increasingly limited as Stalin gradually eliminated all his opponents. The murder of Kirov in Dec of 14 for allegedly plotting to replace Stalin began a period of purging and terror that lasted until 1. It was marked by execution of virtually the entire political and military elite and the incarceration in forced labour camps of millions of Soviet citizens. Using this method with the help of the Secret Police, Stalin established his personal dictatorship over the party and the country. To summarise Stalin was a ruthless man of caution, cunning and calculation. He was cruel and heartless, murdering anyone who appeared to stand in his way or might prove a later threat, but his plans were pursued with such vigour and forcefulness, fuelled by fear. Stalin believed that terror was a legitimate political weapon. The difference was while Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders opposed the use of terror against their own colleagues, Stalin had no such reservations. Stalin believed that terror was the most effective way of making people obey and work hard. I believe had Stalin not pulled Russia together by force to become an industrial nation, they would have been far worse off in the Nazi regime, as I have no doubt had Russia not industrialised, she would have been defeated in 141/4. So Stalin's methods had not only saved millions of lives from war and but also saved Russia as a county, its people and the heritage. It is fair to say that it came at a cost of several million lives, but I believe no one could have got the same result with fewer casualties.

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Although Stalin's objectives were very clear, they were very reactionary to the mood of the times. Stalin was very careful to back the most popular solutions to the many problems hotly debated in the 10's. Many people preferred this, as they longed for some stability after the years of upheaval. He always appeared as one who implemented the will of the majority. This was another method of Stalin to maintain power and achieve his goal of industrialisation and developing a totalitarian communist state, and again I doubt weather any other leader would have been clever and strong enough to use these methods. He was playing his colleagues, the ordinary people and changing his policies in order to achieve what was necessary. After a year of adrift since taking over and unmindful of the party's desire for change, Stalin and his men at the end of 18 struck out on a set of policies designed to turn backward Russia into a modern state. With his ruthless and vigorous action he launched forced industrialisation and collectivisation. The momentous series of economic and social measures included the establishment of a series of five-year national economic plans, the deportation and execution of hundreds of thousands of better off peasants (kulaks) and the forced entrance of the rest into state-controlled collective farms, nationalising of all industry and commerce, the regulation and manipulation of all financial instruments for capital accumulation by the government regardless of the people's impoverishment, and the centralization of all social activity. During the first two Five Year Plans (FYP's) of 1- huge hydroelectric dams were built as well as canals, mines and factories. They were built in record time, using free and prison labour. Managers, who were party members, drove the workers relentlessly because they risked prison and deportation, or even death for "sabotage" if production targets were not met. Russia and its people had never experience these methods's before as no one had introduced them, but to Stalin's credit the results they produced were phenomenal. During the first FYP 1500 big enterprises had been constructed. These included the Dnepregres, the Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical complexes, the Ural machine factory, the Rostov agricultural-machinery plant, which is still operating today, tractor factories at Chelyabinsk, Stalingrad, the Kharkov, car factories in Moscow and Sormovo, the Ural chemical works and so on. In 1, 8 million roubles worth of machine tools were imported, which represented 78% of all machine tools installed that year. However none of this would have been achieved had the idea of "patriotism" had not been introduced. People were continuously brainwashed by the government. By 17, all the basic tools of industrialization and of arms production were made in the Soviet Union. The economic growth between 15-6 was considerable. In 14 gross industrial output rose by 1%, in 15 by % and in 16 by %. Stalin officially justified forced collectivisation and industrialization by claiming that Russia was "threatened" by the Western powers, i.e. Britain and France, so it had to "catch up" with them in industrial production. During the early 10's Russia was starting to get recognised on the international scene on its economic strength and means of production. She formed economic relationship with Germany. In 14 she entered the League of Nations. This is a great reflection for what Stalin and his ruthless methods did for Russia. His methods to industrialize at any cost were completely appropriate, as at the time it was the only option as it takes much more then words and a change of regime to change people's mentality and work ethic. The establishment of totalitarian political control was completed with retrenchment in the social and economic realm in which Stalin instituted better methods of industrial management, a system of incentives and different wages and prices, the reestablishment of traditional procedures in the armed forces, more moderate general guidelines in the arts and the sciences, and a revival of the family as the basic social unit and the elimination of religion as a national cult allowing Stalin greater control. Hundreds of new cities and settlements were founded. By October of 15 all the rationing of foods was abolished as both industry and agriculture was ripe. In marked contrast at the time to the capitalist West, unemployment was abolished. In fact the economic advance gave rise to shortage of labour, which was overcome by millions of peasants entering Russian industry. Whilst the rest of the world was paralysed by the worst slump in history, the USSR under Stalin was taking giant steps forward. It can be said that Stalin dragged Russia up on its own feet. It was now self-efficient, as she could now rely on its own production both for agricultural and industrial materials.

Russia's victory over Germany in 145 I believe was a direct consequence of Stalin' rule and methods he used to get things done. In view of the initial collapse in 141/4 due to Stalin making the wrong decision and focussing purely on offensive war strategy, the extent of Soviet military recovery was nothing short of remarkable. Credit must be given to Stalin's own recovery and ability to co-ordinate military revival and make full use of the climate and size of Russia. Despite some losses of territory, Soviet Union still managed to out produce Germany in war material, the direct result of the FYP's of the 10's. Stalin matched his peak of his administrative efficiency during the war years and was able to make structural changes, which enabled Soviet Union to make a more effective use of production, mobilisation of Russian resources. This was achieved by Stalin breaking up the old components of Stalinism, the totalitarian control over the political government. He decided to dismantle them, and therefore giving greater power further down the line. This partial demobilisation of the command economy delivered overwhelming numbers of tanks, aircraft, and artillery pieces to any front of war they were required. This method was again something new, and empathizes the skill Stalin had to react to circumstances and come out on top. His more appropriate method and style of leadership and more effective use of economic resources undoubtedly led to military victory. So the man totally responsible was Stalin. Stalin was the only dictator to come out victorious in 145. Hitler committed suicide in the face of defeat. Franco and Salazar, kept their countries out of conflict. After 145 until his death in 15 Stalin launched a campaign of reconstruction and finally achieved his original objective of making the Soviet Union a superpower. He also extended Russian control, for the first time over most Eastern Europe and established a series of satellite states. The methods Stalin used to gain totalitarian measures were the fulfilment of Stalinism during his reign. The man behind the system grew in power and used this power to intensify the totalitarian nature of the regime. There was even forebodings in the West that this type of dictatorship might provide a general pattern for the future. This is in my view a very strong argument that Stalin's methods were the only ones appropriate at the time. Stalin's search for power was total and the methods he used were more extreme then had previously been used. Stalin was ruthless in his pursuit of power and efficient in his use of it, with the first point leading directly to the second. Ruthlessness and power combined to create a form of totalitarianism, which was more complete than that of Nazi Germany. Stalin created an industrial infrastructure, he cut down possible opposition by directly instigating purges, he changed the people's cultural and social perception and he pursued a foreign policy, which, with the occasional changes in tactics, had an overall strategy of making Russia a world superpower. Because of these methods and developments and despite the suffering inflicted, the Soviet Union was able to inflict defeat on Nazi Germany. I doubt that had any other leader been in charge would had done so, and had USSR become a superpower. In the last analysis Stalin could claim that his methods "Soviet Russia had become stronger as a result of his grandiose campaigns of industrialisation, collectivisation and social transformation." The very nature of the Russian national character allowed this to happen. Russian's never knew democracy as they were always repressed and ruled by barons and tsars. They never knew freedom or democracy, as most people being surfs the majority didn't know how to handle freedom, so they became puppets at the hands of a dictator. Lenin's attempt at free enterprise wasn't good enough for Stalin because it contradicted his nature, of a highly suspicious and ruthless dictator. Stalin eliminated all sense of the traditional religion, but people had to have someone to believe in and Stalin took over the role of God in many people's eyes. Stalin was the one who started the cult of worshipping the leader. The name Stalin means, "steel" and he certainly lived up to his name.

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JIT (Just In Time)

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Just-in-time (JIT) is a operations system that has evolved in many ways throughout the years. When it was first introduced in the late 170's, it was an approach to eliminate waste in manufacturing. Today, JIT is a set of principles that can help an organization successfully operate a competitive business. JIT focuses on reducing inefficiency and unproductive time in processes to improve continuously the process of the products or services that is being produced. The goal of JIT is to produce goods and services as needed and to continuously improve the value-added benefits of operations. It is the belief that by eliminating waste, cutting unnecessary inventory and removing non-value adding activities; an organization can reduce cost and improve quality. This essay will examine three companies (Ford, Toyota and Cessna) and how they have taken the basics of JIT and used them to succeed. This essay will also show how other areas in operations management must be improved upon in order for an organization to successfully implement the JIT system.

In order to manufacture a product or service a process needs to be defined. No product or service can exist without a process, such as no process can exist with a product or service. The process that you select effects many areas and is something that is of extreme importance. It is also something that is going to be implemented over an extended amount of time. Some main areas that are effected by the process chosen are costs, quality and delivery. When Toyota defined their process system, they came up with a concept that has become an example for others to follow.

Toyota Production System (TPS) is one of the most admired lean manufacturing systems in existence. Lean systems require constant improvements to increase efficiency and reduce waste. What Toyota did was take this concept and defined a set of tools and procedures and then built a learning organization for its employees. Toyota created a process system that encourages employees to experiment with their environment by finding alternative solutions whenever things go wrong. Toyota sets up all operations as experiments and teaches employees at all levels how to use the scientific method of problem solving. Working with a teacher is an important factor of the learning organization. Employees learn the scientific method and eventually become teachers themselves. The employees who actually perform the work are involved in making improvements. With given the opportunity to try, various problems become known and able to be solved before they effect the process. With this type of process management, the JIT philosophy is enforced and Toyota is able to continuously improve quality, customer satisfaction, and employee involvement.

The management of technology is another factor that effects JIT. Many people view the success of an organization but the amount of technology it has available to them. This is not necessarily the case. The organization needs to be able to manage the technology in such a way that benefits the organization. To effectively manage technology, management must join together such departments as engineering and R&D and strategically develop a system that can utilize the technological capabilities that exist and carry out corporate and operations strategies. Organizations obtain new technologies to reduce such things as costs, labor involvement and lead-time. New technology also improves quality which results in process improvements-both key factors in JIT. If the technology is not managed in the right manner, it can not deliver the performance that is expected.

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Ford Corporation has an assembly plant that is a fine example of managing new technology. At this plant, an outside supplier manufactures the seats. The supplier assigns a sequence number to each delivery, and assembles the seats for delivery by style and color. The truck also delivers the correct amount needed for one hour's worth of production. The seats are fed from the delivery truck by conveyors to the assembly line in sequence, with no human involvement. A photo sensor determines when the last seat has been unloaded and when it is time to reload the empty pallets back onto the empty truck. While this technology may not be "state of the art", it supports the continuous flow of production and materials throughout the plant and reduces costs and excess inventory. The plant assembles the necessary quantity in needs for a specific amount of time and does not go above or below what is expected. This management of technology has made Ford utilize the technology available to help them implement JIT in a fashion that works best for them.

Total Quality Management (TQM) is most likely the main ingredient of JIT. While there are many other factors that help contribute to a successful JIT process, TQM is the philosophy that stresses three basic principles-customer satisfaction, employee involvement, and continuous improvements in quality. TQM should be at the center of every organization, whether they provide a product or service. Earlier, we pointed out how Toyota encompasses these principles to implement a process that is considered the best in its industry. To show how TQM can be successfully implemented in the service industry, I recall my employment at Amica Insurance Company.

As an underwriter representative, my job was to answer the calls of customers looking for an automobile or home policy, and to answer the questions from our existing policyholders. The philosophy at Amica was based on TQM. Amica had an aggressive training program and continuously provided training to its employees throughout their career there. Every three to six months the employees had to be trained in a specific area in which they did not have experience in, or trained in an area in which they did not exceed. The management was constantly involved with making sure that the employees improved their knowledge of the policies and procedures. This type of training ensured Amica that the customer would be provided with highly trained representatives when they called, thus improving the quality of the customer service they received. This aggressive approach also allowed Amica to continuously improve the service they provided to its customers. Amica incorporates their business on their reputation with such concepts as 'word of mouth" advertising. This type of advertising is largely dependent on customer satisfaction and quality. With Amica being around since 107, we can see that it has certainly paid off.

Please note that this sample paper on JIT (Just In Time) is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on JIT (Just In Time), we are here to assist you. Your research paper on JIT (Just In Time) will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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