Were Stalin's methods the only ones appropriate to the task of transforming the Soviet Union into an industrial nation?

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I believe that Stalin's methods at the time were the only ones appropriate to the task of transforming the Soviet Union into an industrial nation. In this essay I will cover the following points to back up my argument Russia's industrial state at the end of Lenin's era in 14, Stalin's rise and consolidation of power, Stalin's methods and policies on industrialization, collectivisation and form of a totalitarian state, victory against the Nazi's and becoming the world superpower.

At the end of 14 Russia was in a very awkward position, due to being the only country that was ruled by a communist government. Lenin intended to transform the Russian economy by wiping out all exploitation of man by man. Here was the problem that faced the new leader of the regime. In 11 as a result of the chaos caused by the Decree on land and War Communism policies Lenin introduced a new policy. The basic strategy was now to restore the economy a degree of capitalism and private enterprise. Introducing his New Economic Policy (NEP), Lenin argued that the road to socialism would be longer then originally thought. In the NEP Lenin left an intermediate strategy which contained a long-term problem. Should the mixed economy be retained indefinitely, as Bhukarin argued, or should socialism be accelerated a course urged by Trotsky. So any leader that was taking over power from Lenin would be faced with a problem. As we come to find out Stalin handled this superbly in the end and in my view he was the only man that could have taken the country forward.

Stalin was probably an outsider to take over the Bolshevik party after Lenin's death in Jan 14. He was totally eclipsed by Trotsky in the October revolution and never succeeded in winning the confidence and the friendship of Lenin. He was widely regarded as a plodder. However beneath Stalin's grey exterior, was a singularly ruthless and opportunist character. While posing as a moderate he waited for the opportunity to attack other candidates, like a crocodile patiently waiting for its prey to make a mistake, then pounce. The fact that unlike other candidates Stalin was not Western educated, put him above Trotsky in people's estimations. "He was a very skilful politician who had a superb grasp for tactics, could predict behaviour extremely well and had an unerring eye for personal weaknesses" quoted by a well-known historian McCauley. In particular he was able to capitalise on Bhukarin's inability to convert his plausible economic theory into a credible programme, on Kamenev's lack of vision and on Zinoviev's organisational weakness. Stalin, by contrast showed consistent skill in grouping around him, his own sets of allies men like Kalinin, Kuibyshev, Molotov and Voroshilov. It is clear that like other Bolshevik leaders, Stalin's ultimate aim was collectivisation of the land and industrialisation. He was prepared to do anything to achieve everything. Of course we cannot tell how Lenin, had he lived, or how Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev or Bhukarin, would have ruled the USSR if they had won the struggle for power. However it is very unlikely, from what we know about them, that any of theses leaders could have equalled Stalin's success.

Before Stalin came to power after Lenin's death in 14 he had held numerous positions within the party. The combinations of these posts allowed Stalin to monitor grassroots party appointments all over Soviet Russia, and thus build up an army of henchmen. This in turn, meant that he was soon able to control the election of deputies to the Supreme Soviet, the top legislative body, and to the Party Congress. This enabled him to have his 'own' people in place, so everything was channelled through him. This means he would have total control. This method Stalin used to establish a totalitarian dictatorship, which allowed him greater control and I doubt that had it been any other leader, would they have made such a drastic difference all the way through the chain. Stalin was very skilful in manoeuvring his people to positions where he wanted them, then changing sides if he saw a better option, therefore leaving them hi and dry. Stalin consolidated his position with his well-timed formulation of the theory of "Socialism in one country", for which idea he had earlier condemned Trotsky. This doctrine, calling for construction of socialist society in the Soviet Union regardless of international situation, distanced Stalin from the left and won support with Bhukarin and the party's right wing. With this support Stalin ousted the leaders of the "Left Opposition" from their position in 16/7 and forced Trotsky into exile in 18. As the NEP era ended, opened debate within the party became increasingly limited as Stalin gradually eliminated all his opponents. The murder of Kirov in Dec of 14 for allegedly plotting to replace Stalin began a period of purging and terror that lasted until 1. It was marked by execution of virtually the entire political and military elite and the incarceration in forced labour camps of millions of Soviet citizens. Using this method with the help of the Secret Police, Stalin established his personal dictatorship over the party and the country. To summarise Stalin was a ruthless man of caution, cunning and calculation. He was cruel and heartless, murdering anyone who appeared to stand in his way or might prove a later threat, but his plans were pursued with such vigour and forcefulness, fuelled by fear. Stalin believed that terror was a legitimate political weapon. The difference was while Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders opposed the use of terror against their own colleagues, Stalin had no such reservations. Stalin believed that terror was the most effective way of making people obey and work hard. I believe had Stalin not pulled Russia together by force to become an industrial nation, they would have been far worse off in the Nazi regime, as I have no doubt had Russia not industrialised, she would have been defeated in 141/4. So Stalin's methods had not only saved millions of lives from war and but also saved Russia as a county, its people and the heritage. It is fair to say that it came at a cost of several million lives, but I believe no one could have got the same result with fewer casualties.

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Although Stalin's objectives were very clear, they were very reactionary to the mood of the times. Stalin was very careful to back the most popular solutions to the many problems hotly debated in the 10's. Many people preferred this, as they longed for some stability after the years of upheaval. He always appeared as one who implemented the will of the majority. This was another method of Stalin to maintain power and achieve his goal of industrialisation and developing a totalitarian communist state, and again I doubt weather any other leader would have been clever and strong enough to use these methods. He was playing his colleagues, the ordinary people and changing his policies in order to achieve what was necessary. After a year of adrift since taking over and unmindful of the party's desire for change, Stalin and his men at the end of 18 struck out on a set of policies designed to turn backward Russia into a modern state. With his ruthless and vigorous action he launched forced industrialisation and collectivisation. The momentous series of economic and social measures included the establishment of a series of five-year national economic plans, the deportation and execution of hundreds of thousands of better off peasants (kulaks) and the forced entrance of the rest into state-controlled collective farms, nationalising of all industry and commerce, the regulation and manipulation of all financial instruments for capital accumulation by the government regardless of the people's impoverishment, and the centralization of all social activity. During the first two Five Year Plans (FYP's) of 1- huge hydroelectric dams were built as well as canals, mines and factories. They were built in record time, using free and prison labour. Managers, who were party members, drove the workers relentlessly because they risked prison and deportation, or even death for "sabotage" if production targets were not met. Russia and its people had never experience these methods's before as no one had introduced them, but to Stalin's credit the results they produced were phenomenal. During the first FYP 1500 big enterprises had been constructed. These included the Dnepregres, the Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical complexes, the Ural machine factory, the Rostov agricultural-machinery plant, which is still operating today, tractor factories at Chelyabinsk, Stalingrad, the Kharkov, car factories in Moscow and Sormovo, the Ural chemical works and so on. In 1, 8 million roubles worth of machine tools were imported, which represented 78% of all machine tools installed that year. However none of this would have been achieved had the idea of "patriotism" had not been introduced. People were continuously brainwashed by the government. By 17, all the basic tools of industrialization and of arms production were made in the Soviet Union. The economic growth between 15-6 was considerable. In 14 gross industrial output rose by 1%, in 15 by % and in 16 by %. Stalin officially justified forced collectivisation and industrialization by claiming that Russia was "threatened" by the Western powers, i.e. Britain and France, so it had to "catch up" with them in industrial production. During the early 10's Russia was starting to get recognised on the international scene on its economic strength and means of production. She formed economic relationship with Germany. In 14 she entered the League of Nations. This is a great reflection for what Stalin and his ruthless methods did for Russia. His methods to industrialize at any cost were completely appropriate, as at the time it was the only option as it takes much more then words and a change of regime to change people's mentality and work ethic. The establishment of totalitarian political control was completed with retrenchment in the social and economic realm in which Stalin instituted better methods of industrial management, a system of incentives and different wages and prices, the reestablishment of traditional procedures in the armed forces, more moderate general guidelines in the arts and the sciences, and a revival of the family as the basic social unit and the elimination of religion as a national cult allowing Stalin greater control. Hundreds of new cities and settlements were founded. By October of 15 all the rationing of foods was abolished as both industry and agriculture was ripe. In marked contrast at the time to the capitalist West, unemployment was abolished. In fact the economic advance gave rise to shortage of labour, which was overcome by millions of peasants entering Russian industry. Whilst the rest of the world was paralysed by the worst slump in history, the USSR under Stalin was taking giant steps forward. It can be said that Stalin dragged Russia up on its own feet. It was now self-efficient, as she could now rely on its own production both for agricultural and industrial materials.

Russia's victory over Germany in 145 I believe was a direct consequence of Stalin' rule and methods he used to get things done. In view of the initial collapse in 141/4 due to Stalin making the wrong decision and focussing purely on offensive war strategy, the extent of Soviet military recovery was nothing short of remarkable. Credit must be given to Stalin's own recovery and ability to co-ordinate military revival and make full use of the climate and size of Russia. Despite some losses of territory, Soviet Union still managed to out produce Germany in war material, the direct result of the FYP's of the 10's. Stalin matched his peak of his administrative efficiency during the war years and was able to make structural changes, which enabled Soviet Union to make a more effective use of production, mobilisation of Russian resources. This was achieved by Stalin breaking up the old components of Stalinism, the totalitarian control over the political government. He decided to dismantle them, and therefore giving greater power further down the line. This partial demobilisation of the command economy delivered overwhelming numbers of tanks, aircraft, and artillery pieces to any front of war they were required. This method was again something new, and empathizes the skill Stalin had to react to circumstances and come out on top. His more appropriate method and style of leadership and more effective use of economic resources undoubtedly led to military victory. So the man totally responsible was Stalin. Stalin was the only dictator to come out victorious in 145. Hitler committed suicide in the face of defeat. Franco and Salazar, kept their countries out of conflict. After 145 until his death in 15 Stalin launched a campaign of reconstruction and finally achieved his original objective of making the Soviet Union a superpower. He also extended Russian control, for the first time over most Eastern Europe and established a series of satellite states. The methods Stalin used to gain totalitarian measures were the fulfilment of Stalinism during his reign. The man behind the system grew in power and used this power to intensify the totalitarian nature of the regime. There was even forebodings in the West that this type of dictatorship might provide a general pattern for the future. This is in my view a very strong argument that Stalin's methods were the only ones appropriate at the time. Stalin's search for power was total and the methods he used were more extreme then had previously been used. Stalin was ruthless in his pursuit of power and efficient in his use of it, with the first point leading directly to the second. Ruthlessness and power combined to create a form of totalitarianism, which was more complete than that of Nazi Germany. Stalin created an industrial infrastructure, he cut down possible opposition by directly instigating purges, he changed the people's cultural and social perception and he pursued a foreign policy, which, with the occasional changes in tactics, had an overall strategy of making Russia a world superpower. Because of these methods and developments and despite the suffering inflicted, the Soviet Union was able to inflict defeat on Nazi Germany. I doubt that had any other leader been in charge would had done so, and had USSR become a superpower. In the last analysis Stalin could claim that his methods "Soviet Russia had become stronger as a result of his grandiose campaigns of industrialisation, collectivisation and social transformation." The very nature of the Russian national character allowed this to happen. Russian's never knew democracy as they were always repressed and ruled by barons and tsars. They never knew freedom or democracy, as most people being surfs the majority didn't know how to handle freedom, so they became puppets at the hands of a dictator. Lenin's attempt at free enterprise wasn't good enough for Stalin because it contradicted his nature, of a highly suspicious and ruthless dictator. Stalin eliminated all sense of the traditional religion, but people had to have someone to believe in and Stalin took over the role of God in many people's eyes. Stalin was the one who started the cult of worshipping the leader. The name Stalin means, "steel" and he certainly lived up to his name.

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JIT (Just In Time)

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Just-in-time (JIT) is a operations system that has evolved in many ways throughout the years. When it was first introduced in the late 170's, it was an approach to eliminate waste in manufacturing. Today, JIT is a set of principles that can help an organization successfully operate a competitive business. JIT focuses on reducing inefficiency and unproductive time in processes to improve continuously the process of the products or services that is being produced. The goal of JIT is to produce goods and services as needed and to continuously improve the value-added benefits of operations. It is the belief that by eliminating waste, cutting unnecessary inventory and removing non-value adding activities; an organization can reduce cost and improve quality. This essay will examine three companies (Ford, Toyota and Cessna) and how they have taken the basics of JIT and used them to succeed. This essay will also show how other areas in operations management must be improved upon in order for an organization to successfully implement the JIT system.

In order to manufacture a product or service a process needs to be defined. No product or service can exist without a process, such as no process can exist with a product or service. The process that you select effects many areas and is something that is of extreme importance. It is also something that is going to be implemented over an extended amount of time. Some main areas that are effected by the process chosen are costs, quality and delivery. When Toyota defined their process system, they came up with a concept that has become an example for others to follow.

Toyota Production System (TPS) is one of the most admired lean manufacturing systems in existence. Lean systems require constant improvements to increase efficiency and reduce waste. What Toyota did was take this concept and defined a set of tools and procedures and then built a learning organization for its employees. Toyota created a process system that encourages employees to experiment with their environment by finding alternative solutions whenever things go wrong. Toyota sets up all operations as experiments and teaches employees at all levels how to use the scientific method of problem solving. Working with a teacher is an important factor of the learning organization. Employees learn the scientific method and eventually become teachers themselves. The employees who actually perform the work are involved in making improvements. With given the opportunity to try, various problems become known and able to be solved before they effect the process. With this type of process management, the JIT philosophy is enforced and Toyota is able to continuously improve quality, customer satisfaction, and employee involvement.

The management of technology is another factor that effects JIT. Many people view the success of an organization but the amount of technology it has available to them. This is not necessarily the case. The organization needs to be able to manage the technology in such a way that benefits the organization. To effectively manage technology, management must join together such departments as engineering and R&D and strategically develop a system that can utilize the technological capabilities that exist and carry out corporate and operations strategies. Organizations obtain new technologies to reduce such things as costs, labor involvement and lead-time. New technology also improves quality which results in process improvements-both key factors in JIT. If the technology is not managed in the right manner, it can not deliver the performance that is expected.

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Ford Corporation has an assembly plant that is a fine example of managing new technology. At this plant, an outside supplier manufactures the seats. The supplier assigns a sequence number to each delivery, and assembles the seats for delivery by style and color. The truck also delivers the correct amount needed for one hour's worth of production. The seats are fed from the delivery truck by conveyors to the assembly line in sequence, with no human involvement. A photo sensor determines when the last seat has been unloaded and when it is time to reload the empty pallets back onto the empty truck. While this technology may not be "state of the art", it supports the continuous flow of production and materials throughout the plant and reduces costs and excess inventory. The plant assembles the necessary quantity in needs for a specific amount of time and does not go above or below what is expected. This management of technology has made Ford utilize the technology available to help them implement JIT in a fashion that works best for them.

Total Quality Management (TQM) is most likely the main ingredient of JIT. While there are many other factors that help contribute to a successful JIT process, TQM is the philosophy that stresses three basic principles-customer satisfaction, employee involvement, and continuous improvements in quality. TQM should be at the center of every organization, whether they provide a product or service. Earlier, we pointed out how Toyota encompasses these principles to implement a process that is considered the best in its industry. To show how TQM can be successfully implemented in the service industry, I recall my employment at Amica Insurance Company.

As an underwriter representative, my job was to answer the calls of customers looking for an automobile or home policy, and to answer the questions from our existing policyholders. The philosophy at Amica was based on TQM. Amica had an aggressive training program and continuously provided training to its employees throughout their career there. Every three to six months the employees had to be trained in a specific area in which they did not have experience in, or trained in an area in which they did not exceed. The management was constantly involved with making sure that the employees improved their knowledge of the policies and procedures. This type of training ensured Amica that the customer would be provided with highly trained representatives when they called, thus improving the quality of the customer service they received. This aggressive approach also allowed Amica to continuously improve the service they provided to its customers. Amica incorporates their business on their reputation with such concepts as 'word of mouth" advertising. This type of advertising is largely dependent on customer satisfaction and quality. With Amica being around since 107, we can see that it has certainly paid off.

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Internet-Based Environmental Reporting

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With the radical advancement of information technology and the great emphasis on the environmental consciousness, more companies are facing increasing pressure for releasing more information regarding environmental performance on the Internet. This study addresses that companies are responding differently to this increasing pressure as a result of their relative market position such as industry leader and followers.

Regarding Internet-based environmental reporting, this study speculates that industry leaders are more likely to use a standardized format and followers want to use a different format. To investigate how the information format can be used as a strategic variable in the context of Internet-based environmental reporting, we develop following two hypotheses and test them by analyzing contents of Fortune 500 companies' environmental reports posted on the Internet.

We first hypothesize that industry leaders are more proactive (proactive means that they accept more easily the Internet-based environmental reporting) than followers. This study points out that industry leaders usually have superior environmental technologies and want to take advantage of the current technologies as a key competitive advantage to other followers in their industries. Further, it is argued that the industry leaders will directly or indirectly force followers to participate in the ¡®game' named as ¡®Internet-based environmental reporting movement' driven by the leaders because the leaders have already had competitive advantages in terms of environmental performance.

Second, this study hypothesizes that followers are more likely to use different formats responding to the increasing pressure for environmental reporting on the Internet. In this study, we address how and why the followers can benefit from using different formats of environmental reporting on the Internet. Based on the previous studies on the relationship of product variants and price-comparison, we argue that using different format of reporting reduces the direct comparison of environmental performance by consumers, which causes followers to prefer to use different format of reporting instead of the standardized format suggested by a leader.

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Communism VS Capitalism

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COMMUNISM

Straight forward, communism means a plan of equalizing the social and living conditions of life. A plan with such a goal requires the abolition of privately own properties, as by in effect, we want to distribute all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all. .Although created to indicate the better means of production, communism requires consistency where no individual may own anything exclusively or privately; which in fact is the exact opposite of capitalism.

The point of communism is to essentially create an opposite effect as capitalism, but along the lines of the same goal. In communism, all materials and goods are to be centralized and distributed by legislators, the intention being to achieve equal income or utility (of material) by all. Those better off do have more opportunities (not more freedom), but that in no way gives one person (or group) the right to rob them of these opportunities and give them to another. Life can be very hard for a man in a desert compared to a rich man in a European merchant family. That does not give anyone the right to rob the European and give to desert dweller.

When in practice communism fails dismally. The only way it can be achieved is if every single member of the community or country in most cases is in agreement with the above arrangements. And that the leaders or legislators are not open to corruption in the form of personal compensation or satisfaction (greedy or selfish). Since this is quite difficult to have solidarity in this situation, we probably will never be able to achieve a communistic regime. We seem to be much too greedy and power hungry. In any case, in a communist regime, the best part would be to be on top. With communism as a failure, capitalism comes into effect.

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CAPITALISM

Completely the opposite to what people think, capitalism is not a "plan" or specified "system". It is the consequence of freedom and liberty given to an individual and in relation to property rights (the right to own what you create, or what you are born into owning).

A dictionary definition of capitalism is defined as an economic "idea" (or reality) in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market. Basically, unlike communism, you can be richer than Bob, but poorer than Joe. You can be born into riches and not work a day of your life.

Many people appear to have a very different idea about what is meant by capitalism. It is not a system of rules or laws forced or imposed by people. It is most definitely a lack of such a system. Capitalism is what happens when people are free from the force of other people. In order to have people free of the force of natural conditions, people seem to realize that their current economic or social status can be augmented, and there is always something better out there. That is exactly what people have been doing with the invention of the wheel, or mass production in industries, the production of energy and everything that followed; all of this is the product of mans mind being greedy for knowledge and then greedy for wealth. Capitalism itself forces nothing upon people.

The level of trust would have to be great and the amount of planning should be very minimal. Then everyones motivations are understood. If society ever got to the point where everyone could trust anyone on the street like their own buddy or friend, then it would be possible to have a commune. When it comes to the day that an independent mechanism can predict the economy for a year in advance, we should be able to determine the weather for a specific day, predicted a year in advance. But until there is that much security and selflessness, communes are inefficient or are vulnerable for corruption or civil disorder.

Please note that this sample paper on Communism VS Capitalism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Communism VS Capitalism, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Communism VS Capitalism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Bruce DAWE

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I.T sac 1 part B Bruce sawe

Analyse the Information System

Introduction

A) Room 15 falls under the category of an information system because it has the capability of processing information from raw data because it contains hardware and software which does all the processing.

Help with essay on Bruce DAWEB) The main role of room 15 (yeshivah) to educate the pupils of the school about information technology and how to operate computers such as spread sheets, word processing and to take the overall knowledge and implement it (hopefully) in their future jobs. Other classes also have the opportunity for other reasons connected to their study to use the room for example religious classes and also humanity subjects.

Hardware Hardware also plays a major role in room 15 and in an information system anything physical that you can touch is basically is part of the hardware components which make up a computer.

Intel Pentium 4

CPU of 1.8GHz CISC made by Intel

46 MG RAM

Server's total hard-drive 100gig (tape drive back up)

½ inch Floppy Disk Drive Sony

17" Monitor Phillips 107E

DVD/CD players 5 speed max By LG

Ethernet NIC

8. Giga bite (GB) HDD

Sound card (18 bit)

Video card

Graphics card

( the above three are all integrated onto the mother board)

Routers

modems

Cat5 shield twin pair cable (51 MBs OF RAM)

Keyboards

Mouses (optical)

&

Speakers

Scanner

Printer

FDD

Universal serial controller

ultra power supply

Patch panel

Hub

Proxy server

switch

Software

Microsoft office XP

" " (OS) windows Xp

Firewall (gateway)

Antivirus (Norton antivirus corporate edition)

NOS Windows NT4

Internet explorer (6.0)

Windows media player

Powerpoint

Access

Visual basic

msn

We need these software in room 15 so we can do our work protect and control our computers, network our computers together, delete viruses and also very Important is to have internet access to we can research materials need for assignments.

Network Architecture and topology

Room 15 has the topology or should I say set up as a star (shape) network which is connected to other parts of the network through busses.

The network architecture of room 15 is basically made up of these "building blocks" the users (clients) and the server, router, modem , bus , radio link , connectors, broad band , streaming video and audio, ADSL , TCP/IP, ftp ,pot ,smpt,dhcp, cat5 ,radio, routing protocol and communication. The main server area saves the files of each user, each independent client of a computer is considered a 'fat client' whereby they each run on their own operating system and has its own applications and they have control over what they do in their account.

Network media

The network media used in Yeshivah are Cat5 cables (category 5). Cat5 cables are basically form of twisted-pair cables which are separate wires twisted around each other. This is mainly used in LAN (local area networks). it also uses RJ-45 connectors. Room 15 connects to other servers such as the administration by radio transceivers which are picked up by antennas which pick up the radio signals bought down.

Access

To access Room 15 there a number of steps we have to do.

Climb to the second floor

Open the door (teacher and key)

Then we walk in and sit down

We switch on the computers

We access are computers by logging on

Then we go to the server and access the work requirements of the teacher.

Keep in mind that access is a very important role of an information system because all are data easily and as quickly as possible and everything has to work effectively and as efficiently as possible. With out any access we wont be able to operate nothing. Ergonomics is also a very important role because we want to access things very easily for example we don't want to keep on adjusting are chairs or monitor because of hight or a backrest so in order to keep the ergonomics suitable for our need (requirements) we try to use all our limited resources as efficient and effective as possible.

Disk and file management

The operating system needs to keep track of the detail of each file, its name, its size, its type physical location on the storage medium, and preform file management functions including deleting, copying, moving and naming . We can see that room 15's disk and file management operates in the same way it tracks the details of each file and from which user it has come from it records its name and size and also its type so we know where is stored and where to store is for other uses.

Security

In the computer room (room 15) we don't really want people entering our own accounts so to prevent that we each have our own "log in " name and password so only we and the teachers if need be have access. The reason for this is being the fact that we might have some sensitive data or information that we don't want anybody to know about and also mainly for our privacy. If there would be no security on our computers people would be able to change the settings delete or install things they shouldn't and access personal account that could be very "dangerous" if plays around with it. We also have bands on certain site because they could be unsuitable or pose a threat in harming our network by transmitting viruses to prevent access to such sites we use a special software called Netgear to monitor and prevent access to sites. In case we do get a virus we have Norton antivirus to go back and fix the virus. We also have a "firewall" on the gateway or proxy server which filters any information that may contain a virus coming through an internet connection into the network. If it does have a virus it wont allow it to go onto the network because it comes from a "suspect" source it is not allowed through.

Data types and formats

Anything that you see, view , hear and read on the computers of room 15 or shall I say any other computers is most likely to be a DATA TYPE. Data types are sounds, text , images (pictures) and video, each one following has a range of formats that we use all the time. Below are listed just some of the data types and formats.

Sound= wav,mp , mp

Text= .doc

Pictures(images)= bitmap, jpeg

Video=Mpeg

We use all these data types and formats when we write a document in word or we listen to music or even when we are on the internet and we look at some images or movies. Each format is unique in its own way some are better quality some maybe less we try to use the best quality normally that would take less memory so we can process it faster. When we may build a website we use html ( hypertext markup language) As you can see we use these data types and formats all the time hence that data types are also different to formats.

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Australia-us security relationships in the post cold war years

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Analyse Post-cold War changes in the US-Australian security relationship and the relevance of the security alliance in the 1st century.

This essay is concerned about the post-cold war changes in the US-Australian security relationship and the relevance of the security alliance in the 1st century.

Before we have an analysis of the post-cold war changes in the US-Australian security relationship, we first have a short insight at the historical origins of the American-Australian security alliance. It is a well-known fact that Australia traditionally relied on Britain for protection. However, the Japanese aggression during the Second World War and the failure of Britain of keeping its promises compelled Australia to seek the protection of the United States instead. The latter emerged victorious from the war and also as a superpower. Smith, Cox and Burchill (16,p.54) argued that the catalyst for Australias pursuit of a United States alliance was Japans… defeated Australias traditional protector by destroying British power… as it unleashed United States counter attack, which eventually drove Japan to unconditional surrender in August 145.

Moreover, the end of the Second World War saw the beginning of the cold war with the rivalry between democratic America and Communist Soviet Union in dominating the world. The Australia, New Zealand and American alliance or ANZUS treaty was signed under different perspectives. From the Australian view, the alliance was their guaranteed protection against any future Asian aggressors while the America viewed the alliance as a means of including both countries in combating communism. Smith et.al(16,p.54) maintained that Australia saw ANZUS primarily as reinsurance against… Japan; the USA saw it… as a treaty that would tie Australia and New Zealand into the global effort to contain communism.

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As long as the cold war endured, Australia was involved in helping America fighting communism in countries such as Korea and Vietnam. Australia supported the United States and was quite dependent on its major partner and would not want to offend it so as not to compromise their alliance.

However, the cold war came to an unexpected end in the late 180s with the collapse of communism and the demise of the Soviet Union. Indeed, with no real threat, the American-Australian security relationship was loosened and assumed to a slow decline in importance. According to Dibb(1,p.1) with… the end of the cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Australia has become rather less strategically important for the US. This was perceived as one change in the US- Australia security relationship. Also, with the soviet menace out of sight, the United States is reducing its military forces in general. Dibb(1,p.) mentioned that the US… is undergoing a major re-evaluation of its strategic circumstances and force structure with the collapse of… the USSR

The post-cold war era presumed that Australia and its proximate region have become less significant in American interests compared to the cold war era and likewise, Australia is having more engagement with its region, the Asia-Pacific. As maintained by Dibb(1,p.10) Australia is not so important to the US, nor is our immediate region, as it was in the cold war. And as we develop… strategic interests with our ASEAN friends, the US will not be so central in our defence policy.

Furthermore, the end of the cold war led to a new environment in the Asia-Pacific region with new emerging powers. For instance, China is developing its economy and modernizing its army to pose itself as a regional power. India and Pakistan have exploded nuclear devices as well North Korea is confronting its southern neighbor.(Dibb1,p.)

All these new issues create a delicate balance of stability and security in the region and which can be negative to Australian interests. Therefore, the latter is trying to increase the involvement of America in the region as a means of counter-balancing these new Asian powers as well as giving a new purpose to the ANZUS alliance.

It is also noted that with the end of the cold war, Australia is rediscovering the importance of the Asia-Pacific region in terms of trade. Australia has more to gain in dealing with its Asian neighbors compared to its trade transactions with America. Tow(18,p.8) reported, The Asia dimension has played a major role in underscoring the sharpening differences in Australian and American trading agendas.

As a superpower, America has global interests compared to a middle power like Australia. The protectionist measures such as tariffs and Australia does not positively perceive quotas adopted to protect American markets. Bell endorsed that indeed, bilateral economic problems remain the major obstacle to a balanced bilateral relationship between Australia and the US.(Tow18,p.8) Australia is aware that it needs Asia more than Asia needs Australia for its economic well being. The Asian markets account much for Australian exports compared to the American market. Hence, Bell asserted that Australias trade surplus with Asia now exceeds $A10 billion annually. But at the same time, its deficit with… the US exceeded $A1 billion annually.(Tow18,p.8)

Therefore, it is no surprise that there are differences between America and Australia in their approach of the issue of human rights towards the Asian states. For instance, Indonesia had one of the worst human rights records and as sanction, America reduced its military aid to it while on the other hand, Australia continued supporting its military ties with Indonesia.(Brown14,p.117) In addition, the massacre of the people of East Timor by Indonesian troops led to diverse views between Australia and America. Brown 14,p.117) mentioned that the muted Australian reaction to the Dili massacre… stand in sharp contrast to Washingtons tougher line.

Indeed, the post-cold war era, the security relationship is altered as Australia, the minor ally, refused to bow to American pressure in their diverge behaviors towards Asian states. On one hand, as a superpower with global interests, America can bear itself the prices of criticizing Asian states on their human rights records. On the other hand, Australia differed from America as a middle power, which is located in the region and linked to it in terms of economic, and security issues. Indeed, following the American stance will automatically have negative repercussions on Australia. Brown(14,p.118) confirmed the government clearly believes that it is unwise to seize the high moral ground in dealing with the South East Asian states because Australia unlike the US will have to live next door to the consequences indefinitely.

Likewise, in relation to China, Australia refused to condemn the bad human rights records of the former despite American pressure to do so. This is to show that in terms of economic security, Australia followed a different path from America and this difference can affect their bilateral relationship. Brown(14,p.118) declared where Australian interests are at issue, their divergence from those of the United States can only further undermine the relationship.

Nevertherless, the post-cold war era does not necessarily mean that for the sake of economic prospects, Australia will discount its American ties. In fact, maintaining economic ties between Australia and its Asian neighbors can only e pursued in a climate of stability and security. Hence, it is there that Australia seeks to redefine a new role and purpose to its security alliance with America, which will be in the context of balancing any rising Asian power. Dibb(1,p.5) affirmed that … if strategic competitions between Asias great powers should intensify , their peace and security

Could become a casualty… if there were no strong American military commitment and presence in the region.

Australia benefits from its American links as it is well perceived by its Asian neighbors. Albinski(14,p.5) claimed … there is a view in South East Asia that Australias value to the regional community derives in part from its exceptional and continuity access to … the United States. Australia acts as link between America and the Asians states. This issue allowed Australia to follow a self-reliance path and a multilateral approach in resolving conflicts and maintaining international order.

Thus, the post-cold war saw a disinterest of America in the proximate region of Australia. However, the latter tried to give a new dimension to the alliance by enhancing the bilateral relations between the two partners with the AUSMIN talks of 16. In the advent of a dissolution of the ANZUS alliance, Australia has more to lose compared to America. The alliance has been redefined to promote the spread of democracy and market reforms in the region for the benefits of both ANZUS partners. Next, the alliance is perceived to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction and guarded against violence to remedy international disputes.(Australia-US joint security decalration16,p.1)

Another post-cold war change between the ANZUS partners is to

Increase the independence of the defensive capabilities of Australia as well as its flexibility and easiness to be deployed with American forces in the event of any crisis occurring in the Asia-Pacific region.

Australia is keen in finding various means to invigorate its security relationship with America. For instance, Australia is willing to share the burden of defence by offering Australian basing and training facilities to American forces as well as renewing the licence of US communication facilities at Pine Gap on Australian territory (Malik1,p.60). According to the Australia-US joint security declaration both countries look forward to a successful exercise called Tandem Thrust… a major step towards the Australian Defense force US pacific command vision for combined operations.(16,p.1-)

The US-Australian security relationship is now concentrating in tackling global problems such as immigration/refugees, terrorism and drugs trade.(Tow18,p.117) Another post-cold war change in the ANZUS alliance is its use to facilitate the integration of Australian identity with its Asian-Pacific neighbors as well as acting as a middle power for the interests of the United States in the region.(Tow18,p.118)

From an American perspective, the post-cold war led to a decrease of its military forces but enough to deter any rising Asian power and promoting democracy and having the Asian markets opened up to globalization. It is under that reviewed American strategy that the location, resources and technology of Australia gained prominence to America, causing a new dimension in their bilateral security relationship.(Tow18,p.118) The post-cold war enabled Australia to speak and act with more confidence though it will not discount its American relationship which is integral to its regional interests and objectives. After all , the post cold war era saw Australia gain in status in the ANZUS alliance from its major American partner.(Albinski14,p.44)

Now, we have a look at the relevance of the security alliance in the 1st century. As we have seen previously, the ANZUS security alliance was created to counter global communism for America and Australia. The post-cold war period saw the elimination of the communist threat and replaced by the threat of an emerging Asian power like China to the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific region; thereby defining a new purpose for the US-Australian security relationship.

Indeed, China is politically, economically and militarily increasing its influence in the region. It is somehow viewed as replacing the Soviet Union as the new threat in American perception. In fact, China wants to counter-balance American global hegemony and in achieving so, is adopting economic reforms and modernizing its military power in terms of nuclear arms technology and equipment. This is likely to worry its neighbors along with Australia and America. Furthermore the tension between China and Taiwan in the issue of reunification is a major headache to Asia-pacific stability. China regards Taiwan as a renegade province, which must be reunited within its territory by force if necessary, and an issue of its internal affairs. However, Taiwan is an economic powerhouse, which had American promise of coming to its rescue in the advent of a mainland attack.

America faced a dilemma with both chinas and was seriously put to the test with the 16 Taiwan crisis when China fired missiles in the Taiwan straits, which nearly led to a confrontation between China and the United States. It is in that eventual scenario that America learnt to realize the importance of its security alliance with Australia. Klinworth declared shortly after Chinas missile tests in the Taiwan strait… the Australian- US security relationship became a security partnership for the 1st century. (Tow18,p.15) Australia was also disturbed by the Chinese threat on Taiwan, which could undermine the stability and security of the region, vital for the well being of Australia. The response to that issue was an enhancement of its security ties with the United States thereby demonstrating the relevance of the security alliance in the 1st century. Klinworth granted Australia sought to reinvigorate its alliance with… upgrading of the joint communication facility at Pine Gap and a description of the Australian-US security relationship as a strategic partnership in the 1st century.(Tow18,p.154)

Furthermore, the security alliance between the US and Australia gained relevance in the 1st century as both western countries sought to spread together the concept of human rights among the Asian-Pacific states. There is optimism as democracy has been adopted by Asian states such as South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan and The Phillippines. There is still much to do as well as both US and America needed to adopt a low-key approach in integrating human rights in Asian politics as well as respecting Asian cultural values. The security alliance between the US and Australia facilitated the operation of building human rights infrastructure and institutions as each country shared the responsibility. Barker observed …the development of human rights infrastructures… would have to be managed very sensitively by Australia and the United States, with full recognition that their implementation must be on a basis of partnership and mutual agreement.

(Tow18,p.181)

To sum up, it is concluded that the post-cold war period brought changes to the US-Australia security relationship but did not have negative impact. On the contrary it had become stronger than before. It had just been readjusted to fit in the Asia-Pacific regional environment compared to its previous global cold war element. The security alliance between Australia and the US is still relevant as it had been since its formation and will continue as long as the United States is the only superpower of the world.

Albinski, H.S. (14) Australias Evolving American Relationship Interests, Powers& Prospects for Australian Influence, Australian Foreign Policy papers, Canberra.

Brown, G. (14) The decay of Australias American Alliance in Australias Security Issues for the New Century, Australian Defence Studies Center, Canberra.

Dibb, P. (1) The Future of Australias Defence Relationship with the United States , Australian Centre for American Studies , Sydney.

Joint Security Declaration (16) Australia-United States A Strategic Partnership for the Twenty-First Century, Sydney 7 July.

Malik, J.M. (1) Australias Security in the 1st Century , Allen&Unwin, St Leonards.

Smith, G; Cox,D. and Burchill, S. (16) Australia In The World An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne.

Tow, W.T. (18) Australian-American Relations Looking Towards the Next Century, MacMillan Press, South Yarra.

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Athletes

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It's a tired clich'. But it's one that the Santa Fe Community College softball team has been living the last two years.

"Our saying is 'To be the best, you have to beat the best,'" Saints coach Chris Ahern said as her team prepares to play defending national champion Indian River Community College in Thursday's opening round of the double-elimination state tournament. "There the best."

A year ago, as an assistant behind then-head coach Terri Knecht, Ahern could have used the same phrase because at the time, the Saints were paired up against the 001 national champion Lake City Community College.

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SFCC lost that game 11- and the subsequent game, which ended the Saints' season, but with eight players returning from that team, intimidation will be less of a factor.

"Because this is IRCC's first year as the defending state champions and they haven't done it a lot, there isn't that awe factor," Ahern said. "They haven't had this team-to-beat aura.

"There may be that wow-they're-pretty-good feeling, but intimidation is not the word I'd use. This team is better equipped to take on the big guys. They are not intimidated. They're pumped."

The Saints will have to overcome more than intimidation to beat IRCC. The Pioneers finished the regular season 5-1 and are better than any team the Saints have seen since they split a double header with the University of Florida in the fall season, Ahern said.

"They have talent at every position, for sure," Ahern said. "And there's a lot of depth. They have all the tools."

The Saints can match the Pioneers on defense and can keep up on offense if they string hits together, Ahern said.

But where IRCC has a significant edge is on the mound.

The Saints lost their best pitcher, sophomore Laurie Lopez, for two weeks in the middle of the season to a hip injury. Lopez returned before she was healed and has been taking turns in the pitching rotation even though her injury flares up when throwing, often causing her to limp off the field after games.

If Lopez feels she can pitch Thursday, Ahern said the sophomore will start. If not, Ahern will turn to freshman Erin Guerra, who has seen increased time on the mound since the Saints' No. pitcher, sophomore Karenmarie Pena's season ended about two weeks ago when she fouled a pitch into her face, breaking bones near her nose and eye.

"If we were healthy, it would be a super game one of those games you had to see. But these kids are amazing, so it should be a super game no matter what," Ahern said. "I think we have a descent chance of winning."

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