Precautionary principle

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Essay

"Precautionary principle"

Elaborated by Andreas Randicsek

Galway, 7th of August 00

I. Introduction reasons for need of precautionary principle

Many pessimistic prognoses originated in the past (see for example Thomas Malthus and/or Albert Schweitzer) have foretold the depletion of natural resources, the extermination of nature and environments as a result of the blunt human activity. However pessimistic they were, the one thing they managed to reflect in a proper way without maintaining the capacity to foresee and direct the actions accordingly, man will end up destroying the earth.

The problem of being wise before it is too late is not of an easy kind, especially when the environmental or health impacts may be far into the future and the real (or expected) costs of implementing them are large and should be taken immediately. In order to prevent disasters from happening, one has to react before there is strong proof of harm, particularly if the harm may be delayed and irreversible. Such an approach, including both scientific evidence and policy-making gave birth to the so-called precautionary principle. Precautionary prevention has often been used in medicine and public health, where the benefit of doubt about a diagnosis is usually given to the patient ("better safe than sorry").

A shift towards prevention and implementation of the precautionary principle in everyday decision-making has became one of the most important new goals of environmental and technology policies in the last decade. This shift implies an acceptance of all limitations the anticipatory knowledge on which decisions about environmental discharges are based brings about. It is often a case that someone is capable of finding out that there is a definite threat to environment only when it is too late, or at the very least, very expensive, to clean up.

The precautionary principle and its application to environmental hazards and their uncertainties only began to emerge as such within environmental science in the 170s, when German scientists and policy-makers were trying to deal with "death of forests" (Waldsterben) and its possible causes (including air pollution, for instance). Although the issue of the precautionary principle is very broad, in the following several pages I will attempt to analyze its history, development, nature and issues it brings to public and social life. I will also focus on the implementation of the precautionary principle within the legislation of the European Union and the recent steps to build it in the national legislation process.

II. From the history of implementation of the precautionary principle

The main element of the precautionary principle, developed, as noted above, in Germany in the 170s, was a general rule of public policy action to be used in situations of potentially serious threats to health or the environment, a situation where there is a need of acting in order to reduce potential hazards before there is strong proof of harm, taking into account the likely costs and benefits of action and non-action. A precautionary approach, however, requires much more than establishing the level of proof needed to justify action to reduce hazards (the "trigger" for action). The Vorsorgeprinzip ("foresight" or "precautionary principle), in the German Clean Air Act of 174, as elaborated in the 185 report on the Clean Air Act also included elements such as

- research and monitoring for the early detection of hazards;

- a general reduction of environmental burdens;

- the promotion of 'clean production' and innovation;

- the proportionality principle, where the costs of actions to prevent hazards should

not be disproportionate to the likely benefits;

- a cooperative approach between stakeholders to solving common problems via

- integrated policy measures that aim to improve the environment, competitiveness

and employment;

- action to reduce risks before full 'proof' of harm is available if impacts could be

serious or irreversible .

The definition of "precautionary principle" includes two key points

1) Precautionary principle adopted by the UN Conference on the Environment and Development (1) that in order to protect the environment, meaning that a precautionary approach should be widely applied, whenever there are threats of serious or irreversible damage to the environment, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

) Precautionary principle permits a lower level of proof of harm to be used in policy-making whenever the consequences of waiting for higher levels of proof may be very costly and/or irreversible.

Since the 170s, the precautionary principle has found its way into the political agenda, and was incorporated in many international agreements, particularly in the marine environment, where ecological data on pollution yielded little understanding but much concern "huge amounts of data are available, but despite these data... we have reached a sort of plateau in our understanding of what that information is for... This is what led to the precautionary principle" . More generally, Principle 15 of the UN Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1 (see Table 1) extended the idea to the whole environment.

Table 1 The "precautionary principle" in selected international treaties and agreements

Source European Environmental Agency, 00 (www.eea.eu.int)

The use of different terms in these treaties and agreements such as "precautionary principle", "precautionary approach" and "precautionary measures" can cause difficulties for communication and dialogue on how best to deal with scientific uncertainties and potential hazards, however, it is hard, if not impossible to agree on a single terminology. In this essay I will thus focus on a "precautionary" principle as explicitly defined and accepted by the Commission of the European Communities.

In Europe, the most significant support for the precautionary principle has come from the European Commission's Communication on the Precautionary Principle (European Commission, 000) and the Council of Ministers Nice Decision (000). They have made significant contributions to the practical implementation of the precautionary principle, especially concerning stakeholder involvement and the avoidance of trade disputes.

Although it never defines it, the EC Treaty does mention the precautionary principle in Article 10() of 17 Amsterdam Treaty (7/C 40/01) as well as in European Court Judgments of 18-05-05 (Ground 6 of Case C-157/6 & Ground of Case C-180/6). The Treaty prescribes the precautionary principle only with one regard protection of the environment. However, in practice the scope is much wider, and whenever preliminary scientific evaluation indicates that there are reasonable grounds for concern that the potentially dangerous effects on the environment, human, animal or plant health may be inconsistent with the high level of protection chosen for the Community, the principle is to be implemented.

The European Community has already made use of the precautionary principle on several occasions, especially in environmental policies, such as regarding climate change or the protection of the ozone layer.

III. Recent political dimensions on precautionary principle(on the example of the EU).

Policy orientations concerning the implementation of the precautionary principle in practice were set out by the EU Commission in the Green Paper on the General Principles of Food Safety and the Communication of 0 April 17 on Consumer Health and Food Safety, by Parliament in its Resolution of 10 March 18 concerning the Green Paper, by the Council in its Resolution of 1 April 1 and by the Joint Parliamentary Committee of the EEA (European Economic Area) in its Resolution of 16 March 1.

EU Commission considers that the precautionary principle should in particular be taken into consideration in the fields of environmental protection and human, animal and plant health. Although the precautionary principle is not explicitly mentioned in the EC Treaty except in the environmental field, its scope is far wider and covers those specific circumstances "where scientific evidence is insufficient, inconclusive or uncertain and there are indications through preliminary objective scientific evaluation that there are reasonable grounds for concern that the potentially dangerous effects on the environment, human, animal or plant health may be inconsistent with the chosen level of protection" .

Decision-makers (those including politicians) are constantly faced with the dilemma of balancing the freedoms and rights of individuals, industry and organizations with the need to reduce or eliminate the risk of adverse effects to the environment or to human health.

Finding the correct balance so that appropriate, non-discriminatory and transparent decisions can be made, requires a structured decision making process with detailed scientific and other objective information involved. This structure is provided by the three elements of risk analysis

- risk assessment,

- choice of risk management strategy and

- communication of the risk.

Any assessment of risk that is made should be based on the existing body of scientific and statistical data. According to the definition, risk (or weak uncertainty) is a situation, when a system behavior is basically known, while chances of different outcomes can be defined and quantified . Most decisions are taken where there is sufficient information available for appropriate preventive measures to be taken but in other circumstances, these data may be wanting in some respects.

The following diagram illustrates the scheme of analysis needed for the implementation of the precautionary principle. It is important to take into consideration three conditions when reviewing it a) the process must be transparent, b) clear statements on reliability must be made with the support of statistical data, and c) statements of uncertainty must imply calculations .

Table Scheme of actions for the implementation of the precautionary principle

Source EEA, 00

IV. Difficulties in implementing the precautionary principle

The precautionary principle is relevant only in case of potential risk, even in a case when this very risk cannot be fully demonstrated or quantified or determined, largely because of the insufficiency of the scientific data necessary for the final decision. However, it should be noted that the precautionary principle can under no circumstances be used to justify the adoption of arbitrary decisions.

There are several aspects portraying the most frequent difficulties in implementation of the precautionary principle. In this essay I will however focus on the following two a) scientific and b) political issues.

4.1. Scientific uncertainty.

In order to prevent the mistake, every scientific evaluation of the potential adverse effects should be undertaken based on the available data. An assessment of risk should be considered when deciding whether or not to implement the precautionary principle. This requires reliable scientific data and logical reasoning, which can bring the decision-makers to a conclusion expressing the possibility of a hazards impact on the environment, or health of a given population (with taking into account the extent of possible damage, persistency, reversibility as well as delayed effects). However it is not possible in all cases to complete an assessment of risk, although all effort should be made to evaluate the available scientific information. The scientists are confronted with the problem of strong uncertainty they might know the basic parameters, however, the probability distributions are often unknown (ignorance).

In case of necessity for a precautionary approach, there is a strong need for conveying the scientific findings to the public and/or the decision-makers. A comprehensive report should be elaborated, indicating the assessment of the existing knowledge and the available information, providing the views of the scientists on the reliability of the assessment as well as on the remaining uncertainties. If necessary, it should also contain the identification of topics for further scientific research. Risk assessment consists of four components hazard identification, hazard characterization, appraisal of exposure and risk characterization. The limits of scientific knowledge may affect each of these components, influencing the overall level of attendant uncertainty and ultimately affecting the foundation for protective or preventive action. An attempt to complete these four steps should be performed before decision to act is taken.

Scientific uncertainty results usually from five characteristics of the scientific method the variable chosen, the measurements made, the samples drawn, the models used and the causal relationship employed. Scientific uncertainty may also arise from a controversy on existing data or lack of some relevant data ("the magic number of 80" in the time-series analysis).

Risk managers should be fully aware of these uncertainty factors when they adopt measures based on the scientific opinion delivered by the evaluators.

However, in some situations the scientific data are not sufficient to allow one to apply these prudential aspects in practice, i.e. in cases in which extrapolations cannot be made because of the absence of parameter modeling and where cause-effect relationships are suspected but have not been demonstrated. It is in situations like these that decision-makers face the dilemma of having to act or not to act.

4.. Political issues.

The political issue is always the most controversial one. There are several aspects I want to raise here when judging the political impact of the implementation of the precautionary principle. As Funtowicz and Ravetz state in their paper "The worth of a songbird Ecological economics as a post-normal science" a naive interpretation of a precautionary principle would "…entail a halt to all innovation, even that intended to benefit the environment. For to require that every proposed innovation be proced harmless would amount to a uniform ban; the task is to articulate varieties of 'burden of proof" that are each appropriate to the issue and the forum of discussion" .

The issue is clear there is a strong need to make the politicians accurately assess each implementation of the precautionary principle, basing on all scientific data available as well as public discussions including representatives of every sphere of public life, interested in the issue.

There are two issues about politics and the precautionary principle I would like to highlight here

a) a spatial perspective on political competition

When former Alabama Governor George Corley Wallace run for president of the USA as a third-party candidate, he often complained that to his audience that there is no substantial difference between the Republican and the Democratic candidates . Although Wallace surely exaggerated the similarities, his assessment captures the essential truth about the American two-party political system, namely, that it tends to nominate presidential candidates whose positions on most major issues are remarkably similar.

This tendency is easily understood once we recognize the analogy between the political location problem and so-called Hotelling's "hot dog vendor location problem" . The center point of Hotelling's idea is that in case we have two hot dog vendors who are free to position themselves along the 1-mile, bounded beach, the will always end up in the middle (in this case neither vendor would be better off if he were to move unilaterally). The likeness with the political parties is clear voters of each party know that their nominee must stand for general election before the voters of both parties. So the most extreme members of each party have an incentive to set their own preferences aside in favor of a candidate located closer to the overall political spectrum. The similar thing happens in the political decision-making over the precautionary principle in spite of the fact that some politicians may be environmentally-oriented and concerned about the sustainable development and nature-protection issues, they still have to compete for re-election. When a "judgment day" of elections comes, the majority of the decision-makers will tend t express less radical views and incline to the centrist ideology. Thus the idea and the environmental-concerned approach are betrayed for the sake of re-election. The short-lasting nature of the political power and ability to make decisions, the cyclical way of changing the political forces at power creates a major threat for the precautionary principle implementation in the every-day life and reduces the concern about the environmental issues to mere political rhetoric.

b) the pressure of public opinion

Precaution involves uncertainties and risks. As Brian Wynne noted in his paper "Uncertainty and environmental learning" if we ban production which cannot meet the zero-discharge standards of strict precautionary principle advocates, what happens if we cannot feed people as a result? Long before that, it would seem, consumers would be marching for pollution . Here we are faced with the problem of political decision-making. Even though some hazard requires an immediate implementation of the precautionary principle, politicians may hesitate and postpone it in order to prevent any social clashes from happening. After all, they are interested only on a seizure of power for as long as possible and it is their interest to make every single voter happy.

In such a radical situation, as described above, politicians will choose to sweep aside the precautionary principle thinking in order to meet the needs of the public (and give the "green light" to pollution in the most extreme case).

V. Conclusions

As we have seen, an increasing number of recent events has shown that public opinion is becoming more and more aware of the potential risks to which the population or their environment are potentially exposed.

Enormous advances in communications technology have positioned this sensitivity to the emergence of new risks, before scientific research has been able to fully illuminate the problems. Decision-makers have to take account of the fears generated by these perceptions and to take preventive measures to eliminate the risk or at least reduce it to the minimum acceptable level.

Whether or not to invoke the precautionary principle is a decision emerging in every case, where scientific information is insufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain and where there are indications that the possible effects on the environment, or human, animal or plant health may be potentially dangerous and inconsistent with the chosen level of protection.

The European Union has adopted the principles of the precautionary principle and explicitly and implicitly built it up to its legislation and decision-making. Although extremely hard to pursue and implement, the precautionary principle finds its way into the modern political and social life, both in the EU and worldwide.

1) European Environmental Agency"Environment in the European Union at the turn of the century", Environmental assessment report No. , 1

) Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. , 17

) Boehmer-Christiansen, "The precautionary principle in Germany Enabling government", in O'Riordan, T. and Cameron, J. (eds) "Interpreting the precautionary pinciple", Cameron and May, London, 14

4) Commission of the European Communities "Communication from the Commission on the precautionary principle", Brussels, ..000, COM (000) 1 final.

5) Sigrid Stagl "Values and Behavior", IDARI PhD. Training, Galway 4.7.00

6) Robert H.Frank "Microeconomics and behavior", Fourth edition, McGraw Hill, 11

7) Harold Hotelling "Stability in Competition", The Economic Journal, , 1

8) Wynne Brian "Uncertainty and environmental learning reconceiving science and policy in the preventive paradigm", Global Environmental Change (June), 1

) Funtowicz, S. and Ravetz J. "The worth of a songbird Ecological economics as a post-normal science", Ecological Economics 10, 14

10) European Environmental Agency, 00 (www.eea.eu.int)

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Medea

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Medea

"Medea illustrates the gap between male and female perceptions of the world."

Medea provides us with some examples of the way that males and females were perceived. The recognizable differences were shown through out the play demonstrating how both males perceived females' status and their own and vice versa for females. Euripides' has varied attitudes as has been displayed in Medea for both males and females although it may seem that females have a higher preference as they hold two of the power role in the play. Euripides' has also been described as a feminist and a misogynist. To discuss the gap between males and females we need to look at the roles of Medea, Jason, The Chorus, and the Servants.

The play Medea may seem a peek into the future but the reality of it is that it is based on all the happening of the time that it was set. Euripides' sets out from the start to shock the audience by changing leading roles and themes. He gives the servants a voice, the turns elder male parts into female and then goes deeply into the concept that women can and will be more then they seem.

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Medea is the main character of the play. She is a woman who wants to strive in a 'man's world'. As Medea is a woman of extreme behaviour and emotions she makes some very rational and irrational decisions in which lead to very valid points. In this point she makes it clear that women are looked down upon and dispensable.

"Surely, of all creatures that have life and will, we women are the most wretched. When, for an extravagant sum, we have bought a husband, we must then accept him as possessor of our body. This is to aggravate wrong worth worse wrong. Then the great question will the man we get be bad or good? For women, divorce is not respectable; to repel the man, not possible."

This is telling us of how Medea thinks being a woman is. She describes it is a horrid experience where there are neither guarantees of happiness nor any rights for females.

However, Medea is not portrayed as a 'normal' female character; instead Medea is a powerful, supernatural, uncompromising, intelligent woman. This characterisation plays upon the male fears about female power and irrationality.

When Medea is exiled before the deaths of Creon, the King of Corinth, Glauce, daughter of Creon, two other points arouse. This exile was to show valid points of female injustices. One of these injustices was that all women are exiled as a punishment for being divorced. They are to leave home, and live amongst strangers. The other point was that because Medea was a foreigner she will always be looked down upon as she was thought of as barbaric. This shows how low the position of women was in those days.

Medea's intelligence is one of a high standard. With her intelligence she also is clever and cunning which are emphasized throughout Medea. When Creon tells Medea that she is to be exiled and gives his reason for it being as he is fearful of what an intelligent woman like her self could do. As she then explains to him that she is not as smart as he believes and then tells him that it is better to be born stupid, for men despise the clever.

"Because I am clever, they are jealous; while rest dislike me. After all, I am not so clever as all that."

As this was a cunning move it won Creon over and Medea was allowed one more day before exile. Medea also appealed to the fact that Creon himself was a parent and begged pity.

Jason, Medea's ex-husband could have been seen as a villain, or the weak, unsympathetic character. Jason was great at manipulation he used Medea in the past and he now manipulates the royal family of Corinth to secure his own ends.

Jason sets himself up as the superior, logical male. He is thought to the representation of order and civilisation.

During the play Jason repeatedly accuses Medea of being entirely motivated by sexual passion.

"… you women gave reached such a state where. If all's well with your sex-life, you've everything you wish for; but when that goes wrong, at once all that is best and noblest turns to gall…"

This is Jason's thought on every woman. He believes that when they are sexually happy that they will not kick up a fuss but when they are unsatisfied they then turn and become somewhat uncompromising and agitated. He also believes that "Human life would be rid of all its miseries." If females did not exists.

Jason's evilness comes more for his weakness then his strength. He is seen to be submissive and weak, his lashing outs at Medea can be seen as a rebuttal to plight, in which he has caused.

The Chorus in tradition is composed of elderly men for the city whose main position is to provide wisdom and guidance when needed. In Medea the Chorus is a group or Corinthian women whose main objective is to sympathise with Medea. They also give the audience speeches about what s going on in the play and even some on irrelevant factor but they still add to the story line of Medea. This speech is one that sets out the positions of males and females thus the basis of most of the story.

"A time comes when the female sex is honoured;

That old discordant slander

Shall no more hold us subject.

Male poets of past ages with their ballads

Of faithless women shall go out of fashion;

For Phoebus, Prince of Music,

Never bestowed the lyric inspiration

Through female understanding

Or we'd find themes for poems,

We'd counter with our epics against man."

This here shows that the Chorus not only being all female but wants to show how female will win overall. They are there to enforce the idea that female are more then first thought that they are underestimated and they will succeed.

The servants are also given more power than they would have had in that time. They main purpose of these characters is to tell the audience Medea's fears and plans. The Nurse is Medea's closest confidant. The Nurse talks about Medea's barbaric background in this speech and the continuous fight between men and women.

"The middle way, neither great nor mean, is best by far, in name and practice. To be rich and powerful brings no blessing; only more utterly is the prosperous house destroyed, when the gods are angry."

In conclusion Medea illustrates a large gap between males and females. The females in this play are given authority which they necessarily didn't have. They were given a right to speak and a right to stand up for themselves. Females may still have had a lot of struggle to go through to do this but Medea showed that all you need is perseverance and will. Medea was a very strong and in some cases more domineering then most men, which unfortunately ended in her destruction. The males in Medea were weak and submissive. They knew they had the power over women and maybe they thought that no woman would be wise enough to rise up over them and therefore let down there guard. Over all this is a feminine play, females won out right but the males still lingered on.

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Analysis of the statement "Education's purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open mind" By Malcom S. Forbes

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Malcom S. Forbes said that, Educations purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open mind. The statement is true on many levels for the fact that when we are young we see the world without any troubles in it. We are carefree and untapped by the worlds society. Then as we progress and become more alert, we start to form opinions on our own. When we are young we usually do not know much about the world. Then we get smarter and we look at things from a diffrent perspective. We form our own opinoins without influence from others. The knowledge we gain from our educated years in school, we use when we get out to the real world. Education should not put a barrier on your mind, it should help push things forward. Standard education helps us live. Education should broaden your opinions and horizons. Education should inspire you to better in all of lifes encounters.

Having an open mind helps you out in many ways. It helps you become a better person. It helps you see more clearly on diffrent views. Having an open mind makes you smarter because the more education you get the more your likely to be successful. It helps you think more clearly on ideas. You become more open to the world around you, and to what others have to say. For example, if someone told you to do something a certain way, you could elaborate and tell that person your opionion.

However, we really never stop getting educated. That could mean even after when we get out of school, the world is teaching us new things. You are also more likely to see the aspects of life better, and not just what is seen with the eye.

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WWII

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World War II had a very large impact on the U.S. Besides costing the U.S. an unthinkable amount of money, many young men?s lives were lost. Another impact the war had was that it made the U.S. the most powerful country in the world. Britain then had to pass responsibility of protecting the free world to the U.S. The war also had a huge impact on the U.S. socially. It allowed women to enter the work force with a wider range of jobs. It also allowed the GI bill to pass. This allowed veterans to get loans for homes and businesses and also enabled young men to get college education. America now becomes the most educated society as opposed to Britain.

was in the navy just before and just after World War II ended. Although he never saw combat in the war, I found that interviewing him was very interesting. Right after he graduated high school in 14, he entered the Navy V1 Officer Program. In March of 145 after two years of the naval training program, he was commissioned as a naval officer. He was then sent to Advance Lance Officer Program in Miami for three months. After that, he left from San Francisco on a troop transporting ship. After briefly stopping at Pearl Harbor for fuel and supplies, he was sent to Eniwetek, an island southeast of Japan in the Marshall Islands. He was here when the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, on August 6th, 145. The bomb dropped by the V Super Fortress Bomber killed 80,000 troops and civilians in a community with a population of only 50,000. The bomb destroyed two thirds of all the buildings in Hiroshima. Then on August th, the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. If it wouldn?t had been for the dropping of the atomic bombs and the surrender of Japan, my grandpa and other troops would have bombarded Japan. The bombing of Japan may have actually saved many lives, because with the bombardment of Japan the death tolls could have been very high. After the bombs had been dropped, he boarded a destroyer ship to take him to Tokyo Bay. At Tokyo Bay, he then boarded the U.S.S. Boston. He left on this ship just before the peace treaty was signed on the U.S.S. Missouri that was harbored near the U.S.S. Boston.

After the war, he then spent several months cruising around various ports in Japan confiscating weapons and artillery. They would then be destroyed be burning them or just shooting them off. He had stopped by Hiroshima, where the first bomb hit. There the men went through the rubbish. He described everything as being flattened and everyone having an eerie feeling. He also stopped in Nagasaki, where the second bomb hit. He told me that the only thing that remained was some of the bases to buildings. After all of that, he still had five months left in the Navy. So he was transferred to the LST 10 ship in Shanghai, China. There, he brought Chinese troops from Manchuria, in northern China, back to Shaghai. They also took Japanese troops back to Japan. It surprised me to hear that the Japanese troops were very polite to the U.S. Navy troops, while the Chinese troops were sometimes arrogant. After that, he was promoted to Lieutenant JG (junior grade). Finally in early 146, the LST ship left China to the Puget Sound in Seattle. Because of his experience on the ship he was called to be the skipper onboard and he was also the navigation officer.

said that most of the men would write back home to their families about once a week and it would usually take about or weeks to get home. When I asked my grandpa if the men were scared of going to war, he said that most of the men were not worried for their lives. This surprised me a lot. The U.S.S. Boston was like a town he said. There were ,000 men on board. He slept in the officer quarters with other officers. On the Boston there was even a barbershop and a soda shop. He was the officer of the look out division. In this division, they man the gun turrets and lookout for enemy planes. The LST 10 ship only had about 00 men on board and it had cramp quarters. He did mention though that the food on the ship was great. I had no idea that my grandpa had been through so many experiences when he was in the navy. I found interviewing him to be fun and interesting.

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MAestro

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Maestro

Discovery and the process of it, is much more complex than the word itself. Discoveries can be understood as solving riddles, or arranging pieces of jigsaw puzzles. This is a metaphor for uncovering what is known or only partially understood. The quest for knowledge and the solution to mysteries is a powerful motivating force for human beings. These mysteries may be related to events or people in history, but they may also include an evolving understanding of oneself. Some of the elements that aid discovery are curiosity, obsession, desire, hunger and passion. Sometimes things that hinder discovery also aid it. Some things that hinder discovery are secrets and concealment, people's attitudes, dishonesty and lying, the passage of time, disaster and the degree of awareness or attention. When a discovery is made it can be either positive or negative. A positive discovery is one that makes you learn positive characteristics about yourself or learning and realising positive characteristics about others. A negative discovery manifests itself when someone has betrayed you, or your dream cannot be realised. The success that you achieve by making several sacrifices does not make you happy or quite satisfied. Even negative or harmful discoveries lead to positive realisations, which help us to grow and develop. In the novel 'Maestro' by Peter Goldsworthy it can be said that discoveries made by the characters are both negative and positive. Positive discoveries made in this novel are Paul Crabbe realising his sexual orientation, the difference between love and lust, the discovery of Eduard Keller's family and the extent of Paul's musical abilities. Negative discoveries are Paul's interview with Keller's old musical colleague, Joseph Henisch in Vienna, the fact that he is unable to reach the expectations of his parents and the painful arrogance of his youth. The two supplementary texts discussed are "Afghanistan's Great Leap Backwards," and " Time and Tide ". The former article epitomises the negative experience that the locals have to endure. However, there are people who wish to fight against evil. This potent desire to be belligerent instead of passive makes this discovery a positive one. The second supplementary text is a poem, " Time and Tide." This poem is about the process a young boy endures, to discover the difference between dreams and reality. The young boy sees the ocean in a distant state, without knowing the true power of evil.

It is clear that some of the discoveries that Paul makes about himself are positive ones. At first, Paul becomes madly in love with Megan. Paul describes Megan as an idol of perfection, "…the furred nape of her neck, her smooth bare shoulders, the thick cumulus of pale hair." Paul thinks that Megan is the quintessence of physical beauty. He is blinded by her appearance or physical attributes, "…by home time she became a haloed vision" Paul is so smitten that he can only picture her as an angel. "…That vision lodged deeply inside me, especially the glowing hair. It was the feel of her soft, thick hair that woke me one late morning, hard and pulsing below the waist, the bed sheets sticky with a strange pale honey, the first I'd seen." Megan in Paul's eyes is like an angel that cannot even escape from Paul's mind during the night, she was the inspiration for Paul's wet dream. Paul's relationship with Rosie is in stark contrast to the one he had with Megan. With the onset of maturity he realises that his feelings for Rosie are true love. The process of this discovery is a long one. When Paul meets Rosie for the first time his thoughts of her are, " I suppose I disliked her for the usual reason she was too much like me. Also I was worried; and now I had competition. She was the other smart kid in the class." These thoughts of hatred and possible jealousy soon started to disappear as Paul matures and has different sexual experiences with both girls. When Megan picks Paul up in her car and drives to Scotty's house, she has other plans in her mind. She stops the car and finds her way to the nearest bunker and Paul follows. Megan spreads the carpet on the sand and drapes herself across it. Megan says, "Peel me a grape". "It was disappointment, at least for me. She was too selfish, I realised later. Too used to being desired, to never having to involve her self in any real way. As soon as I touched her she became floppy, inert, like something waiting to be kneaded. She loved to be touched, bitten, licked-but passively, as if on a pedestal, receiving some sort of sexual tithe." This makes Paul realise that Megan is simply physical beauty, and is only an object of desire. At first Paul has no interest in Rosie, desiring only perfection. It was through an unsatisfying sexual experience with Megan that enlightenment dawns, and he realises Rosie's true qualities "I was terrified. Terrified that I might loose her." She could stimulate him on an intellectual and sexual level. Evidence of this is "I loved her which at a time when most of my love was wasted on myself, was no small achievement." Through these experiences he comes to realise what Megan and Rosie mean in his life. He loves Rosie and it is this understanding between love and lust and realisation of his feelings that allows Paul to understand Rosie and allows their relationship to flourish.

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Another positive discovery made in this novel is when Paul realises that Keller had a family. Paul made this discovery on one June afternoon, " I arrived at the Swan and found no sign of Keller in his room or in the bar below. His door had been left ajar, presumably for me. Entering, I sat myself for the first time at the grand, breaking his strict rule…I played for a short time" it was while Paul was playing the piano that, "…the hinged frame of photographs-an ornamental silver clamshell-that Keller kept propped on his piano caught my eye". It was now when Paul first saw this picture, he observed and saw, "…a young plumpish woman, seated, a child standing next to her, and behind both what could be only be a much younger version of Keller, his firm, proprietorial arm resting on the shoulder of the woman." When Keller makes his way into the room, Paul consequently gets caught red-handed, and asks the question, "Your family?" Keller without hesitation answered, "Those are my family…my son's name was Eric. My wife, Mathilde." This discovery caused many other questions to arise amongst the Crabbe family. Paul's mother suggests, "Perhaps his wife and child died in the War". But Paul had his own immature perspective, "Perhaps they left him. After a piano lesson." This is a positive discovery because he gains a deeper insight into Keller's motives and inspirations, "My love for you does not depend on these little things." Paul realises that Keller loves him like a son because he lost his own son. Furthermore he has a deep seated hatred of Vienna because Hitler's men took his wife and child away, "Ornamental facades. Hiding the hypocrisy within…"

Paul's most important positive self-discovery would be when he realises about his limited musical talents. The discovery of his musical talents is a rather positive and helpful one to Paul's soul, the fact he finally realises his potential. This helps him to grow and mature. This discovery is a lengthy process which allows Paul to be aware of his musical abilities. Paul is irredeemably smug, self-centred and has selfishness and essential addiction, "His reckless with self confidence." Paul resents Keller from the first meeting, merely by his appearance, "Uniform white linen suit", Paul believed Keller, "Had spruced up especially to meet him." As Paul grows and matures, he reflects on this and admits disparagingly, "I was child enough, self-centred enough to think so." Paul in his youth was extremely spoilt and arrogant. His egocentric nature breeds contempt. He shows more evidence of this arrogance of his when he refused to play duets with Bennie Reid saying that Bennie, "Does something to the violin, but I don't think it could be described as playing." This rudeness highlights Paul's condescending attitude and shows his high regard for himself. "You are spoilt," Keller asserts, "First you must learn to listen," With this forthright admission, Keller begins to curb Paul's arrogance. Keller's praise of Paul's playing was sparingly, "fine" highest admission but usually, "adequate." After being praised by both his peers and his elders, Paul finds it difficult to accept Keller's indifference. Even at Paul's highest achievement, an A+ in a music exam, Keller refuses to praise Paul's ability saying, "The boy is too given to self-satisfaction…the self satisfied go no further." At Paul's fine performance of Beethoven, Keller dismisses it by claiming it as an, "Excellent forgery," "Technically perfect," but with something, "Missing," and "that small something may as well have been everything". This lukewarm response to Paul not only humbles him, but also drives him to great heights, acquiring determination. "…I redoubled my efforts at the keyboard. If Keller asked for two back fuges each week, I prepared three. If he required three hours practise, I played for four…" Keller teaches Paul determination and the drive to exceed his limits, which further emphasises the advantage for Paul to have Keller as his teacher. Paul's experience with Keller can be seen as profound. The adult Paul says Keller has taught him a, "Self criticism that will never allow me to forget my limits." "You are one in a thousand," he says to Paul, "But a concert pianist is one in a million." We can see that Keller plays an important role in keeping Paul down to earth and cares about him enough to warn about his future prospects in music. These things imply that Keller is the best teacher for Paul and though it was Paul who makes the admission that Keller is the, "worst teacher," for him. He also admits Keller has "spoiled" him. Paul, "tired of second-rate," teachers, reiterating the good Keller had done for Paul. Paul's love for Keller is evidence that he understands the truth in Keller's heart. Keller taught Paul many lessons from determinations to modesty, but above all the, "affection" he felt for Paul and the musical and emotional guidance he offered Paul makes Keller the best teacher for him.

Paul's negative discovery is made when he finally realises that his parents have an illusion, and is unable to live up to the expectations of his parents. Paul's parents glorify his musical talents. Paul's parents believe their son is a great piano player, and they a willing to do anything to give him the opportunity to perform at an exalted level. Everyone was trying to live their life again through Paul. Mr Crabbe has fewer opportunities than Paul and therefore wants Paul to be the musical genius and to live his dream through Paul. Keller has a dream for his son. His son shows great promise, but after he is betrayed, he never sees his son again and wants to live his dream through Paul. This discovery is closely linked to the realisation of Paul becoming aware of his sensuality. Paul over so many years finally realises that he is rather mediocre, he cannot reach perfection it is merely unattainable, he realises the difference between technical and musical perfection. It is "through all the talk one thing rapidly emerged unsaid…they no longer felt they had a concert pianist on their hands." An older Paul reflects "All I have any hope of attaining…technical perfection, not musical perfection." Paul is unable to live up to his parent's aspirations. He has previously fooled himself in believing he was accomplished, his parents think he is a virtuoso. Paul harks back mostalgically to the days when Keller tells Paul that his talent is not enough to attain the glory he desires. Keller makes Paul that he has reached his potential and not to waste the rest of his life, "Better a small hurt now than a wasted life," but Paul being the arrogant young boy never took his advice and always wanted more. He never at any stage believed that he could not be a great concert pianist, even his parents resent the fact when Keller tries to warn them about Paul's mediocrity. He finally understands that he is mediocre and the difference between dreams and reality.

The other great negative discovery made by Paul is when he comes to understand about Keller's past and his self-flagellation. Paul makes this discovery through joining information he has gathered so far and when he visits Henisch, in Vienna. Paul becomes aware and learns about his former life in Vienna, his son Eric and wife Mathilde and his immense talent. Keller had been a victim of betrayal. Keller himself was betrayed by the very people he trusted, "I was assured Jewish members of German families would not be harmed." "You must understand," he tells Paul, "I knew these people. These murderers. I signed their concert programmes." When his son and wife are killed by the Nazi regime he had entertained, he is a shattered man. Keller's subsequent attempts to punish himself by appropriating a Jewish identity, mutilating his hand, fleeing to another country and renouncing the music he had once loved so passionately all fails to ease the onerous burden of guilt. In the end, he is a sad figure, dying of alcoholic poisoning to the soulless strains of muzak. What Keller is doing to himself could be described as self-flagellation. He continually drinks as a way to dismiss his problems, "…boozer's incandescent glow." He shifted countries and came to live in Darwin, "The arsehole of the earth," trying to further punishing himself by living with already abnormal people. Keller even starts to wear a yellow star on clothing and registers as a Jew in Vienna, "Some form of penance?…Perhaps he felt he might fight Mathilde and Eric." He even fakes his death to his friends in Vienna, this more supports the theory that Vienna was a place of betrayal and hypocrisy. He feels so responsible for his wife and son's death that he becomes detached from music, moving away from the romantics, "If he ever felt the desire to play again he would hack off his fingers one by one." Even later on in the concerts, during the playing of Wagner, "Tears were filling the deep fissures of that parched landscape." Keller cannot handle the sorrow he still feels for his murdered family. Paul's relationship with Keller changes at this point as Paul finally comes to realise that Keller is a fragile human being.

One of the other negative discoveries that Paul makes about himself through a process of growth and maturity is that he can finally see himself clearly for the first time. He looks back as an adult, and can see that he was an arrogant, selfish, self-satisfied youth. This is evident when the time comes for Keller to confess to Paul. "…Why after all these years, had he decided to entrust me with this immense secret, this weight he wanted to heave from his soul." "I should have stayed…but there wasn't enough time. The aroused, sexual present overwhelmed the past." This further affirms the fact that Paul is very selfish and is still beguiled by pleasures of the flesh. Paul was unable to appreciate the enormity and significance of Keller's confession regarding his wife and son. Now the older Paul is able to realise such things and pass his judgements on his actions and personality, this shows that the depth of his emotional growth and maturity. In his reflections, Paul regrets the things he has missed and taken for granted due to his ambitions and selfishness. Like, "…the roast meat, the kisses. The music around the piano…my father, rushing through the door holding high his first plump-fleshed red furred rambutan…" It is said that Paul has missed out on so many opportunities but it is only with realisation can he appreciate his current life and what he has to offer a loving family and endless possibilities. Paul demonstrates this understanding at the closing of the novel when he is at the bedside of Keller. At the culmination of his self-awareness he writes, "Can I know that mine was a foolish innocent world, a world of delusions and feelings and ridiculous dreams a world of music and still love it Endlessly, effortlessly."

A similar negative experience of self discovery is seen in the magazine article, from the Reader's digest, "Afghanistan's Great Leap Backwards" by Stephen Grey. This article is written through the perspective of a couple of women. One was named Shafika Habibi. Shafika is a newsreader on national television, married to a diplomat who becomes governor of a province and government minister. As soon as the Taliban take over, they both lose their jobs. The Taliban takes over the city and extreme Islamic rules are imposed. Women are required to cover themselves head to toe, and never socialise with men at any time apart from a few occasions. Women are expected to stay at home and leave their jobs. "The Taliban's solution was simply to lock women up." Shafika discovers that she is not going to hold back and let the Taliban do what every they want. She refuses to be passive and doesn't want them to beat her. She campaigns with authorities for changes. She wants to find a future for young girls. She realises "If this situation goes on, we will lose a whole generation." This article can be linked with 'Maestro'. The Taliban in this case can be compared with Adolf Hitler and the lady Shafika can be compared with Eduard Keller. In both stories many people have been taken, killed and tortured. But the difference is that Keller could not face the fact he had betrayed his family so he completely changes his life, "self-flagellation" he punishes himself, Keller believes that is what he had to do. Shafika takes the opposite approach, she stood her ground and desires to fight against the Taliban. The discovery that is made in this article by Shafika is that she will fight for freedom, she refuses to be passive and allow the Taliban to take over. This discovery is a positive one because she her self wants to see a result favouring the public of Afghanistan, she is against the evil.

Another self-discovery is seen the poem "Time and Tide" by Tim Winton, from the "The Good Weekend." This poem is about a rather volatile 1 year old boy making a negative discovery in life. The poem begins by explaining the passion the boy has for the sea and the uncertainty the sea leaves in the boy's mind, making him think of all the beautiful wonders that may lie within, "The living, teeming sea connects me to my past…" "The big blue has always been a source of awe and mystery…" The young boy at this stage feels extremely attracted by the sea. At this point the boy holds high regard for the sea, wondering what magic the sea possesses. The characteristics of the sea are very inspiring to the young boy. One day he happens to be in the wrong spot at the wrong time, where his beauty was turned into an awful experience. This experience was so distracting that it left the volatile, soft-hearted youth with a change of viewpoint as to life and how he viewed it after his negative incident. He witnesses on the beach, "…A sperm whale methodically dismantled and rendered into oil and fertiliser." "A grenade had exploded in its long, blunt head." He is in such a situation where he does not want to witness the incident but at the same time he is transfixed, he is in a state of shock. It can be said the boy at this instant makes a negative discovery. He realises how evil humans can be, humans have so much evil in them that they can even harm the sea which seemed indestructible to the young boy, "I realised the sea and its many wonders were not invulnerable." After this experience he always saw things from a different perspective. This discovery of the young boy can be closely linked to the one Paul makes about Keller's past. In the same way the young boy turns his back on the beauty of nature and sees it from a different perspective. Paul when he finds the truth about Keller's background changes his way of thinking about Keller. Paul realises what a arrogant boy he was to resent Keller's appearance, knowledge and the way he taught. After this discovery of Paul's it can be said that he turns his back on his own self-centred, egocentric attitude and sees Keller as a different person and appreciates his customs.

Thus it can be seen from the close perusal of the text and supplementary material , that positive and negative experiences in Discovery are both evident. Characters incessantly learn and gain a better understanding of themselves through the process of discovery. These texts have given me a greater insight into the concept of discovery, and have proved to be a salutary learning experience.

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Love

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Love, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Love paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service!

Love

Iris Murdoch once wrote, "We can only learn to love by loving" ("Zromance"). This profound statement captures the mystery of love to those who have yet to experience it. In our current society, love is a ubiquitous topic that regularly appears on almost all forms of modern day media. From talk shows to movies, books to radio, love can scarcely be avoided. However, while many think they know all there is to know on the subject, few possess a true understanding of what love is. In the aforementioned quote, Murdoch alludes to the fact that love can only be fully understood by experience. Nevertheless, a rudimentary understanding of love can be attained by breaking down the word into three main categories God, relationships, and the world. All of the definitions of love can be classified under each of these three categories. While love is indeed a mysterious and seemingly elusive emotion to some, it is also something that we are required to possess according to God. Thus, love should be frequently sought after in our lives and cherished once attained.

In his book Engaging God's World A Christian Vision of Faith, Learning, and Living, Cornelius Plantinga Jr. speaks of the fact that as humans we were made to want God (6-7). In other words, every human has an innate desire inside of him to show love and adoration to God. For Christians, this love is directed to the God of the Bible. We show our love to Him by singing worship songs, praying, confessing our sins, learning about Him through scripture, etc. For those who do not share a belief in the God of the Bible, a material god is worshipped such as money or cars. No matter the deity, human beings will always have an inward desire to show love towards a god. As a Christian, I firmly believe that the only God who will bring true peace and fulfillment in our lives is Jesus. Those who worship other gods will never be satisfied the way those who worship the one true God are. Because of this, I choose to love God with all of my heart. I desire to continually grow my faith in Him, and to spend much of my time worshipping and praising Him for the awesome God He is. God commands this of His followers in the bible. Mathew 7 states, "Jesus replied 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind'" (The New International Version Study Bible). This is the most important part of love because if I maintain a genuine and passionate relationship with God, He will guide me in the other two aspects of love as well.

The second component of love deals with our relationships. This includes both marriage and also our everyday interactions with friends and family. According to David Augsburger, "The Christian understands marriage as a covenant made under God and in the presence of fellow members of the Christian family" (15). Marriage is not a private act among two people. Instead, it is a commitment to God, in the presence of loved ones, that the couple will be faithful and supportive of each other as long as they live. God views marriage as a solemn act of commitment that should never be taken lightly. Marriage is, on one hand, the culmination of a couple's love for each other, and on the other, it is only the beginning. Learning to live together in harmony requires perseverance and faithfulness. When a marriage resembles the principles found in the Bible, however, it is the ultimate example of love and sacrifice.

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Love, in regard to relationships, also includes our everyday interactions with friends and family. In their book Friends and Friendship, Jerry and Mary White touch on the importance of friendships saying, "Even the person who has learned to live a life of solitude and privacy and who takes pride in independence needs friends" (44). Yet, friendships take time and energy to evolve. Talking and social interaction are essential in any relationship including friendship. Furthermore, close friendships resemble marriages somewhat in that one must cast aside judgments regarding another's faults and idiosyncrasies, and learn to love them for who they are as brothers and sisters in Christ. Sam Keen said this best when he proclaimed, "You come to love not by finding the perfect person, but by seeing an imperfect person perfectly" ("Zromance"). Even though friendships do not contain the level of commitment that marriages require, they both take time and love for them to mature into a healthy and satisfying relationship.

The last aspect of love is adoration for things of the world. Fondness for earthly things is natural and innocent as long as it does not come before God in our lives. The Bible warns against this in Exodus 0 exclaiming, "You shall have no other gods before me" (New International Version Study Bible). The Bible provides many stories which illustrate the consequences that come with placing things of the world before God. Most things that become gods in our lives are not evil by themselves, but become evil when we devote more time and love to them than to our Lord. However, it is perfectly normal to love things in the world such as movies or books as long as we partake of them with discernment and integrity. God created much of what we love in the world today, though over time it has become polluted and vile. Thus, as a Christian we must exercise caution in whatever we pour our love into on earth, and must further remember to place God above all else.

Pearl S. Buck once reflected, "The person who tries to live alone will not succeed as a human being. His heart withers if it does not answer another heart. His mind shrinks away if he hears only the echoes of his own thoughts and finds no other inspiration" ("Zromance"). This is the fate of those who choose to live a life exempt of love. As human beings, we were created to crave interaction with others. Thus, each of us must choose to love others in our friendships, as well as our future marriages. We must pour the necessary time and vigor into these relationships so that they will grow healthy and strong. More importantly, we must love God with our whole hearts so that we may discover the peace and tranquility that comes from serving Him. God offers the strength to love others as He loves us, if we would only ask by faith. Lastly, we must find things of this world to love and cherish, while carefully avoiding the making of them into gods in our life. Quite simply, love is not an option. We must embrace it to the fullest extent of the word, or face a life of solitude and remorse.

Works Cited

Augsburger, David. Cherishable Love and Marriage. Scottdale Herald, 171.

The New International Version Study Bible. Grand Rapids Zondervan, 15.

Plantinga, Cornelius. Engaging God's World A Christian of Faith, Learning, and Living. Grand Rapids William, 00.

White, Jerry and Mary White. Friends and Friendship. Colorado Springs Navigator, 18.

Zromance. Sept. 00. Sept. 00. http//www.iromance.cc/love_quotes.asp..

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British seaside resort

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nThe British seaside resort

Introduction

/'s of all domestic holidays in Britain are based beside the sea. The traditional week or fortnight at the seaside has produced an urban settlement called a 'resort'.

The resort must be distinctive in location-backing an accessible beach, its main function must be in serving the accommodation and activity needs of visitors, and in its morphology- a linear form giving maximum accessibility to the key attractive resources of both the sea and beach.

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Many resorts (such as Blackpool) are towns created by tourism, others have developed around existing villages(i.e. Minehead was a fishing village)

Within this diversity however it is possible to identify certain characteristics in these traditional 'bucket and spade' resorts.

-In a seaside resort land values are highest along the beach/sea front, with a peak where the sea front meets the main shopping and commercial area.

There are over 100 of these 'bucket and spade' resorts still dotted along the British coastline, many with their own specific well established regional catchment area (i.e. Margate and Southend are traditional destinations for Londoners, Llandudno and Southport draw visitors from Liverpool and Manchester, Tenby and Barry island have long been a popular tourist resort with people from south Wales.

The rise and peak of the British seaside resort

In the early Nineteenth century the Prince Regent became convinced of the health giving properties of sea air and so built the royal pavilion at Brighton.

By the 1840's many of the rich and famous had taken up 'seabathing' and by the latter part of the decade Brighton and Scarborough became well established as seaside resorts.

Towards the end of the nineteenth century trips to the seaside became possible for increasing numbers (e.g. Thomas cook pioneered cheap 'package' holidays by rail to the seaside during the 1850's)

By 100 many urban workers were able to enjoy day trips and short holidays to the seaside due to the railway network, slightly better pay and cheap excursion trips.

Some resorts however maintained their middle class images i.e. Bournemouth, but other resorts were catering for the working class i.e. Margate and Blackpool.

A few resorts were able to combine various social groups when there was more than one stretch of beach. These resorts included Scarborough and Newquay.

By the 10's/0's 'Bucket and spade resorts' were in full swing, but a distinct feature of British tourism is that very few coastal resorts have appeared since.

Please note that this sample paper on british seaside resort is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on british seaside resort, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on british seaside resort will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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