MAestro

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Maestro

Discovery and the process of it, is much more complex than the word itself. Discoveries can be understood as solving riddles, or arranging pieces of jigsaw puzzles. This is a metaphor for uncovering what is known or only partially understood. The quest for knowledge and the solution to mysteries is a powerful motivating force for human beings. These mysteries may be related to events or people in history, but they may also include an evolving understanding of oneself. Some of the elements that aid discovery are curiosity, obsession, desire, hunger and passion. Sometimes things that hinder discovery also aid it. Some things that hinder discovery are secrets and concealment, people's attitudes, dishonesty and lying, the passage of time, disaster and the degree of awareness or attention. When a discovery is made it can be either positive or negative. A positive discovery is one that makes you learn positive characteristics about yourself or learning and realising positive characteristics about others. A negative discovery manifests itself when someone has betrayed you, or your dream cannot be realised. The success that you achieve by making several sacrifices does not make you happy or quite satisfied. Even negative or harmful discoveries lead to positive realisations, which help us to grow and develop. In the novel 'Maestro' by Peter Goldsworthy it can be said that discoveries made by the characters are both negative and positive. Positive discoveries made in this novel are Paul Crabbe realising his sexual orientation, the difference between love and lust, the discovery of Eduard Keller's family and the extent of Paul's musical abilities. Negative discoveries are Paul's interview with Keller's old musical colleague, Joseph Henisch in Vienna, the fact that he is unable to reach the expectations of his parents and the painful arrogance of his youth. The two supplementary texts discussed are "Afghanistan's Great Leap Backwards," and " Time and Tide ". The former article epitomises the negative experience that the locals have to endure. However, there are people who wish to fight against evil. This potent desire to be belligerent instead of passive makes this discovery a positive one. The second supplementary text is a poem, " Time and Tide." This poem is about the process a young boy endures, to discover the difference between dreams and reality. The young boy sees the ocean in a distant state, without knowing the true power of evil.

It is clear that some of the discoveries that Paul makes about himself are positive ones. At first, Paul becomes madly in love with Megan. Paul describes Megan as an idol of perfection, "…the furred nape of her neck, her smooth bare shoulders, the thick cumulus of pale hair." Paul thinks that Megan is the quintessence of physical beauty. He is blinded by her appearance or physical attributes, "…by home time she became a haloed vision" Paul is so smitten that he can only picture her as an angel. "…That vision lodged deeply inside me, especially the glowing hair. It was the feel of her soft, thick hair that woke me one late morning, hard and pulsing below the waist, the bed sheets sticky with a strange pale honey, the first I'd seen." Megan in Paul's eyes is like an angel that cannot even escape from Paul's mind during the night, she was the inspiration for Paul's wet dream. Paul's relationship with Rosie is in stark contrast to the one he had with Megan. With the onset of maturity he realises that his feelings for Rosie are true love. The process of this discovery is a long one. When Paul meets Rosie for the first time his thoughts of her are, " I suppose I disliked her for the usual reason she was too much like me. Also I was worried; and now I had competition. She was the other smart kid in the class." These thoughts of hatred and possible jealousy soon started to disappear as Paul matures and has different sexual experiences with both girls. When Megan picks Paul up in her car and drives to Scotty's house, she has other plans in her mind. She stops the car and finds her way to the nearest bunker and Paul follows. Megan spreads the carpet on the sand and drapes herself across it. Megan says, "Peel me a grape". "It was disappointment, at least for me. She was too selfish, I realised later. Too used to being desired, to never having to involve her self in any real way. As soon as I touched her she became floppy, inert, like something waiting to be kneaded. She loved to be touched, bitten, licked-but passively, as if on a pedestal, receiving some sort of sexual tithe." This makes Paul realise that Megan is simply physical beauty, and is only an object of desire. At first Paul has no interest in Rosie, desiring only perfection. It was through an unsatisfying sexual experience with Megan that enlightenment dawns, and he realises Rosie's true qualities "I was terrified. Terrified that I might loose her." She could stimulate him on an intellectual and sexual level. Evidence of this is "I loved her which at a time when most of my love was wasted on myself, was no small achievement." Through these experiences he comes to realise what Megan and Rosie mean in his life. He loves Rosie and it is this understanding between love and lust and realisation of his feelings that allows Paul to understand Rosie and allows their relationship to flourish.

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Another positive discovery made in this novel is when Paul realises that Keller had a family. Paul made this discovery on one June afternoon, " I arrived at the Swan and found no sign of Keller in his room or in the bar below. His door had been left ajar, presumably for me. Entering, I sat myself for the first time at the grand, breaking his strict rule…I played for a short time" it was while Paul was playing the piano that, "…the hinged frame of photographs-an ornamental silver clamshell-that Keller kept propped on his piano caught my eye". It was now when Paul first saw this picture, he observed and saw, "…a young plumpish woman, seated, a child standing next to her, and behind both what could be only be a much younger version of Keller, his firm, proprietorial arm resting on the shoulder of the woman." When Keller makes his way into the room, Paul consequently gets caught red-handed, and asks the question, "Your family?" Keller without hesitation answered, "Those are my family…my son's name was Eric. My wife, Mathilde." This discovery caused many other questions to arise amongst the Crabbe family. Paul's mother suggests, "Perhaps his wife and child died in the War". But Paul had his own immature perspective, "Perhaps they left him. After a piano lesson." This is a positive discovery because he gains a deeper insight into Keller's motives and inspirations, "My love for you does not depend on these little things." Paul realises that Keller loves him like a son because he lost his own son. Furthermore he has a deep seated hatred of Vienna because Hitler's men took his wife and child away, "Ornamental facades. Hiding the hypocrisy within…"

Paul's most important positive self-discovery would be when he realises about his limited musical talents. The discovery of his musical talents is a rather positive and helpful one to Paul's soul, the fact he finally realises his potential. This helps him to grow and mature. This discovery is a lengthy process which allows Paul to be aware of his musical abilities. Paul is irredeemably smug, self-centred and has selfishness and essential addiction, "His reckless with self confidence." Paul resents Keller from the first meeting, merely by his appearance, "Uniform white linen suit", Paul believed Keller, "Had spruced up especially to meet him." As Paul grows and matures, he reflects on this and admits disparagingly, "I was child enough, self-centred enough to think so." Paul in his youth was extremely spoilt and arrogant. His egocentric nature breeds contempt. He shows more evidence of this arrogance of his when he refused to play duets with Bennie Reid saying that Bennie, "Does something to the violin, but I don't think it could be described as playing." This rudeness highlights Paul's condescending attitude and shows his high regard for himself. "You are spoilt," Keller asserts, "First you must learn to listen," With this forthright admission, Keller begins to curb Paul's arrogance. Keller's praise of Paul's playing was sparingly, "fine" highest admission but usually, "adequate." After being praised by both his peers and his elders, Paul finds it difficult to accept Keller's indifference. Even at Paul's highest achievement, an A+ in a music exam, Keller refuses to praise Paul's ability saying, "The boy is too given to self-satisfaction…the self satisfied go no further." At Paul's fine performance of Beethoven, Keller dismisses it by claiming it as an, "Excellent forgery," "Technically perfect," but with something, "Missing," and "that small something may as well have been everything". This lukewarm response to Paul not only humbles him, but also drives him to great heights, acquiring determination. "…I redoubled my efforts at the keyboard. If Keller asked for two back fuges each week, I prepared three. If he required three hours practise, I played for four…" Keller teaches Paul determination and the drive to exceed his limits, which further emphasises the advantage for Paul to have Keller as his teacher. Paul's experience with Keller can be seen as profound. The adult Paul says Keller has taught him a, "Self criticism that will never allow me to forget my limits." "You are one in a thousand," he says to Paul, "But a concert pianist is one in a million." We can see that Keller plays an important role in keeping Paul down to earth and cares about him enough to warn about his future prospects in music. These things imply that Keller is the best teacher for Paul and though it was Paul who makes the admission that Keller is the, "worst teacher," for him. He also admits Keller has "spoiled" him. Paul, "tired of second-rate," teachers, reiterating the good Keller had done for Paul. Paul's love for Keller is evidence that he understands the truth in Keller's heart. Keller taught Paul many lessons from determinations to modesty, but above all the, "affection" he felt for Paul and the musical and emotional guidance he offered Paul makes Keller the best teacher for him.

Paul's negative discovery is made when he finally realises that his parents have an illusion, and is unable to live up to the expectations of his parents. Paul's parents glorify his musical talents. Paul's parents believe their son is a great piano player, and they a willing to do anything to give him the opportunity to perform at an exalted level. Everyone was trying to live their life again through Paul. Mr Crabbe has fewer opportunities than Paul and therefore wants Paul to be the musical genius and to live his dream through Paul. Keller has a dream for his son. His son shows great promise, but after he is betrayed, he never sees his son again and wants to live his dream through Paul. This discovery is closely linked to the realisation of Paul becoming aware of his sensuality. Paul over so many years finally realises that he is rather mediocre, he cannot reach perfection it is merely unattainable, he realises the difference between technical and musical perfection. It is "through all the talk one thing rapidly emerged unsaid…they no longer felt they had a concert pianist on their hands." An older Paul reflects "All I have any hope of attaining…technical perfection, not musical perfection." Paul is unable to live up to his parent's aspirations. He has previously fooled himself in believing he was accomplished, his parents think he is a virtuoso. Paul harks back mostalgically to the days when Keller tells Paul that his talent is not enough to attain the glory he desires. Keller makes Paul that he has reached his potential and not to waste the rest of his life, "Better a small hurt now than a wasted life," but Paul being the arrogant young boy never took his advice and always wanted more. He never at any stage believed that he could not be a great concert pianist, even his parents resent the fact when Keller tries to warn them about Paul's mediocrity. He finally understands that he is mediocre and the difference between dreams and reality.

The other great negative discovery made by Paul is when he comes to understand about Keller's past and his self-flagellation. Paul makes this discovery through joining information he has gathered so far and when he visits Henisch, in Vienna. Paul becomes aware and learns about his former life in Vienna, his son Eric and wife Mathilde and his immense talent. Keller had been a victim of betrayal. Keller himself was betrayed by the very people he trusted, "I was assured Jewish members of German families would not be harmed." "You must understand," he tells Paul, "I knew these people. These murderers. I signed their concert programmes." When his son and wife are killed by the Nazi regime he had entertained, he is a shattered man. Keller's subsequent attempts to punish himself by appropriating a Jewish identity, mutilating his hand, fleeing to another country and renouncing the music he had once loved so passionately all fails to ease the onerous burden of guilt. In the end, he is a sad figure, dying of alcoholic poisoning to the soulless strains of muzak. What Keller is doing to himself could be described as self-flagellation. He continually drinks as a way to dismiss his problems, "…boozer's incandescent glow." He shifted countries and came to live in Darwin, "The arsehole of the earth," trying to further punishing himself by living with already abnormal people. Keller even starts to wear a yellow star on clothing and registers as a Jew in Vienna, "Some form of penance?…Perhaps he felt he might fight Mathilde and Eric." He even fakes his death to his friends in Vienna, this more supports the theory that Vienna was a place of betrayal and hypocrisy. He feels so responsible for his wife and son's death that he becomes detached from music, moving away from the romantics, "If he ever felt the desire to play again he would hack off his fingers one by one." Even later on in the concerts, during the playing of Wagner, "Tears were filling the deep fissures of that parched landscape." Keller cannot handle the sorrow he still feels for his murdered family. Paul's relationship with Keller changes at this point as Paul finally comes to realise that Keller is a fragile human being.

One of the other negative discoveries that Paul makes about himself through a process of growth and maturity is that he can finally see himself clearly for the first time. He looks back as an adult, and can see that he was an arrogant, selfish, self-satisfied youth. This is evident when the time comes for Keller to confess to Paul. "…Why after all these years, had he decided to entrust me with this immense secret, this weight he wanted to heave from his soul." "I should have stayed…but there wasn't enough time. The aroused, sexual present overwhelmed the past." This further affirms the fact that Paul is very selfish and is still beguiled by pleasures of the flesh. Paul was unable to appreciate the enormity and significance of Keller's confession regarding his wife and son. Now the older Paul is able to realise such things and pass his judgements on his actions and personality, this shows that the depth of his emotional growth and maturity. In his reflections, Paul regrets the things he has missed and taken for granted due to his ambitions and selfishness. Like, "…the roast meat, the kisses. The music around the piano…my father, rushing through the door holding high his first plump-fleshed red furred rambutan…" It is said that Paul has missed out on so many opportunities but it is only with realisation can he appreciate his current life and what he has to offer a loving family and endless possibilities. Paul demonstrates this understanding at the closing of the novel when he is at the bedside of Keller. At the culmination of his self-awareness he writes, "Can I know that mine was a foolish innocent world, a world of delusions and feelings and ridiculous dreams a world of music and still love it Endlessly, effortlessly."

A similar negative experience of self discovery is seen in the magazine article, from the Reader's digest, "Afghanistan's Great Leap Backwards" by Stephen Grey. This article is written through the perspective of a couple of women. One was named Shafika Habibi. Shafika is a newsreader on national television, married to a diplomat who becomes governor of a province and government minister. As soon as the Taliban take over, they both lose their jobs. The Taliban takes over the city and extreme Islamic rules are imposed. Women are required to cover themselves head to toe, and never socialise with men at any time apart from a few occasions. Women are expected to stay at home and leave their jobs. "The Taliban's solution was simply to lock women up." Shafika discovers that she is not going to hold back and let the Taliban do what every they want. She refuses to be passive and doesn't want them to beat her. She campaigns with authorities for changes. She wants to find a future for young girls. She realises "If this situation goes on, we will lose a whole generation." This article can be linked with 'Maestro'. The Taliban in this case can be compared with Adolf Hitler and the lady Shafika can be compared with Eduard Keller. In both stories many people have been taken, killed and tortured. But the difference is that Keller could not face the fact he had betrayed his family so he completely changes his life, "self-flagellation" he punishes himself, Keller believes that is what he had to do. Shafika takes the opposite approach, she stood her ground and desires to fight against the Taliban. The discovery that is made in this article by Shafika is that she will fight for freedom, she refuses to be passive and allow the Taliban to take over. This discovery is a positive one because she her self wants to see a result favouring the public of Afghanistan, she is against the evil.

Another self-discovery is seen the poem "Time and Tide" by Tim Winton, from the "The Good Weekend." This poem is about a rather volatile 1 year old boy making a negative discovery in life. The poem begins by explaining the passion the boy has for the sea and the uncertainty the sea leaves in the boy's mind, making him think of all the beautiful wonders that may lie within, "The living, teeming sea connects me to my past…" "The big blue has always been a source of awe and mystery…" The young boy at this stage feels extremely attracted by the sea. At this point the boy holds high regard for the sea, wondering what magic the sea possesses. The characteristics of the sea are very inspiring to the young boy. One day he happens to be in the wrong spot at the wrong time, where his beauty was turned into an awful experience. This experience was so distracting that it left the volatile, soft-hearted youth with a change of viewpoint as to life and how he viewed it after his negative incident. He witnesses on the beach, "…A sperm whale methodically dismantled and rendered into oil and fertiliser." "A grenade had exploded in its long, blunt head." He is in such a situation where he does not want to witness the incident but at the same time he is transfixed, he is in a state of shock. It can be said the boy at this instant makes a negative discovery. He realises how evil humans can be, humans have so much evil in them that they can even harm the sea which seemed indestructible to the young boy, "I realised the sea and its many wonders were not invulnerable." After this experience he always saw things from a different perspective. This discovery of the young boy can be closely linked to the one Paul makes about Keller's past. In the same way the young boy turns his back on the beauty of nature and sees it from a different perspective. Paul when he finds the truth about Keller's background changes his way of thinking about Keller. Paul realises what a arrogant boy he was to resent Keller's appearance, knowledge and the way he taught. After this discovery of Paul's it can be said that he turns his back on his own self-centred, egocentric attitude and sees Keller as a different person and appreciates his customs.

Thus it can be seen from the close perusal of the text and supplementary material , that positive and negative experiences in Discovery are both evident. Characters incessantly learn and gain a better understanding of themselves through the process of discovery. These texts have given me a greater insight into the concept of discovery, and have proved to be a salutary learning experience.

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Love

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Love

Iris Murdoch once wrote, "We can only learn to love by loving" ("Zromance"). This profound statement captures the mystery of love to those who have yet to experience it. In our current society, love is a ubiquitous topic that regularly appears on almost all forms of modern day media. From talk shows to movies, books to radio, love can scarcely be avoided. However, while many think they know all there is to know on the subject, few possess a true understanding of what love is. In the aforementioned quote, Murdoch alludes to the fact that love can only be fully understood by experience. Nevertheless, a rudimentary understanding of love can be attained by breaking down the word into three main categories God, relationships, and the world. All of the definitions of love can be classified under each of these three categories. While love is indeed a mysterious and seemingly elusive emotion to some, it is also something that we are required to possess according to God. Thus, love should be frequently sought after in our lives and cherished once attained.

In his book Engaging God's World A Christian Vision of Faith, Learning, and Living, Cornelius Plantinga Jr. speaks of the fact that as humans we were made to want God (6-7). In other words, every human has an innate desire inside of him to show love and adoration to God. For Christians, this love is directed to the God of the Bible. We show our love to Him by singing worship songs, praying, confessing our sins, learning about Him through scripture, etc. For those who do not share a belief in the God of the Bible, a material god is worshipped such as money or cars. No matter the deity, human beings will always have an inward desire to show love towards a god. As a Christian, I firmly believe that the only God who will bring true peace and fulfillment in our lives is Jesus. Those who worship other gods will never be satisfied the way those who worship the one true God are. Because of this, I choose to love God with all of my heart. I desire to continually grow my faith in Him, and to spend much of my time worshipping and praising Him for the awesome God He is. God commands this of His followers in the bible. Mathew 7 states, "Jesus replied 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind'" (The New International Version Study Bible). This is the most important part of love because if I maintain a genuine and passionate relationship with God, He will guide me in the other two aspects of love as well.

The second component of love deals with our relationships. This includes both marriage and also our everyday interactions with friends and family. According to David Augsburger, "The Christian understands marriage as a covenant made under God and in the presence of fellow members of the Christian family" (15). Marriage is not a private act among two people. Instead, it is a commitment to God, in the presence of loved ones, that the couple will be faithful and supportive of each other as long as they live. God views marriage as a solemn act of commitment that should never be taken lightly. Marriage is, on one hand, the culmination of a couple's love for each other, and on the other, it is only the beginning. Learning to live together in harmony requires perseverance and faithfulness. When a marriage resembles the principles found in the Bible, however, it is the ultimate example of love and sacrifice.

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Love, in regard to relationships, also includes our everyday interactions with friends and family. In their book Friends and Friendship, Jerry and Mary White touch on the importance of friendships saying, "Even the person who has learned to live a life of solitude and privacy and who takes pride in independence needs friends" (44). Yet, friendships take time and energy to evolve. Talking and social interaction are essential in any relationship including friendship. Furthermore, close friendships resemble marriages somewhat in that one must cast aside judgments regarding another's faults and idiosyncrasies, and learn to love them for who they are as brothers and sisters in Christ. Sam Keen said this best when he proclaimed, "You come to love not by finding the perfect person, but by seeing an imperfect person perfectly" ("Zromance"). Even though friendships do not contain the level of commitment that marriages require, they both take time and love for them to mature into a healthy and satisfying relationship.

The last aspect of love is adoration for things of the world. Fondness for earthly things is natural and innocent as long as it does not come before God in our lives. The Bible warns against this in Exodus 0 exclaiming, "You shall have no other gods before me" (New International Version Study Bible). The Bible provides many stories which illustrate the consequences that come with placing things of the world before God. Most things that become gods in our lives are not evil by themselves, but become evil when we devote more time and love to them than to our Lord. However, it is perfectly normal to love things in the world such as movies or books as long as we partake of them with discernment and integrity. God created much of what we love in the world today, though over time it has become polluted and vile. Thus, as a Christian we must exercise caution in whatever we pour our love into on earth, and must further remember to place God above all else.

Pearl S. Buck once reflected, "The person who tries to live alone will not succeed as a human being. His heart withers if it does not answer another heart. His mind shrinks away if he hears only the echoes of his own thoughts and finds no other inspiration" ("Zromance"). This is the fate of those who choose to live a life exempt of love. As human beings, we were created to crave interaction with others. Thus, each of us must choose to love others in our friendships, as well as our future marriages. We must pour the necessary time and vigor into these relationships so that they will grow healthy and strong. More importantly, we must love God with our whole hearts so that we may discover the peace and tranquility that comes from serving Him. God offers the strength to love others as He loves us, if we would only ask by faith. Lastly, we must find things of this world to love and cherish, while carefully avoiding the making of them into gods in our life. Quite simply, love is not an option. We must embrace it to the fullest extent of the word, or face a life of solitude and remorse.

Works Cited

Augsburger, David. Cherishable Love and Marriage. Scottdale Herald, 171.

The New International Version Study Bible. Grand Rapids Zondervan, 15.

Plantinga, Cornelius. Engaging God's World A Christian of Faith, Learning, and Living. Grand Rapids William, 00.

White, Jerry and Mary White. Friends and Friendship. Colorado Springs Navigator, 18.

Zromance. Sept. 00. Sept. 00. http//www.iromance.cc/love_quotes.asp..

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British seaside resort

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nThe British seaside resort

Introduction

/'s of all domestic holidays in Britain are based beside the sea. The traditional week or fortnight at the seaside has produced an urban settlement called a 'resort'.

The resort must be distinctive in location-backing an accessible beach, its main function must be in serving the accommodation and activity needs of visitors, and in its morphology- a linear form giving maximum accessibility to the key attractive resources of both the sea and beach.

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Many resorts (such as Blackpool) are towns created by tourism, others have developed around existing villages(i.e. Minehead was a fishing village)

Within this diversity however it is possible to identify certain characteristics in these traditional 'bucket and spade' resorts.

-In a seaside resort land values are highest along the beach/sea front, with a peak where the sea front meets the main shopping and commercial area.

There are over 100 of these 'bucket and spade' resorts still dotted along the British coastline, many with their own specific well established regional catchment area (i.e. Margate and Southend are traditional destinations for Londoners, Llandudno and Southport draw visitors from Liverpool and Manchester, Tenby and Barry island have long been a popular tourist resort with people from south Wales.

The rise and peak of the British seaside resort

In the early Nineteenth century the Prince Regent became convinced of the health giving properties of sea air and so built the royal pavilion at Brighton.

By the 1840's many of the rich and famous had taken up 'seabathing' and by the latter part of the decade Brighton and Scarborough became well established as seaside resorts.

Towards the end of the nineteenth century trips to the seaside became possible for increasing numbers (e.g. Thomas cook pioneered cheap 'package' holidays by rail to the seaside during the 1850's)

By 100 many urban workers were able to enjoy day trips and short holidays to the seaside due to the railway network, slightly better pay and cheap excursion trips.

Some resorts however maintained their middle class images i.e. Bournemouth, but other resorts were catering for the working class i.e. Margate and Blackpool.

A few resorts were able to combine various social groups when there was more than one stretch of beach. These resorts included Scarborough and Newquay.

By the 10's/0's 'Bucket and spade resorts' were in full swing, but a distinct feature of British tourism is that very few coastal resorts have appeared since.

Please note that this sample paper on british seaside resort is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on british seaside resort, we are here to assist you. Your research paper on british seaside resort will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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MONROE DOCTRINE

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MONROE DOCTRINE

The Monroe Doctrine, issued by President James Monroe in 18 became the cornerstone of foreign policy. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams was afraid the British proposal for joint protection of the revolutionary countries was an attempt to head off future acquirement by the United States of any territory still held by Spain, especially the island of Cuba. He urged that the United States act alone in the Western Hemisphere. This argument was part of what was later called the Monroe Doctrine. The doctrine grew out of two diplomatic problems. The first was the small conflict with Russia pertaining to the northwest coast of North America. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams said that American continents were not to be considered as a foundation for colonization by European powers. The more important part of the doctrine was because of fear that the group of European governments commonly called the Holy Alliance would try to reduce again to colonial status that the Latin American states that had recently gained independence from Spain. Monroe's main reasons for drafting the doctrine were the constant threat of European colonization in America.

The doctrine declared that European nations are not to settle new colonies or interfere with existing ones in the Western Hemisphere. Part of the reason for this is that the U.S. did not want to confront European colonies in its attempt to expand across the continent to fulfill Manifest Destiny." The Manifest Destiny was a belief held by many Americans in the 1840s that the United States was destined to expand across the continent, by force, as used against Native Americans, if necessary. Another reason is that the U.S. felt that it should be able to influence the new Latin American republics that had recently become independent. Secondly, in interference of that kind will be seen as an act of war, and the U.S. will fight. Finally, in exchange for staying out of their business, the U.S. will stay out of theirs. It said that it would be unacceptable for European powers to create new colonies in North, Central, or Latin America.

Under President Grant and his successors, the doctrine was expanded. The belief that no territory in the Western Hemisphere could be transferred from one European power to another became part of the Monroe Doctrine. As U.S. imperialistic developments grew, the Monroe Doctrine came to be associated not only with the elimination of European powers from the Americas, but also with the possible extension of U.S. control in the area. This is why the doctrine, although it was not properly used to justify American intervention, was disliked by Latin American nations. Another example of expansion was in 185, President Cleveland, in an addition of the Monroe Doctrine, demanded that Great Britain negotiate a boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela. Another famous addition to the original doctrine is the Roosevelt Corollary. This extension was added when incidents of turmoil and rebellion between countries in Latin America were reported. The corollary stated that if the conflict continued it would force the United States to intervene in order to prevent European intervention. Another example of the extended existence of Monroe's doctrine occurred in 141. Congress met on April 11 and declared a joint resolution verifying the principles of the Monroe Doctrine. This shows how important the Monroe Doctrine has been in American foreign policy.

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The Monroe Doctrine was so established in U.S. foreign policy by the end of World War I that Woodrow Wilson asked for a special exception for it in the Covenant of the League of Nations in 11. By the end of the next decade, the doctrine had become much less important, and they tried to make better interactions with Latin America. Monroe's fear of intervention and by writing the doctrine showed his desire to protect the United States freedom and interests. He was able to see the threat that Europe could cause to our national security. The Monroe Doctrine not only showed us how great of a president he was but also helped our country.

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Bertolt Brecht

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Bertolt Brecht has been hailed as one of the pioneers of 0th century theatre. Through his didactic styles and revolutionary theories on teaching the audience instead of just entertaining them, Brecht managed to alter the general face of modern theatre and style of playwriting through many of his works such as his 1 epic 'Mother Courage and Her Children'. Using such techniques as alienation and historification, he presented his plays without any sense of dramatic lighting or effects, as well as trying to remove any sense of suspense from the audience. Brecht also promoted the use of Epic Structure, a way of narrating a play in which song, dance, and projected photos and music would assist regular speech.

Epic Structure is noted particularly in 'Mother Courage and Her Children'. Each scene opens with a projected message on the stage, which is a synopsis of the coming scene. Some scenes are quite distant in terms of time setting; many years in some cases, furthering the 'Epic' feel of the play by spanning it across large amounts of time in which many different things can change the life of characters. For instance, scene , in which Mother Courage's son Swiss Cheese is killed, is set years after scene , while scene itself does not span those years. Likewise, by the time the play reaches scene , the time setting is ten years after the beginning of scene 1.

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Of all the techniques used by Brecht, the most famous was alienation. Brecht uses his alienation technique well in 'Mother Courage…'. It is essentially a collection of theatrical devices that were created to remove the audience's attention from the emotions of the play and direct it towards consideration and analysis of the message and themes that were being presented. In the case of 'Mother Courage…', the idea was of war being a form of business that only the powerful will benefit from. Some of the devices employed by Brecht were commonplace on other completely unrelated genres of performance, but he brought them together to create an effective means of alienating the audience.

Most prominent was the use of a narrator. The narrator would take an active part in the play, but would not be a part of the action in the same way as the other players. He or she would speak to the audience directly, which inhibited the chances of the audience becoming consumed in the pseudo-reality of the story. While no actual narrator character is featured in 'Mother Courage…' the beginning of each scene begins with the aforementioned synopsis, which told the audience about time and place setting, as well as the details of what happened in the scene. This removes all doubt or wonder in the audience's mind of what will happen, in effect 'ruining' the story for them. Because they know what is going to happen, they are forced to observe how the already known story is presented, rather than becoming involved in watching the story unfold. Even at the very beginning of the play, the first scene opens with

Spring 164. The Swedish Commander-in-Chief Count Oxenstierna is raising troops in Dalecarlia for the Polish campaign. The canteen woman Anna Fierling, known under the name of Mother Courage, loses one son.

This statement alone sets the time and place, introduces the main character and reveals what happens in the climax of the scene, yet the actual play does this as well. Because it was all revealed at the beginning, the audience focuses more on the structure and presentation of the scene rather than the story.

Songs feature sporadically in 'Mother Courage…' and where they do, they are used to convey a simple point that could have otherwise been presented through normal speech. This effectively takes the audience's focus off the story and directs it to consideration of the techniques and messages being conveyed, as they are left wondering why Mother Courage has started singing suddenly. This is illustrated in Scene 7, the entirety of which is just one song sung by Mother Courage. She sings a song that basically means 'war is a horrible thing to exist, but it's great business for me so I'm happy with there being a war on'. It would be quite strange for a person to make up a song filled with clever rhymes integrating the message they are trying to convey just to get the point across in real life, so when it happens in Scene 7, the audience in bewildered and perhaps even confused. It seems this is exactly what Brecht was trying to achieve. Perhaps he believed that the audience would have started being consumed by the story and needed to be pulled away, so he made a character burst into song unnaturally to make the audience stop and consider what was going on.

Brecht also made good use of Historification in many of his plays. This involved drawing parallels between the subject matter on hand in the play and historical events of the past. Brecht stated that the idea behind 'Mother Courage…' is primarily

"That in wartime the big profits are not made by the little people. That war, which is a continuation of business by other means, makes the human virtues fatal to even their possessors. That no sacrifice is too great for the struggle against war."1 As a medium to show this, Brecht has set the play in the 0 years war, one in which his homeland of Germany was heavily involved with, thus creating something a German audience could easily relate to. However, 'Mother Courage and Her Children' was written in 1, just recently after the First World War and at the beginning of the second, both of which Germany were involved in. This presents the question of what was Brecht's message to the German audiences? They would have experienced these recent wars, so did Brecht choose to set his war focused play in a war that took place 00 years earlier?

The 0 years war was important to the German people as it had previously been the most destructive war ever fought on German soil. It is also plausible that Brecht used a war that was not as recent to further the historical and epic aspects of his piece. He may have considered that the first world war was too recent to have gained status as an important piece of German history yet. Along with this, Brecht used it because he was trying to move away from his own didactic communist writings such as 'The Measures Taken' into a looser presentation of new Marxist political theories. These provided the basis for his new 'Epic Theatre', which he was trying to promote in 'Mother Courage…'.

By inventing and using all of these techniques, Bertolt Brecht has directly altered modern playwriting and influenced many writers and directors who have followed him. His techniques, such as Alienation and Historification both lent themselves to making Epic Structure a very popular form of writing stories which are presented in plays and even films today. They have been adopted the world over as standard, instead of the radical changes they were when they were first introduced, making him a true pioneer and innovator of the world of dramatic arts of the 0th century.

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Articles of confederation

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Articles of Confederation Vs. Constitution

Articles of Confederation Vs. The Constitution

As everyone knows the Articles of Confederation were very unsuccessful. The

purpose was actually to establish a "firm league of friendship" among states. However

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what it actually did was cause more problems between the states. As response to the

constant bickering, a group of delegates planned to ratify the Articles. In turn, they

actually created the Constitution.

On March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were created. This document's

purpose was to provide equality among states. The Congress, however, was said to be

powerless to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. There was no executive to

enforce acts of Congress, no national court system, and no power to make states obey

articles.

In the Articles of Confederation an amendment can only be passed with the

consent of all of the states. A nine out of thirteen majority is also required to pass laws.

Soon states were organizing their own military forces. The new problems demanded the

need for a new, effective system of government.

Even though the Constitution is said to be a better document than the Articles of

Confederation, there were still problems. First of all, Rhode Island wasn't even

represented. Only fifty-five of the proposed seventy-four delegates even showed up at

the convention. they also proposed and argued about many different forms of

government. This new Constitution greatly increased powers of the central government.

It also did not include a bill of rights.

However, of the fifty-five men that were present, many of them were very

intelligent and had a lot of public experience and prestige. They were all very

experienced and involved in government in many ways. In fact, George Washington was

the president of the convention and James Madison was the "Father of the Constitution."

They all agreed that the Senate was to have equal representation and the House would

have representation based on population at the convention. They also made "bundles of

compromises" that accounted to a lot of what government is today. They also

determined voting days, the capital, and their first president.

In conclusion, even though the Articles of Confederation are no longer used

today, they were vital in the creation of the Constitution. The country used it to learn

from their mistakes. They formed a very well-operated government.

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International Economics

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International Economics

Enlargement and Deepening of EU

The original six members established the European Community in 157 West Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg. The main reason behind this unification was a specific response to a series of problems, which confronted a group of countries in Western Europe in the immediate aftermaths of 145. Unification offered Western Europe a means of strengthening itself against both super powers united states and USSR. Stanley (p.0) argued that "the main motivation for European Community integration…is the argument of scale, or put more bluntly, the attraction of sizeism" In 145 it was easy to relate size with success, Europe's political failure could be attributed to smallness, which military victory against Germany could be accredited to the sheer size of the new super powers. "Economic studies of the advantages of scale, were simply taken as proven" Stanley (page ). From this we can understand that the development of the European Union is seen mainly in terms of enlarging and deepening, as we have seen the development in the last 45 years of the EU from six countries to fifteen, and from a Common Market Zone to a single market zone.

Enlargement is the process by which countries join the European Union. Article 4 of the Maastricht treaty specifies, "Any European State… may apply to become a member of the Union…" Timothy (p.148) Table .1 in Appendix A will show you the different stages of the enlargement process from application to accession.

On balance, enlargement should be economically beneficial for the Union because "…it is likely to lead to better performances (economies of scale, higher growth and investment, more technological innovation, stronger global corporate players)" Avery & Cameron, 1, (p.141) not only that but the addition of more than 100 million people, in rapidly growing economies, will boost economic growth and create jobs in both old and new member states. "…Increased size of the internal market combined with the relatively higher growth of the CEECs (productivity gains over the medium term in the applicant countries will be higher than in the EC-15…)" (p.141) The extension of zone of peace, stability and prosperity in Europe will enhance the security of all its peoples and this is supposed to attract large volumes of portfolio investment. In the process of enlargement of the Union both group of countries joining, and the EU-15 are going to be faced with trade creation from a cheaper source and trade diversion from a cost producer. "the applicant countries trade mostly with existing members…" (p.14) so from this we can understand that the enlarged Europe is going to gain more through trade creation than loose by facing trade diversion. Andurton in 15, suggested that "existing countries are afraid that their markets will be swamped by cheap imports from these countries…specially the agriculture and textile markets, where the EU has traditionally imposed high tariff barriers to protect domestic economies". It is not only the cheap imports they should be afraid of it is also the influx of cheap labour from CEECs which can create a disequilibria in the labour market. Another dynamic economic gain arises from enlarged Europe is increased competition between firms. An enlarged Europe will eliminate restrictions on trade between EU-15 and the new member countries. Domestic industries will therefore face greater competition than before from firms in other member countries. Competition is believed to encourage innovation, reduce costs of production and reduce prices. Anderton contradicts this point by saying "…competition is reduced in the long run. Competition will derive the least efficient firms out of business…over time, the oligopolistic nature of competition will be recreated" (p.561) Movement of labour and capital can also pose problems. According to Anderton "there is a fear that capital would move to newly joined cheap labour countries whilst workers would move in large numbers from these countries to existing member countries, attracted by much higher wages" After looking at several sources on advantages and disadvantages of enlargement, the threats to existing members are mirror images of the opportunities to applicant countries. Even Breuss (000) said in his report "the enlargement debate in the EU and in the Central and Eastern European countries centres on different priorities, the earlier the better…in the east, while the west takes cautious attitude towards enlargement". Some economists like Avery and Cameron argue the point that "The Economic gain to be reaped from enlargement will depend primarily on the conditions in which the Single Market is enlarged". According to Breuss time is an important factor in the process of enlargement, and his main argument is all in all earlier enlargement will bring the poor CEECs more rapidly to EU standards. Enlargement will involve an increase in EU budget expenditures and in receipts. It is too early to assess the overall impact on the EU budget. The greatest impact of enlargement is likely to occur in the common agricultural policy and in the structural funds, the two largest components of EU spending. But most economists like Henig (17) and Avery and Cameron (1) contradict this point by saying most of the structural fund is going to be raised by redistributing the current structural fund which is been given to Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. Breuss (000) believes in the notion that "Integrating rich with poor is never an easy business", so if the EU 15 wants a to become an EU 7 it has to withstand the consequences, and he believes that "deepening is one of the tools to have a successful enlargement".

Deepening is the integration of the EU both in economic and political terms.The main aspects of deepening fall under six targets first one is Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), secondly The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), thirdly Sectoral and Regional Adjustment, forthly Development of Freedom of Movement (Goods, Capital, Services, Labour), fifthly Competition Policy, and finally Tax Harmonisation.

The deepening framework consist of a single market and a single currency thoughtout all "euroland".The common foreign and security policy (CFSP) that covers all matters relating to the security (internal security, immigration and asylum) of the Union, should aim on framing a common defence policy, an objective that the Treaty of Amsterdam defines clearly.

Enlargement is a priority and is indeed the current vision of the Union, clearly stated in the political Agenda 000. By increasing the number of the members of the EU

Major political benefits to the Union and to peace and security are expected. In the economic field too, although problems related to adjustment strains from the developing integration process, especially since acceding countries are at a lower level of economic development, have to be addressed. The objective must be to ensure that the full potential of enlargement is developed to strengthen the European model, i.e. "a Europe built on a set of values shared by all its societies and combining the characteristics of democracy with those of an open economy underpinned by market forces, internal solidarity and cohesion."

It is quite obvious that enlargement and deepening although interdependent come at odds with each other. Common currency in so many different countries with different growth rates and developments could cause chaos. Even using fiscal policies wont be the remedy as inevitably Europe is going to be separated into "weak" member states absorbing all aids (in term of grants and credits) and powerful ones. BSE (mad cows disease) was an indication of the need of the EU to prioritise to matters like agriculture and trade freedom, as they could cause great damage..

Enlargement and Deppening are two different stategies that are based on the same factors but focus on different aspects. I believe that both are needed in order to make "euroland" an equal competitor land, it is asserted companies across Europe must be able to compete on equal basis; "for example germany imposes heavy obligations on employers on matters like health and safty while the spanish are less stringent" The Economist ed. Volume 57 number 800, this puts the German companies at disadvantsge. The playing field is not level, so enlargeing EU with its current situation might increase the imbalaced competition level. So to truly create a single market that works "harmonisation of economic policy" should be the first priority. The EU could become really massive and even reach 6 member states that would result to % increase in the current population and 4% increase in land occupied but if it not really united, there is no point. There is another contrasting debate by Avery & Cameron that "enlargment processes could actually speed up the process of integeration, or deepening" they drew this conclusion by looking at previouse enlargments which were followed by deepening of the community.

There is no one answer on which should take place first enlargement or deepening, because widening makes deepening more difficult; deepening in turn makes widening more difficult, since it makes the criteria for entry into the Union more demanding. Even if it can be shown that successive enlargement have on the whole quickened the pace of integration, but now the union is faced with enlargement on unpredicted scale. Sloman (000) said, "It is extremely difficult to assess this arguments. Also, many of the advantages and disadvantages are very long term, and depend on future attitudes institutions, policies and world events, which again can't be predicted"

SINGLE CURRENCY

Economic and monetary union is the latest stage in the evolution of European integration; it is indeed the latest manifestation of deepening. It involves the replacement of local currencies in individual Member States with a single currency the euro. Basically from the first of January 1 the first 1 countries (see appendix B for list of countries) to join European Monetary Union (EMU) will have their local currency exchange rates fixed at set rates to euro. In order to achieve the transition that took place in January 1st 00, the economies of member states will be required to converge, financial prudence will be enforced, government debt reduced and low inflation maintained, Bainbridge argued that EMU is "…the boldest economic experiment of all times…"

The European single currency operates in a slightly different form than the European Currency Unit, the ECU, was introduced alongside the European Monetary System (EMS) to provide a weighted average of the EMS currencies. What made the ECU different than the euro is that ECU was not hard currency with coins or bank notes, and although one ECU will equal one euro, the ECU is the average of all EMS currencies, on the other hand euro is the average of the 1 countries that joined the EMU. After 1 January 00, if you are trading with an EMU member country you will be obliged to use the euro.

Prior 1 ERM the exchange rate mechanism was created to set bands for EMS. It only allowed currencies of member states to fluctuate with in certain bands. From January 1 it was replaced by EMU, which introduced fixed exchange rates for the 11-member states- so currencies will no longer fluctuate within set bands. As well as the single currency 1 is the year when the European Central Bank was created, the ECB is responsible for setting interest rates across the 1 countries which are in the EMU, their responsibility includes the right to authorize issues of bank notes and Member States can only issue euro coins with approval of ECB. "…the transfer of monetary power to ECB has raised issues of sovereignty" this is an understandable phenomena which is inevitable, according to Bainbridge "without EMU the Union's economic future would have been dominated by its privileged access to central and eastern Europe." What Bainbridge is saying is EMU is seen as the means of containing German economic hegemony in the longer term.

The single currency is said to provide the citizens of its members with many practical advantages, according to the European Commission it is believed to bring a more efficient single market, once the single currency is in place. For the single market to wok smoothly, exchange-rate adjustments must not be allowed to disrupt trade or investment through their unpredictable impacts on profitability. Even a slight adjustment of the exchange rate will affect the relative wealth of citizens and purchasing power of consumers. So now as the single currency is in place, there will be no more disruption caused by exchange rates. Not only that but for the first time it will permit a genuine comparison of the prices of goods and services across frontiers. This will benefit both consumers and businesses, it will increase competition and boost trade at the same time. This point about increased trade could be contradicted; it is true indeed the single currency will be very transparent on price differences

According to Chesworth and Pine-Coffin (18) "the single currency will promote investment and employment" this suggestion is drawn from the fact that the European Central Bank is going to have a close watch on inflation rates and interest rates, everything being equal this will create an environment where businesses and individuals are more likely to invest and save for the future.

Another obvious positive impact of the single currency is the elimination of transaction costs; this is the costs of foreign-exchange transactions or the cost of exchange-rate cover. According to euro website on European Monetary Union "…transaction costs are far from negligible they are estimated to be 0. to 0.4% of the Unions gross domestic product." This elimination of exchange-rate cost is not only believed to lower cost for member countries, but also increase trade according to Anderton's (15) expectations of the single currency.

The European Union is the world's leading trading power. Now there is high expectation on the euro to become one of the main exchange and reserve currencies, like the dollar and the yen. It is expected that Europeans will be able to pay for their imports, and invoice their exports from third countries in euros. According to the European Commission "EU equipped with an internationally recognized currency, Europe will be better able, together with its US and Japanese parties, to strive for greater stability in the international monetary system." The main question now lies in whether or not the EU is an optimal single currency area or not?

There is lots of scepticism on the benefits of the single currency, as Griffith and Wall (001) said, "the advantages of adopting the euro seem encouraging, but the advantages do not come without costs". A single currency means irrevocably fixed exchange rate according to the European Commission. Some argue the point that exchange rate instruments cannot be used to deal with difficulties with in the EMU countries as the interest rate is in complete hands of ECB. Some economists like Anderton feel the trade and cost advantage of the single currency have been grossly over-estimated, they believe it is not much to be gained. Loss of sovereignty is also a political issue, which can't be ignored; Anderton (15) argues the point "…independent central bank is undemocratic." This argument has been supported by many other economies like Fishers " Governments must be able to control the actions of the central banks because governments have been democratically elected by the people, whereas an independent bank will be controlled by a non-elected body." This is loss of sovereignty, a transfer of power from London to Brussels, this could point could actually be contradicted again it doesn't really matter if interest rates are set in UK by Bank Of England or by European Central Bank it doesn't make a difference for the general public.

What we could actually support is the motion that if Britain joins the euro it will face loss of independent monetary policy. This basically mean countries with in the monetary union accept the monetary policy implemented by the ECB. However, this one size fit all monetary policy might implemented by the ECB might not suit all countries equally. Griffith and Wall support this point by giving an example "let us assume there is a recession in one country but not in the other. If that country is outside the euro (e.g. UK) the countries central bank could reduce interest rates and stimulate economic activity. However the ECB is unlikely to respond in this way if the recession is only country specific because this will raise inflation throughout the union." The ECB will only alter its interest rates when target inflation rate with in the euro zone rises above %. This is one of the arguments why UK doesn't join the single currency but sometimes it is difficult to understand why exactly, it is understandable that the UK wants to control its own interest rate but according to Griffith and Wall UK is one of the countries which change in interest rate will take up to three years before full impact in the economy is noticed. That is not the only reason why UK should not join the single currency, UK's Business cycle is not entirely convergent with business cycle in Europe (see appendix C) So joining the euro area and accepting a Europe wide monetary policy might well impose heavy economic costs on the UK.

There is an interesting economic ideology, which is mentioned in Begg (001) it is an optimal currency area defined as "a group of countries better off with a common Currency than keeping separate national currencies". Is the euro zone an optimal currency zone? Professor Robert Mundell has identified three attributes that might make countries suitable for an optimal currency area first one is countries that trade a lot with each other which is true for most EU countries, secondly the more similar the economic and industrial structure of partners the more likely it is they face common shocks, which can be dealt by a common monetary union, thirdly the more flexible the labour market with in the currency area, the more easily any necessary changes in competitiveness. Conversely, Begg suggested that "countries gain the most by keeping their monetary sovereignty when they are not that integrated" so it is best for UK to stay out of the euro, but is it really even thou Britain has control over interest rates can't it really afford to increase interest rates any more as the sterling is already sky high.

Appendix A EU Membership-From Application to Accession

Table 1.1

1. A European country submits an application for membership to the council of the European Union.

. The Council asks the Commission to deliver and Opinion on the application.

. The Commission delivers its opinion on the application to the council.

4. The Council decides (unanimously) to open negotiations for accession.

5. Negotiations are opened between the member States on the one hand, and each applicant individually on the other hand.

6. The Commission proposes, and The Council adopts (unanimously), positions to be taken by the union vis-à-vis the applicants in accession negotiation.

7. Agreement reached between Union and applicant on a Draft Treaty of Accession.

8. Accession Treaty submitted to the Council and the European Parliament.

. The Commission delivers another Opinion, on the Accession Treaty.

10. European Parliament delivers its assent to the Accession Treaty (by absolute majority).

11. The Council approves the Accession Treaty (unanimously).

1. Member States and applicants formally sign the Accession Treaty.

1. Member States and applicants ratify the Accession Treaty.

14. After ratification, the Treaty comes into effect on the day of accession the applicants become Member States.

Appendix B

Twelve euro zone countries, source www.wilkiecollins.demon.co.uk/euro/eurocountries.htm

Members of the European Union in the euro

ɨ᠃Austria

ɨ᠃Belgium

ɨ᠃Finland

ɨ᠃France

ɨ᠃Germany

ɨ᠃Greece

ɨ᠃Ireland

ɨ᠃Italy

ɨ᠃Luxembourg

ɨ᠃Netherlands

ɨ᠃Portugal

ɨ᠃Spain

Appendix C

Source Griffiths andWall (001)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bainbridge T. (000) "The Penguin Company TP European Union", nd Edition, Penguin Books

Henig S. (17), "The Uniting of EURPE", ROUTLEDGE

Avery G. and Cameron F. (1), "The Enlargement of the European Union", Sheffield Academic Press

Anderton A. (15), "Economics", nd Edition, Causeway Press Limited

Begg D. (000), "Economics", 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill

Chesworth N. and Pinne-Coffin (18), "The EMU Fact Book",

Kogan Page Limited

Griffiths A. and Wall s. (001), "Applied Economics", th Edition, Printice Hall

Sloman J. (000), "Economics", 4th Edition, Printice Hall

Enlargement and the Finality of European Integration www.jeanmmonnetprogram.org/papers/00/00f0801.html

Basic Arguments of Enlargement www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/arguments/index

European Monetary Union www.france.diplomatie.fr/frmonde/euro/eu.gb.html

The Single European Currency www.keele.ac.uk/socs/ks40/labeuro.htm

Where the EURO is used www.wilkiecollins.demon.co.uk/euro/eurocountries.htm

Breuss F ed; (Jul 000), "The role of time in EU enlargement", Euromoney,

The Economist ed. (000), "Single Market In Question", volume 57, Number 800

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