The Effects of Racial Prejudice on Modern Society.

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Today most people think that racial prejudice does not affect them. Most people believe that they are very accepting of other cultures and give everyone a chance. However it is surprising how subtle yet prevalent the effects of racial prejudice are on modern society.

During the 18th and early 1th centuries, racial prejudice was rife against black people. The most well known incidences are against African people who were first brought to America as slaves. Because they were slaves they were treated with much contempt and continually discriminated against, suffering the most inhumane atrocities.

Not only did African people suffer such prejudices but also the Aborigines people when the English came to Australia. They were treated with much the same contempt and also suffered they loss of there home being taken away from them, just because they were not the same nationality as the English people.

Much prejudice was also shown to the Chinese people during the gold rush in Australia also. They were excluded from social activities, were not lowed to be employed and were given minimal privileges within the gold mines. These people were also the victims of racial prejudice.

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There were countless more incidences worldwide and there still are of racial prejudice. It is an attitude that has been instilled into human kind and is continually manifested in modern society. And when this attitude rears its ugly head, it has disastrous effects, usually causing many deaths and an ongoing battles to prove which race is superior. When in fact there is no superior race, only people.

The most well known conquest to find the most superior race would have to be Adolf Hitlers efforts during the second world war. Filled with racial prejudice he was determined that the German people were more superior than any other race in Germany and he made it his goal to eradicate all those who were not of German background or did not hold the same beliefs as himself. Yet his efforts were in vain as he would never be able to prove such theory, because all people are equal.

Today racial prejudice is not so blatant as it used to be, due to many people realising that all people are equal and there is no need to exclude those that are not of the same race. Yet there are many ways in which racial prejudice proves to still be common today.

Firstly there is language. The English language gives a wide scope for so called nicknames to be used when naming other nationalities of people. While these particular nicknames can be used in good fun, to most it is actually quite offensive. The English language also gives way to many racially oriented jokes. Not only can they be highly offensive but encourage racial prejudice among even the most open-minded people.

Secondly there is ignorance. People in society prefer to ignore the fact that they are racially prejudice toward other races, sticking to the belief that if it is ignored then it doesn't exist and that they can't be expected to like everyone. Thus most people carry on about their daily business always making conscience choices to avoid facing the issue of racial prejudice.

Today there is much division in society. There are gangs and social clubs which directly exclude certain races. Once a remark is made it can allow for a retaliation on the other races part. This situation can be seen in Perth between certain gangs of different races, who end up fighting and killing one another because of one racist remark.

Most parents today still hold racial attitudes that were instilled into them as children. While modern society is struggling to eradicate racial prejudice, it can be found that racial prejudice is being passed on from parents to their children. Thus the continuation of an ongoing cycle that is hard to break. Children with the negative beliefs of other races pass these onto their peers within the classroom. Creating grounds for bullying and segregation amongst children.

Obviously the effects of racial prejudice on modern society is quite damaging and has a negative effect on society, causing all sorts of problems. Yet just as it is impossible to enforce world peace, it is the same with racial prejudice. It is unstoppable yet every effort should be made to keep it as slight as possible, because all people have the right to be free from racial prejudice.

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Slavory

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Slavery

By Sara Malan

During the course of the slave trade, millions of Africans were moved to the New World. Some Africans resisted enslavement by running from slave forts on the West African coast. Others attacked on board slave trading vessels, or threw themselves into the ocean. In the New World there were those who ran away from their owners, ran away among the Indians, revolted, feigned sickness, or participated in work slow downs. Some went out to find freedom and succeeded in gaining liberty through various legal means such as good service to their masters, self-purchase, or military service. Still others seemingly acquiesced and learned to survive in servitude.

The European, American, and African slave traders were fine with trading in humans, and the politicians and businessmen who supported them, did not intend help change any thing. The slaves wanted freedom, and they got it later in history, no matter what those politics did. When Thomas Jefferson wrote the words, All men are created equal, he could not possibly have envisioned how literally his own slaves and others would take his words. African Americans repeatedly questioned how their owners could consider themselves noble in their own fight for independence from England while also believing that it was wrong for slaves to do that.

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During the colonial time of United States history, and for a long time after, connection with Africa was only through the slave trade. The economy of the English colonies came to be taken over by the production of money crops on large plantations. The South had to import most of their goods and needed labor. New England was in a good position to help in meeting these needs, because shipping cost lots. Since a large part of the carrying trade of New England was with the Indian colonies, New England merchants almost inevitably became involved in the slave trade.

In 161 the North American colonies got their first black slaves. During the rest of the 17th century, the increase in slaves was small because of the European servants and because of the slow development on the plantation economy. Most slaves came from the West Indies, where they were shipped for resale; it was found that profits could be increased. Colonial ships loading in the Mediterranean often found that they had space left for human merchandise. When that happened, they would visit the African coast and add a few people to their cargoes of wine and salt. In the 17th century, slaves were usually brought to the West Indies rather than to the continental colonies.

Later the slaves revolted and regained their freedom. Slavery lasted a long time, around 400 years, but now slavery is illegal. People are trying to make up the pain caused by this time, but I think we just need to learn to live better then move on.

Slavery

In

American

History

By Sara Malan

Period

5/6/0

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Captin Corelli's Mandolin and Music

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From your reading of Captain Corelli's Mandolin, how appropriate would you say the musical reference in the title is?

The musical reference in the title is appropriate to the novel because it helps sum up one of its central paradoxes which is war and life or peace. While 'Captain' conveys the difficult situation Corelli is in the Mandolin can be seen as a symbol of life and optimism in the novel and offers a sense of hope as it can bridge all gaps caused by war.

Music is shown to be a life force throughout the novel by the associations de Bernieres makes with it, particularly set against the dark contrast of war. As the title suggests the character of Corelli and music are inseparable concepts and so the reader is invited to see this character as another force of good. A major part of the novel is concerned with the love affair between Captain Corelli and Pelagia and so we are able to appreciate its importance to their relationship and the close affinity that music has with love in general. Corelli is able to illustrate his love and admiration for Pelagia through music

'It was a march, a march of a proud woman who persecutes war with hard words and kindness.'

Through music Corelli can express one of the aspects of Pelagia that he most loves- her complexity.

Music is associated with children and childlike behaviour. Corelli is an exuberant character who appreciates the power of laughter and enjoys playing with Lemoni. De Bernieres shows the power of music in allowing a person to retain their innocence and appreciation of the simple pleasures of life.

Music is also associated with inspiration. Pelagia has an epiphany when she realises that music is 'an emotional and intellectual odyssey.' For the first time Pelagia is inspired by music, recognises its true value and this is given greater significance as it parallels her realisation of her love for Captain Corelli. Music is shown to be inspiring in its self but on another level can prove a catalyst for revelation and greater knowledge of ones self in general.

Music is also a symbol of strings for heart strings as they are Captain Corelli's salvation in medical sense

'I used some of your mandolin strings to link the bone.'

Corelli's association with music is made complete as the mandolin becomes physically part of him in order to keep him alive. The strings are a force of life, working against death and this is particularly significant in the context of war. Music is symbolic of the human spirit and its ability to survive in the face of adversity.

As well as beginning an inseparable part of the character of Corelli, music is also linked with woman to highlight its force for good and redemption. Pelagia is described as a mandolin

"I brush her strings, softly, and I say to her "how can you be made of wood?" just as I see Pelagia and ask without speaking, "Are you truly made of flesh."'

Pelagia and women in general in the novel are shown as having an enduring strength that overcomes difficulties and hardship. Pelagia survives the war, withstands separation from her lover and the death of her father to ultimately be rewarded with a second youth at the end of the novel. Women are shown as holding the family together with Dresola and Pelagia forming a female trio with Antonia to afford her a secure upbringing.

The musical reference in the title fixes novel in the romantic tradition of love being inspired through music and the rule of the heart over the head. Pelagia can not resist being seduced by Corelli's music, just as ultimately she can not help falling in love with him

'She watched his face and forgot to attend any more to the music; she wanted to share the journey.'

The beauty of the music removes Pelagia from her present situation allowing her to forget her worries, feel pleasure and so her still sub conscious love for Captain Corelli grows. The music enables Pelagia to forget the war and that Corelli is on the opposing side

'The trouble was that he was no longer just an Italian, he was Captain Corelli, who played the mandolin and was very charming.'

Music provides the platform for the two to fall in love as it transports them to another level of reality their own reality together.

Music is shown to be a tool for communication. Corelli feels terrible guilt for his part in the war particularly because he feels so at home at Greece and he ponders the contradictory nature of the World

'What have I got against the British that I have had to come to Greece? Pelagia is right, but who will be the first to say it? So far only Antonia has said it, ringing with 'Pelagia's March', singing beneath my fingers.'

Corelli's music is given real poignancy as we are able to appreciate that it expresses his inner most feelings -what he feels that he can not even voice. . In this sense music is a miracle which cannot be explained rationally. It is given an almost spiritual quality with its power to communicate when words can not be found

Beautiful imagery and language is used both to describe Corelli's music and also the mandolin its self

'the rounded belly of it was composed of tapering strings of close-grained maple, separated skilfully by thin fillets of rosewood.'

The reader is able to appreciate that the mandolin is an extraordinary thing of beauty

and its music to be 'exquisite' as the language invites us to visualise and hear it. Set against graphic, brutal language used to describe the realities of war de Bernieres acts to make the difference between war and the civilised virtues of harmony, calm and beauty all the more shocking.

Music is also used as a narrative device as it parallels action and mood. In a stream of lyrical consciousness we are able to trace Corelli's growing obsession with Pelagia through his passionate rhapsody on music and love

'Pelagia shares these simple, merry chords. She plays with the cat and laughs, and it is sol. She raises an eyebrow when she catches me observing, and pretends to reproach me and reprove me for the guilt of admiration, and it is doh.'

Corelli makes the connection between Pelagia and music when he describes her like a piece of music and so we are able to fully appreciate the depth of his feelings as she becomes his other great passion.

In the novel music is also shown to be an antidote to engines of destruction. When Corelli and the other Italian soldiers are being taken to be executed Corelli suggests that they all begin to sing

"'Why not sing in the face of death? 'Let's sing, boys,' he repeated. 'Carlo sing.'"

For him the need for music in his most desperate hour is overwhelming. Music can be seen as a solace as it sooths souls in turmoil. It has an ability to transport people out of their present situation and find strength within themselves

'It was easier to hum than to dwell on death; it gave the heart something to do.'

The power of music is emphasised as it floods the minds of the soldiers providing them with the strength to face death with dignity and so music can be seen as inspiring acts of heroism.

Music also brings out human and individual side of the 'good Nazi' as an antidote to his uniformity of ideology. When Gunter is first introduced he is clearly a young boy lost to the Nazi regime. He emptily repeats Nazi slogans and is the stereotypical Nazi soldier. However, Corelli is able to expose the 'real' Gunter by making him a member of La Scala and allowing him to join in in some good hearted fun. Gunter is in fact not a typical Nazi shown through his appreciation off music which sets his soul free. However, it is significant that he can not sing, signalling that ultimately he is 'destined to betray with a Judas kiss.'

The novel is post-modern in its undermining of certainties and so the musical reference in the title is highly significant as it features continually as a positive contrast to war. Where war is shown to be destructive, music is shown to be healing. War takes away human life but music can be seen as a life force.

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Process essay

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So you've found yourself in a greenside bunker and haven't the slightest clue on how to get out of your little beach. Let's start with the equipment. The basic 56 or 60 degree sand wedge will do. You'll need to locate the bunker rake to clean up after yourself when you've successfully landed the ball on the green. Don't worry about your dress for now, that will come in time when you've learned to play golf.

First, look at how you got yourself into the bunker in the first place and remember never to do that again. Once you realize that there is no way out except to hit the ball the following steps will get you out First, pick the club, a 56 or 60 degree sand wedge. Determine where to hit the ball before approaching your lie. Once you have picked out the target, which hopefully should be somewhat close to the flag, look at the green around it and check for breaks in the green. A break in the green is where the ball will have a tendency to curve to the left or right, depending on the direction of the break. When approaching the ball take the shortest possible route through the sand, leaving you with less clean up of the bunker after the shot.

Once over your ball you can take a few practice swings, but be very careful not to touch the sand because that will cost you one penalty stroke. The last thing you need to do is turn this hazard into an even bigger burden on your game. When you feel ready to hit your ball you need to remember a few basics. When you swing keep your head down and still. Have even weight distribution over the ball, standing directly over the ball, with it in the middle of your feet while in your stance. Take a nice slow and even back swing and the release into a steady fore swing. This swing should be a full swing as with any iron or wood. Be careful, this is not a "chip" shot of any kind. When striking the ball, hit the sand about an inch behind the ball to get the maximum lift and cushioning in the landing.

Now, hopefully you've gotten your ball on the green in the area of your target without spreading sand all over the green and fairway. Once you are done in the bunker you, take the rake and clean up any divots or footprints in the bunker. This maintenance of the bunker is just general golf etiquette. Place the rake off to the side of the bunker so that the party behind you doesn't hit it with their ball.

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Congratulations, you're one-step closer to improving your over all golf game. Bunker shots are one of the harder golf shots to master. Improving this shot makes it easier to take strokes off your game and stress off your mind. Of course, the easiest way to keep those bunker strokes completely of your scorecard is to become consistent at hitting the fairways and greens in regulation. I hope you enjoyed have this tutorial on the green side bunker shot.

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Social security

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Social Security Act of 15

Excerpts

The Social Security Act was a long and complicated act that called for federal payments to states to administer and fund the program. Much of the act contains definitions and administrative details. The essence of it is contained below.

AN ACT

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To provide for the general welfare by establishing a system of Federal old-age benefits, and by enabling the several States to make more adequate provision for aged persons, blind persons, dependent and crippled children, maternal and child welfare, public health, and the administration of their unemployment compensation laws; to establish a Social Security Board; to raise revenue; and for other purposes. …

Section 1. For the purpose of enabling each State to furnish financial assistance, as far as practicable under the conditions in such State, to aged needy individuals, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 0, 16, the sum of $4,750,000, and there is hereby authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year thereafter a sum sufficient to carry out the purposes of this title.

Sec. . (a) A State plan for old-age assistance must (1) provide that it shall be in effect in all political subdivisions of the State, and, if administered by them, be mandatory upon them; () provide for financial participation by the State; … (4) provide for granting to any individual, whose claim for old-age assistance is denied, an opportunity for a fair hearing before such State agency; …

…

Section 01. (a) There is hereby created an account in the Treasury of the United States to be known as the Old-Age Reserve Account hereinafter in this title called the Account. There is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the Account for each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending June 0, 17, an amount sufficient as an annual premium to provide for the payments required under this title, such amount to be determined on a reserve basis in accordance with accepted actuarial principles, and based upon such tables of mortality as the Secretary of the Treasury shall from time to time adopt, and upon an interest rate of per centum per annum compounded annually. The Secretary of the Treasury shall submit annually to the Bureau of the Budget an estimate of the appropriations to be made to the Account.

…

Old-Age Benefit Payments

Sec. 0. (a) Every qualified individual (as defined in section 10) shall be entitled to receive, with respect to the period beginning on the date he attains the age of sixty-five, or on January 1, 14, whichever is the later, and ending on the date of his death, an old-age benefit (payable as nearly as practicable in equal monthly installments) as follows

(1) If the total wages (as defined in section 10) determined by the Board to have been paid to him, with respect to employment (as defined in section 10) after December 1, 16, and before he attained the age of sixty-five, were not more than $,000, the old-age benefit shall be at a monthly rate of one-half of 1 per centum of such total wages;

() If such total wages have more than $,000, the old-age benefit shall be at a monthly rate equal to the sum of the following

(A) One-half of 1 per centum of $,000; plus

(B) One-twelfth of 1 per centum of the amount of which such total wages exceeded $,000 and did not exceed $45,000; plus

(C) One-twenty-fourth of 1 per centum of the amount by which such total wages exceeded $45,000

(b) In no case shall the monthly rate computed under subsection (a) exceed $85.

(c) If the Board finds at any time that more or less than the correct amount has theretofore been paid to any individual under this section, then, under regulations made by the Board, proper adjustments shall be made in connection with subsequent payments under this section of the same individual.

(d) Whenever the Board finds that any qualified individual has received wages with respect to regular employment after he attained the age of sixty-five, the old-age benefit payable to such individual shall be reduced, for each calendar month in any part of which such regular employment occurred, by an amount equal to one months benefit. Such reduction shall be made, under regulations prescribed by the Board, by deductions from one or more payments of old-age benefit to such individual.

…

Payments to Aged Individuals not Qualified for Benefits

Sec. 04. (a) There shall be paid in a lump sum to any individual who, upon attaining the age of sixty-five, is not a qualified individual, an amount equal to 1/ per centum of the total wages determined by the Board to have been paid to him, with respect to employment after December 1, 16, and before he attained the age of sixty-five.

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Operating Systems

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Software exists on a computer in the form of files. System files (those that comprise the operating system) are a unique category as opposed to those that are considered applications. The operating system dictates how the hardware functions. It tracks what resources are being used and to what degree, receives the input from devices such as the keyboard or mouse, directs output to the monitor or printer, tests that hardware is working, etc. A computer is not functional without an operating system. Operating systems allow applications to work by handling memory resources, directing output, adn storing the users data. Thus an operating system serves as a intermediary between the application and the computer hardware.

There are a variety of operating systems on the market today. The most popular is the various flavors of the Windows operating system developed by Microsoft. But Windows is really built on technology first publicly introduced to the world by Apple computer in their Macintosh operating system, the Mac OS. But the technology used by Apple was gained from work that had originated at Xerox-Parc. Think about it, had Xerox not given away the technology to Apple, they today might be in Microsofts shoes (and wealth).

Linux is an open source operating sytem, of which there are many versions and distributors, including RedHat, SuSe, and Caldera. Linux is rapidly gaining in popularity and is used on many web servers. Linux is based on Unix, which is an older mainframe-based operating system.

DOS, or the Disk Operating System, is a text-based, command-line operating system used by the original IBM personal computers and clones. The Windows operating system still makes use of DOS today or provides a command prompt environment reflective of the DOS system.

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Adverse possession: how have squatter's rights been affected by the new 'land registration' Act 2002

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on adverse possession: how have squatter's rights been affected by the new 'land registration' Act 2002. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality adverse possession: how have squatter's rights been affected by the new 'land registration' Act 2002 paper right on time.

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The Land Registration Act was first enacted in 15, the system is based on two types of estates, freehold and leasehold 'which rest upon wholly different foundations' . The Land Registry and Law Commission were responsible for the introduction of the Draft Land Registration Act . There is a statutory requirement from April 18, that all conveyances of freehold or long leasehold estates must be completed by registration of title at the HM Land Registry. The new Act came into force in October 00

Part of the Act deals with, adverse possession, where the first registered occupier is dispossessed by a squatter who is in factual possession and shows an intention to possess. After the trespasser lets the authorities know of his existence he can issue a caution, this enables him to be listed on the register. If anyone wishes to make a conveyance of the land, it will be mandatory for the Registry to notify the trespasser of anyone else wanting to acquire the 'first registration', held by the registered proprietor, to that land. In Littledale's case the user of the land, put up gates which showed his intention to possess, this is de facto possession, as he had no title to the land, and through the virtues of the Limitation Act legitimised his continuing possession.

The 'Disapplication of Periods of Limitation' is the first section contained within Part . Where there is a mortgagee, they will be entitled to the land if, after 1 years the mortgagor decides to take away the property and has made no effort during the limitation period to ensure payments were made on the account. Once a claim to land has been made, the Land Registry is obliged to give notice to the registered owner of the land and any lender whose interest is noted in the title. However the new Act will ensure that after the tenth year anyone on the charges register will be notified of the new intention and will take the appropriate steps. The courts have the power to trace the concurrent title holder as in Pollard v. Jackson (1), thus ensuring that land has not mistakenly been taken. The first title holder has the defence that 'possession is good against all the world except the person who can shew a good title'. The adverse possessor cannot benefit from overreaching rights; therefore, he will be bound by all existing rights on the register, such as paying a mortgage, and if he is on leased land, he must pay the rent, however may not be liable for not paying other equitable interests or covenants over the land.

The next section is the 'Registration of adverse possessor', which states that even though no period of limitation runs in relation to a registered estate, it will still be possible for a person in adverse possession to be registered in place of the proprietor of a registered estate or rentcharge. Under Schedule 6 of the LRA 00, if the registered owner objects to the registration of the squatter's rights then the squatter's application will be rejected unless he or she comes within one of three exceptions It is unreasonable for the squatters application to be rejected, for example, if the squatter mistakenly believed he owned the land, by some act of the proprietor and it would be unconscionable for the proprietor to deny the squatter the rights he believed he had; Secondly, the squatter is entitled to be the registered proprietor, for example, where the squatter contracted to buy the land and paid the purchase price, but the legal estate never transferred to him and; Finally, where a mistake has been made in relation to the boundary of the land, for example, where the dividing walls or fences on an estate were erected in the wrong place and not in accordance with the plans in the title deeds. Encroachment is done frequently by a neighbour who mistakenly takes a piece of land when putting up a fence or, by a licensee who uses land for grazing after the license has expired.

The last section of Part is 'Defences', Schedule 6 refers to the rights of the paper owner and squatter. In relation to this section a squatter can defend an action for possession of the land if they have been in 'adverse possession of the estate for the period of ten years , the Limitation Act requires the squatter to show an intention to possess during the 10 year period or as per Slade J in Powell v McFarlane ' the intention, in one's own name and on one's own behalf, to exclude the world at large, including the owner with the paper title', which will purport to be an overriding interest. Where the proprietor has obtained a judgement for possession of land and takes it, the squatter will be trespassing, which is a criminal offence. However, if after two years from the date of the judgement, the concurrent paper owner did not signify his right to the land, the squatter is entitled to re apply for registration . If successful and the proprietor were to bring fresh proceedings the squatter would have a defence, having an overriding interest and the court would be required to order the registrar to register the squatter as proprietor of the land .

The Law Commission report 'intended to strike a more appropriate balance between landowner and squatter' . This has been achieved in that mere possession will not confer an absolute or possessory title to land, the requirement is registration alone. The fact that an adverse possessor needs to make the Registry aware of his occupancy after 10 years, can be done if you 'send yourself a letter it could be used as proof you are living there' , this relates to the cases that were brought against many of the London Borough Council's, their houses were not properly recorded in their accounts. As in Ellis v. Lambeth B.C. , the squatter claimed possession of a council house worth £00,000.

In Buckingham County Council v. Moran , the facts state, that a neighbour of a plot of land, owned by the Council kept it as his. Moran had uninterrupted use of the land, he kept it clean which showed an intention to possess, therefore his animus possidendi was that he kept it clean, he used the land as his, and therefore excluded others from occupying, at the present time and throughout the duration of the 10 years, as there was no barrier separating the lands. The Council asserted their right by sending the defendant a letter, though nothing materialised after this. It has been shown that '[a]n owner who retains land unused because he has a future intended use of land could be dispossessed' which is part of paragraph 5 Schedule 6 of the Land Registration Act 00. If this case were to be decided today, Moran would be required to assert his right over the land by making an application at the Land Registry after ten years of similar occupation.

"The registered proprietor has one chance […] to terminate a squatter's adverse possession"

This is more logical than the previous system of registering title by adverse possession as it puts a further restraint on people taking other people's land away. The right to enjoy one's property is more recognised as an important human right. If Moran's case were to be considered in today's times, the Council would have won, as they would reply probably 'within a period of three months' , within the two year constraint, as in Mabo v. Queensland (No. ), 'possession, even if lost, gives rise to a right to recover possession, since as between mere possessors prior possession is a better right' . The Limitation Act is in place to ensure that people do not sleep on their rights.

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