Communism VS Capitalism

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COMMUNISM

Straight forward, communism means a plan of equalizing the social and living conditions of life. A plan with such a goal requires the abolition of privately own properties, as by in effect, we want to distribute all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all. .Although created to indicate the better means of production, communism requires consistency where no individual may own anything exclusively or privately; which in fact is the exact opposite of capitalism.

The point of communism is to essentially create an opposite effect as capitalism, but along the lines of the same goal. In communism, all materials and goods are to be centralized and distributed by legislators, the intention being to achieve equal income or utility (of material) by all. Those better off do have more opportunities (not more freedom), but that in no way gives one person (or group) the right to rob them of these opportunities and give them to another. Life can be very hard for a man in a desert compared to a rich man in a European merchant family. That does not give anyone the right to rob the European and give to desert dweller.

When in practice communism fails dismally. The only way it can be achieved is if every single member of the community or country in most cases is in agreement with the above arrangements. And that the leaders or legislators are not open to corruption in the form of personal compensation or satisfaction (greedy or selfish). Since this is quite difficult to have solidarity in this situation, we probably will never be able to achieve a communistic regime. We seem to be much too greedy and power hungry. In any case, in a communist regime, the best part would be to be on top. With communism as a failure, capitalism comes into effect.

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CAPITALISM

Completely the opposite to what people think, capitalism is not a "plan" or specified "system". It is the consequence of freedom and liberty given to an individual and in relation to property rights (the right to own what you create, or what you are born into owning).

A dictionary definition of capitalism is defined as an economic "idea" (or reality) in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market. Basically, unlike communism, you can be richer than Bob, but poorer than Joe. You can be born into riches and not work a day of your life.

Many people appear to have a very different idea about what is meant by capitalism. It is not a system of rules or laws forced or imposed by people. It is most definitely a lack of such a system. Capitalism is what happens when people are free from the force of other people. In order to have people free of the force of natural conditions, people seem to realize that their current economic or social status can be augmented, and there is always something better out there. That is exactly what people have been doing with the invention of the wheel, or mass production in industries, the production of energy and everything that followed; all of this is the product of mans mind being greedy for knowledge and then greedy for wealth. Capitalism itself forces nothing upon people.

The level of trust would have to be great and the amount of planning should be very minimal. Then everyones motivations are understood. If society ever got to the point where everyone could trust anyone on the street like their own buddy or friend, then it would be possible to have a commune. When it comes to the day that an independent mechanism can predict the economy for a year in advance, we should be able to determine the weather for a specific day, predicted a year in advance. But until there is that much security and selflessness, communes are inefficient or are vulnerable for corruption or civil disorder.

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Bruce DAWE

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I.T sac 1 part B Bruce sawe

Analyse the Information System

Introduction

A) Room 15 falls under the category of an information system because it has the capability of processing information from raw data because it contains hardware and software which does all the processing.

Help with essay on Bruce DAWEB) The main role of room 15 (yeshivah) to educate the pupils of the school about information technology and how to operate computers such as spread sheets, word processing and to take the overall knowledge and implement it (hopefully) in their future jobs. Other classes also have the opportunity for other reasons connected to their study to use the room for example religious classes and also humanity subjects.

Hardware Hardware also plays a major role in room 15 and in an information system anything physical that you can touch is basically is part of the hardware components which make up a computer.

Intel Pentium 4

CPU of 1.8GHz CISC made by Intel

46 MG RAM

Server's total hard-drive 100gig (tape drive back up)

½ inch Floppy Disk Drive Sony

17" Monitor Phillips 107E

DVD/CD players 5 speed max By LG

Ethernet NIC

8. Giga bite (GB) HDD

Sound card (18 bit)

Video card

Graphics card

( the above three are all integrated onto the mother board)

Routers

modems

Cat5 shield twin pair cable (51 MBs OF RAM)

Keyboards

Mouses (optical)

&

Speakers

Scanner

Printer

FDD

Universal serial controller

ultra power supply

Patch panel

Hub

Proxy server

switch

Software

Microsoft office XP

" " (OS) windows Xp

Firewall (gateway)

Antivirus (Norton antivirus corporate edition)

NOS Windows NT4

Internet explorer (6.0)

Windows media player

Powerpoint

Access

Visual basic

msn

We need these software in room 15 so we can do our work protect and control our computers, network our computers together, delete viruses and also very Important is to have internet access to we can research materials need for assignments.

Network Architecture and topology

Room 15 has the topology or should I say set up as a star (shape) network which is connected to other parts of the network through busses.

The network architecture of room 15 is basically made up of these "building blocks" the users (clients) and the server, router, modem , bus , radio link , connectors, broad band , streaming video and audio, ADSL , TCP/IP, ftp ,pot ,smpt,dhcp, cat5 ,radio, routing protocol and communication. The main server area saves the files of each user, each independent client of a computer is considered a 'fat client' whereby they each run on their own operating system and has its own applications and they have control over what they do in their account.

Network media

The network media used in Yeshivah are Cat5 cables (category 5). Cat5 cables are basically form of twisted-pair cables which are separate wires twisted around each other. This is mainly used in LAN (local area networks). it also uses RJ-45 connectors. Room 15 connects to other servers such as the administration by radio transceivers which are picked up by antennas which pick up the radio signals bought down.

Access

To access Room 15 there a number of steps we have to do.

Climb to the second floor

Open the door (teacher and key)

Then we walk in and sit down

We switch on the computers

We access are computers by logging on

Then we go to the server and access the work requirements of the teacher.

Keep in mind that access is a very important role of an information system because all are data easily and as quickly as possible and everything has to work effectively and as efficiently as possible. With out any access we wont be able to operate nothing. Ergonomics is also a very important role because we want to access things very easily for example we don't want to keep on adjusting are chairs or monitor because of hight or a backrest so in order to keep the ergonomics suitable for our need (requirements) we try to use all our limited resources as efficient and effective as possible.

Disk and file management

The operating system needs to keep track of the detail of each file, its name, its size, its type physical location on the storage medium, and preform file management functions including deleting, copying, moving and naming . We can see that room 15's disk and file management operates in the same way it tracks the details of each file and from which user it has come from it records its name and size and also its type so we know where is stored and where to store is for other uses.

Security

In the computer room (room 15) we don't really want people entering our own accounts so to prevent that we each have our own "log in " name and password so only we and the teachers if need be have access. The reason for this is being the fact that we might have some sensitive data or information that we don't want anybody to know about and also mainly for our privacy. If there would be no security on our computers people would be able to change the settings delete or install things they shouldn't and access personal account that could be very "dangerous" if plays around with it. We also have bands on certain site because they could be unsuitable or pose a threat in harming our network by transmitting viruses to prevent access to such sites we use a special software called Netgear to monitor and prevent access to sites. In case we do get a virus we have Norton antivirus to go back and fix the virus. We also have a "firewall" on the gateway or proxy server which filters any information that may contain a virus coming through an internet connection into the network. If it does have a virus it wont allow it to go onto the network because it comes from a "suspect" source it is not allowed through.

Data types and formats

Anything that you see, view , hear and read on the computers of room 15 or shall I say any other computers is most likely to be a DATA TYPE. Data types are sounds, text , images (pictures) and video, each one following has a range of formats that we use all the time. Below are listed just some of the data types and formats.

Sound= wav,mp , mp

Text= .doc

Pictures(images)= bitmap, jpeg

Video=Mpeg

We use all these data types and formats when we write a document in word or we listen to music or even when we are on the internet and we look at some images or movies. Each format is unique in its own way some are better quality some maybe less we try to use the best quality normally that would take less memory so we can process it faster. When we may build a website we use html ( hypertext markup language) As you can see we use these data types and formats all the time hence that data types are also different to formats.

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Australia-us security relationships in the post cold war years

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Analyse Post-cold War changes in the US-Australian security relationship and the relevance of the security alliance in the 1st century.

This essay is concerned about the post-cold war changes in the US-Australian security relationship and the relevance of the security alliance in the 1st century.

Before we have an analysis of the post-cold war changes in the US-Australian security relationship, we first have a short insight at the historical origins of the American-Australian security alliance. It is a well-known fact that Australia traditionally relied on Britain for protection. However, the Japanese aggression during the Second World War and the failure of Britain of keeping its promises compelled Australia to seek the protection of the United States instead. The latter emerged victorious from the war and also as a superpower. Smith, Cox and Burchill (16,p.54) argued that the catalyst for Australias pursuit of a United States alliance was Japans… defeated Australias traditional protector by destroying British power… as it unleashed United States counter attack, which eventually drove Japan to unconditional surrender in August 145.

Moreover, the end of the Second World War saw the beginning of the cold war with the rivalry between democratic America and Communist Soviet Union in dominating the world. The Australia, New Zealand and American alliance or ANZUS treaty was signed under different perspectives. From the Australian view, the alliance was their guaranteed protection against any future Asian aggressors while the America viewed the alliance as a means of including both countries in combating communism. Smith et.al(16,p.54) maintained that Australia saw ANZUS primarily as reinsurance against… Japan; the USA saw it… as a treaty that would tie Australia and New Zealand into the global effort to contain communism.

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As long as the cold war endured, Australia was involved in helping America fighting communism in countries such as Korea and Vietnam. Australia supported the United States and was quite dependent on its major partner and would not want to offend it so as not to compromise their alliance.

However, the cold war came to an unexpected end in the late 180s with the collapse of communism and the demise of the Soviet Union. Indeed, with no real threat, the American-Australian security relationship was loosened and assumed to a slow decline in importance. According to Dibb(1,p.1) with… the end of the cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Australia has become rather less strategically important for the US. This was perceived as one change in the US- Australia security relationship. Also, with the soviet menace out of sight, the United States is reducing its military forces in general. Dibb(1,p.) mentioned that the US… is undergoing a major re-evaluation of its strategic circumstances and force structure with the collapse of… the USSR

The post-cold war era presumed that Australia and its proximate region have become less significant in American interests compared to the cold war era and likewise, Australia is having more engagement with its region, the Asia-Pacific. As maintained by Dibb(1,p.10) Australia is not so important to the US, nor is our immediate region, as it was in the cold war. And as we develop… strategic interests with our ASEAN friends, the US will not be so central in our defence policy.

Furthermore, the end of the cold war led to a new environment in the Asia-Pacific region with new emerging powers. For instance, China is developing its economy and modernizing its army to pose itself as a regional power. India and Pakistan have exploded nuclear devices as well North Korea is confronting its southern neighbor.(Dibb1,p.)

All these new issues create a delicate balance of stability and security in the region and which can be negative to Australian interests. Therefore, the latter is trying to increase the involvement of America in the region as a means of counter-balancing these new Asian powers as well as giving a new purpose to the ANZUS alliance.

It is also noted that with the end of the cold war, Australia is rediscovering the importance of the Asia-Pacific region in terms of trade. Australia has more to gain in dealing with its Asian neighbors compared to its trade transactions with America. Tow(18,p.8) reported, The Asia dimension has played a major role in underscoring the sharpening differences in Australian and American trading agendas.

As a superpower, America has global interests compared to a middle power like Australia. The protectionist measures such as tariffs and Australia does not positively perceive quotas adopted to protect American markets. Bell endorsed that indeed, bilateral economic problems remain the major obstacle to a balanced bilateral relationship between Australia and the US.(Tow18,p.8) Australia is aware that it needs Asia more than Asia needs Australia for its economic well being. The Asian markets account much for Australian exports compared to the American market. Hence, Bell asserted that Australias trade surplus with Asia now exceeds $A10 billion annually. But at the same time, its deficit with… the US exceeded $A1 billion annually.(Tow18,p.8)

Therefore, it is no surprise that there are differences between America and Australia in their approach of the issue of human rights towards the Asian states. For instance, Indonesia had one of the worst human rights records and as sanction, America reduced its military aid to it while on the other hand, Australia continued supporting its military ties with Indonesia.(Brown14,p.117) In addition, the massacre of the people of East Timor by Indonesian troops led to diverse views between Australia and America. Brown 14,p.117) mentioned that the muted Australian reaction to the Dili massacre… stand in sharp contrast to Washingtons tougher line.

Indeed, the post-cold war era, the security relationship is altered as Australia, the minor ally, refused to bow to American pressure in their diverge behaviors towards Asian states. On one hand, as a superpower with global interests, America can bear itself the prices of criticizing Asian states on their human rights records. On the other hand, Australia differed from America as a middle power, which is located in the region and linked to it in terms of economic, and security issues. Indeed, following the American stance will automatically have negative repercussions on Australia. Brown(14,p.118) confirmed the government clearly believes that it is unwise to seize the high moral ground in dealing with the South East Asian states because Australia unlike the US will have to live next door to the consequences indefinitely.

Likewise, in relation to China, Australia refused to condemn the bad human rights records of the former despite American pressure to do so. This is to show that in terms of economic security, Australia followed a different path from America and this difference can affect their bilateral relationship. Brown(14,p.118) declared where Australian interests are at issue, their divergence from those of the United States can only further undermine the relationship.

Nevertherless, the post-cold war era does not necessarily mean that for the sake of economic prospects, Australia will discount its American ties. In fact, maintaining economic ties between Australia and its Asian neighbors can only e pursued in a climate of stability and security. Hence, it is there that Australia seeks to redefine a new role and purpose to its security alliance with America, which will be in the context of balancing any rising Asian power. Dibb(1,p.5) affirmed that … if strategic competitions between Asias great powers should intensify , their peace and security

Could become a casualty… if there were no strong American military commitment and presence in the region.

Australia benefits from its American links as it is well perceived by its Asian neighbors. Albinski(14,p.5) claimed … there is a view in South East Asia that Australias value to the regional community derives in part from its exceptional and continuity access to … the United States. Australia acts as link between America and the Asians states. This issue allowed Australia to follow a self-reliance path and a multilateral approach in resolving conflicts and maintaining international order.

Thus, the post-cold war saw a disinterest of America in the proximate region of Australia. However, the latter tried to give a new dimension to the alliance by enhancing the bilateral relations between the two partners with the AUSMIN talks of 16. In the advent of a dissolution of the ANZUS alliance, Australia has more to lose compared to America. The alliance has been redefined to promote the spread of democracy and market reforms in the region for the benefits of both ANZUS partners. Next, the alliance is perceived to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction and guarded against violence to remedy international disputes.(Australia-US joint security decalration16,p.1)

Another post-cold war change between the ANZUS partners is to

Increase the independence of the defensive capabilities of Australia as well as its flexibility and easiness to be deployed with American forces in the event of any crisis occurring in the Asia-Pacific region.

Australia is keen in finding various means to invigorate its security relationship with America. For instance, Australia is willing to share the burden of defence by offering Australian basing and training facilities to American forces as well as renewing the licence of US communication facilities at Pine Gap on Australian territory (Malik1,p.60). According to the Australia-US joint security declaration both countries look forward to a successful exercise called Tandem Thrust… a major step towards the Australian Defense force US pacific command vision for combined operations.(16,p.1-)

The US-Australian security relationship is now concentrating in tackling global problems such as immigration/refugees, terrorism and drugs trade.(Tow18,p.117) Another post-cold war change in the ANZUS alliance is its use to facilitate the integration of Australian identity with its Asian-Pacific neighbors as well as acting as a middle power for the interests of the United States in the region.(Tow18,p.118)

From an American perspective, the post-cold war led to a decrease of its military forces but enough to deter any rising Asian power and promoting democracy and having the Asian markets opened up to globalization. It is under that reviewed American strategy that the location, resources and technology of Australia gained prominence to America, causing a new dimension in their bilateral security relationship.(Tow18,p.118) The post-cold war enabled Australia to speak and act with more confidence though it will not discount its American relationship which is integral to its regional interests and objectives. After all , the post cold war era saw Australia gain in status in the ANZUS alliance from its major American partner.(Albinski14,p.44)

Now, we have a look at the relevance of the security alliance in the 1st century. As we have seen previously, the ANZUS security alliance was created to counter global communism for America and Australia. The post-cold war period saw the elimination of the communist threat and replaced by the threat of an emerging Asian power like China to the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific region; thereby defining a new purpose for the US-Australian security relationship.

Indeed, China is politically, economically and militarily increasing its influence in the region. It is somehow viewed as replacing the Soviet Union as the new threat in American perception. In fact, China wants to counter-balance American global hegemony and in achieving so, is adopting economic reforms and modernizing its military power in terms of nuclear arms technology and equipment. This is likely to worry its neighbors along with Australia and America. Furthermore the tension between China and Taiwan in the issue of reunification is a major headache to Asia-pacific stability. China regards Taiwan as a renegade province, which must be reunited within its territory by force if necessary, and an issue of its internal affairs. However, Taiwan is an economic powerhouse, which had American promise of coming to its rescue in the advent of a mainland attack.

America faced a dilemma with both chinas and was seriously put to the test with the 16 Taiwan crisis when China fired missiles in the Taiwan straits, which nearly led to a confrontation between China and the United States. It is in that eventual scenario that America learnt to realize the importance of its security alliance with Australia. Klinworth declared shortly after Chinas missile tests in the Taiwan strait… the Australian- US security relationship became a security partnership for the 1st century. (Tow18,p.15) Australia was also disturbed by the Chinese threat on Taiwan, which could undermine the stability and security of the region, vital for the well being of Australia. The response to that issue was an enhancement of its security ties with the United States thereby demonstrating the relevance of the security alliance in the 1st century. Klinworth granted Australia sought to reinvigorate its alliance with… upgrading of the joint communication facility at Pine Gap and a description of the Australian-US security relationship as a strategic partnership in the 1st century.(Tow18,p.154)

Furthermore, the security alliance between the US and Australia gained relevance in the 1st century as both western countries sought to spread together the concept of human rights among the Asian-Pacific states. There is optimism as democracy has been adopted by Asian states such as South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan and The Phillippines. There is still much to do as well as both US and America needed to adopt a low-key approach in integrating human rights in Asian politics as well as respecting Asian cultural values. The security alliance between the US and Australia facilitated the operation of building human rights infrastructure and institutions as each country shared the responsibility. Barker observed …the development of human rights infrastructures… would have to be managed very sensitively by Australia and the United States, with full recognition that their implementation must be on a basis of partnership and mutual agreement.

(Tow18,p.181)

To sum up, it is concluded that the post-cold war period brought changes to the US-Australia security relationship but did not have negative impact. On the contrary it had become stronger than before. It had just been readjusted to fit in the Asia-Pacific regional environment compared to its previous global cold war element. The security alliance between Australia and the US is still relevant as it had been since its formation and will continue as long as the United States is the only superpower of the world.

Albinski, H.S. (14) Australias Evolving American Relationship Interests, Powers& Prospects for Australian Influence, Australian Foreign Policy papers, Canberra.

Brown, G. (14) The decay of Australias American Alliance in Australias Security Issues for the New Century, Australian Defence Studies Center, Canberra.

Dibb, P. (1) The Future of Australias Defence Relationship with the United States , Australian Centre for American Studies , Sydney.

Joint Security Declaration (16) Australia-United States A Strategic Partnership for the Twenty-First Century, Sydney 7 July.

Malik, J.M. (1) Australias Security in the 1st Century , Allen&Unwin, St Leonards.

Smith, G; Cox,D. and Burchill, S. (16) Australia In The World An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne.

Tow, W.T. (18) Australian-American Relations Looking Towards the Next Century, MacMillan Press, South Yarra.

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Athletes

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It's a tired clich'. But it's one that the Santa Fe Community College softball team has been living the last two years.

"Our saying is 'To be the best, you have to beat the best,'" Saints coach Chris Ahern said as her team prepares to play defending national champion Indian River Community College in Thursday's opening round of the double-elimination state tournament. "There the best."

A year ago, as an assistant behind then-head coach Terri Knecht, Ahern could have used the same phrase because at the time, the Saints were paired up against the 001 national champion Lake City Community College.

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SFCC lost that game 11- and the subsequent game, which ended the Saints' season, but with eight players returning from that team, intimidation will be less of a factor.

"Because this is IRCC's first year as the defending state champions and they haven't done it a lot, there isn't that awe factor," Ahern said. "They haven't had this team-to-beat aura.

"There may be that wow-they're-pretty-good feeling, but intimidation is not the word I'd use. This team is better equipped to take on the big guys. They are not intimidated. They're pumped."

The Saints will have to overcome more than intimidation to beat IRCC. The Pioneers finished the regular season 5-1 and are better than any team the Saints have seen since they split a double header with the University of Florida in the fall season, Ahern said.

"They have talent at every position, for sure," Ahern said. "And there's a lot of depth. They have all the tools."

The Saints can match the Pioneers on defense and can keep up on offense if they string hits together, Ahern said.

But where IRCC has a significant edge is on the mound.

The Saints lost their best pitcher, sophomore Laurie Lopez, for two weeks in the middle of the season to a hip injury. Lopez returned before she was healed and has been taking turns in the pitching rotation even though her injury flares up when throwing, often causing her to limp off the field after games.

If Lopez feels she can pitch Thursday, Ahern said the sophomore will start. If not, Ahern will turn to freshman Erin Guerra, who has seen increased time on the mound since the Saints' No. pitcher, sophomore Karenmarie Pena's season ended about two weeks ago when she fouled a pitch into her face, breaking bones near her nose and eye.

"If we were healthy, it would be a super game one of those games you had to see. But these kids are amazing, so it should be a super game no matter what," Ahern said. "I think we have a descent chance of winning."

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Bean Trees

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The Bean Trees takes place in rural Pittman County, Kentucky, in the 180s and its narrator is Marietta Greer, a young woman from an impoverished family. She begins the novel with an admission that she has always been afraid of putting an air in a tire ever since she saw a tractor tire blow up and send Newt Hardbines father flying over the top of the Standard Oil sign. Although her name is Marietta, her Mama has called her Missy for years, ever since she was a three year old and demanded to be called Miss Marietta just as her Mama called her employers (the name soon shortened to Missy).

Although not an outstanding student in high school, Marietta stays out of trouble and does well enough. By her senior year she is one of the few girls not to drop out of school, and feels it is the girls special reward to get the science teacher Mr. Hughes Walter, a blond northerner who resembles Paul McCartney. Mr. Walter changes Mariettas life when he tells his students about a possible job opening at the hospital where his wife works. Marietta thinks that he will offer the job to a Candy Striper, but Mama insists that Marietta demand the opportunity and tell Hughes Walter that she is the best person for the job, even if he has already given it to a Candy Striper. When Marietta confronts Hughes Walter, he immediately gives her the job, for she is the first person to ask about it.

At the laboratory in the hospital where she works, her supervisor (Eddie Rickett) treats her well and teaches her a great deal about working in the lab. During her first week at the hospital, Jolene Shanks, the wife of Newt Hardbine, comes into the hospital in a stretcher, covered in blood and fighting and cursing. Although she had been shot, she was screaming at her husband. In another stretcher, this one meant for the coroners office, is her husband. Marietta attempts to console Jolene, and when she asks Jolene why Newt? she answers that her father had been calling her a slut since she was thirteen, so why the hell not? Although Marietta considers quitting after this incident, she decides to stay at the hospital, thinking that she has seen the worst. When she tells her mother this, she replies I have never seen the likes of you.

Marietta stays in the job for five and a half years, but she develops a plan to leave Pittman County. When she first buys a car, a 55 Volkswagen bug with no windows and no starter, Mama immediately knows that shell use this car to get away. Eventually, when Marietta leaves Pittman, she makes two promises to herself one that she keeps, and one that she does not. The First she decides to get herself a new name she chooses the name Taylor after going past Taylorville. The second promise is to drive west until her car stopped running and stay there. Her car gives out in the middle of a Cherokee reservation when the steering wheel stops working. A man called Bob Two Two fixes her car, and he charges her nearly half the money she has. Taylor has one eighth Cherokee blood, and her Mama had always claimed that she could claim head rights because of this, if she ever needed to do so, but going to the Cherokee Nation, she now sees, is not even acceptable as a worst case scenario.

Custom Essays on Bean Trees

While staying the night in the town on the Indian reservation, Taylor goes to a diner and writes a postcard to her mother. There are only two men at the counter, a white guy and an Indian. The cowboy, Earl, makes a joke when Taylor asks if there is anything at the diner for less than a dollar, but Taylor quickly reprimands him. There is a woman in the bar at the back who looks frightened. After Taylor leaves the diner and returns to her car, the woman, an Indian, follows her and tells her to take her baby. She warns her not to take the child back to the diner, indicating some unimaginable harm that could be done to her. Taylor argues with her, claiming that she cant take the baby because she doesnt have the papers, but the woman says that nobody knows that the baby is alive or cares. Finally Taylor takes the child; she does not know whether the child is a boy or a girl, and even wonders at one point whether it is still alive.

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Wedding dream

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One Sunday evening while I was driving in my navy blue Envoy, I got a phone call on my cell phone from Laura. Laura is my boyfriend's sister and is like an older sister to me. The conversation started off normally like any phone call. What are you up to? What are you doing tonight? We chatted for a little bit and then she said, " would you like to be my personal assistant for the wedding?" I was overwhelmed with joy. I couldn't believe she was picking me to do this for her, on such a special day in her life. I said YES! I would love too! So we talked about the big day for a little while after and got off. As soon as the phone conversation ended, I was all about planning the wedding with her.

Every girl dreams about her wedding day. I really got to see what a wedding was all about when I was Laura's personal assistant. This was a wedding to see it was a girls dream and very exciting.

I couldn't stop talking about the wedding, I think I was almost as excited as she was. Both of us were so excited we talked about the wedding and made plans for the wedding on a weekly basis. What color make-up should she wear? What and when the decorations were coming in were some of wedding talk we had. I really didn't know what a personal assistant was, but I was soon to find out. We discussed what I needed to do and that was to do anything she needed help with. I would end up being a slave. The months of planning seemed like it would never happen until that week before the wedding. Everyone was in panic mode about making sure everything was set and organized.

The next thing that had to be done for the wedding was decorating. I would say decorating was one of the most important parts to the wedding because when everyone sees what it looks like that is what there impression is going to be. Wadesworth hall is where the reception was going to take place. It was a big place and needed to be tied together to look more comforting. Breaking up the room was a good place to begin. In the middle of the bare room or what looked like a ???? The decorating started to take place. We set the table up with all of the eating utensils??? (does that include cups and plates???) On every table in the center square 1 by 1 mirrors were placed and on the mirror were periwinkle flower pedals. What was int eh center??? The room started to take shape and place. It would finally come together with everyone there, the DJ, the Cake on the table, and the wedding party at the head of the table. Getting the decorating off everyone's mind was a great success. Before my eyes the wedding was going to happen in just two days from now.

The next day was the rerun of the wedding but backwards, the rehearsal. Everyone in the wedding party, the organist, the soloist and some relatives joined at the church to go through the steps of the wedding. At this point it seemed unreal, it really didn't phase anyone. Everyone sat silently while the musicians played as the wedding party walked down the aisle and stood in there right place at the altar. The priest went over his talk??? What is it called. The music started back up as the wedding party walked back down the aisle and out of the church. The rehearsal went over really smooth and from there everyone went to the rehearsal dinner at a Chinese restaurant called the Ming Garden.

When everyone got to Ming Garden we had a section of the restaurant reserved. It was part of the restaurant, but still secluded that really no one knew it was a rehearsal dinner. We sat down at two long tables that could probably hold 0 people at each. Everyone sat down and ordered drinks and visited with the people around them. Both sets of parents gave a talk and said how happy they were to have their babies getting married to the right person in their life. We ate dinner and conjugated in the room. It was a great time and very special.

That night the bridesmaids, the bride, and I stayed at a hotel. All of us just hung out like it was a slumber party in middle school. We all sat around and told stories of Laura back in the day and by the time we got done with that it was bedtime. Everyone needed their beauty rest for the next day.

The loud obnoxious alarm went off at eight o'clock it was time to rise and shine for the big day. We jumped out of bed and hurried off to the hair salon. We all went to Regis to get our hair done like we were princesses. Not only did we get our hair done we got our nails done. As soon as the stylist was done with our beautiful hair we went to the nail manicurist to get our nails done. It was dream made in heaven.

After I got my hair and nails done, I was off to doing errands. Man was I in a hurry. Since, I was the personal assistant I had to run around town getting last minute items. I had to run to Wal-Mart to get nylons and to the Bridal shop to pick up her garter. Not only did I fell like I was the brides personal assistant, I even had to run for the groom. He needed some red rose pedals for the hotel room, so I was also off to the flower shop.

Finally, I was on my way to the church to get ready with the girls.

Wow did the morning seem like a whirlwind running around everywhere. Now it was time to get ready and help Laura get ready. Getting ready with eight girls is not easy everyone was panicking and very hot. Laura was the worse. Can you believe that? She was very nervous and hot so she was sticking to her dress and was freaking out that she wouldn't be able to zip it up. She was going nuts. Not only did I have to help her I needed to get myself ready. We got her zipped up and were on our way. Time kept getting closer and closer to the actual wedding. We soon were all ready and were on our way up the stairs to get lined up for the wedding.

The bride and the bridesmaids got lined up, while they were doing that I was fixing their hair and dress's. The music began and they started to walk down the aisle. Next came Laura I was laying her train straight and calming her down before she walked down with her dad. There she went and I ran in down the side of church to sit down. The wedding went over great. Laura cried as she said her vows as Matt smiled and looked deep into her big brown eyes. The two of them were so happy and all they could do was smile. After the wedding everyone was off to the reception to boogy down.

The wedding was great. It was just like a girls dream and I know it was Laura's dream come true. Even though you never think it is going to come together, everything takes place at last. The two of them live happily ever after in Rochester Hills, Michigan and are on there way to happiness for the rest of their lives.

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Why MBA

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The Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) sparks much controversy about whether developing countries will suffer more than they will gain. South American business and individuals are now transferring hundreds of billions of dollars of economic resources to North America each year in terms of trade losses, debt servicing and profit outflows. In the South, multinationals are seen as routinely bribing politicians to gain a competitive edge over local rivals via changes to protective legislation, while imposing added costs through the requirements that cash strapped, high interest borrowers in the local economy to follow expensive developed nation standards in environmental stewardship. (responsibilities -action'activity-protections)

It is important however for all sides to understand and agree to the primary aspect (attitude-feeling-necessity) that the FTAA has its merits. The new trade provisions will aid corporate success by removing governmental regulations and closing legal loopholes. Success in this area means the stimulation of economic growth through capital investment and entrepreneurial communities. There is an audible public cry for better education, health care, and social services which can be addressed more expediently if the international community has a stake in the welfare of the local population. "Big business' will move into Central and South America. The question is not when, it is how.

Attempting to superimpose North American managerial practices onto local Latin American organizations can be frustrating to the uninitiated manager if the ideas are not adapted to local cultural norm. This was the case when recently I built, partnered, and managed Tantra, named by American Airlines's in-flight magazine as 'The Best Nightspot in Santiago." The training, team-building, structure and strategy employed at this highly successful restaurant and nightclub have their roots in a North American style formal business model. Yet, it the only way to utilize these ideas was by taking into consideration the employees local cultural aspects (personalities, expectations- work habits) and adapt these models to fit.

Foreign corporations planning to move operations to Latin America will face many similar challenges. The successful blending of business practices is going to require a bit of grease on the wheels in the form of specialized negotiators who understand both entities and all their particularities. It is my goal to position myself at the forefront of the global transition, to facilitate business between North and South America, while keeping true to the globalization credo of 'transparency and accountability.' If responsible business practices are employed, free trade measures will prove to be very beneficial for developing countries as well.

Practicing law in both Latin America and the United States, I have gained experience in the negotiation tactics of both cultures. My law background and my entrepreneurial experience have taught me the obstacles and issues involved in initiating and maintaining successful business. An MBA at this point in my career, would serve to round out my knowledge, giving me the tools I will need to achieve my goals.

The MBA program at Anderson provides the precise blend of coursework I will require. The many electives offered in Latin American economy and development will be a necessary adjunct to the study of organizational theory and macro economics that I'd like to undertake. I am especially interested in studying under Sebastian Edwards. A fellow Chilean, and sensitive to the complexities of emerging economies, he has earned a strong reputation as an innovator in modern economic thought. I also look forward to interchanging ideas and forming relationships with the highly qualified group of students Anderson attracts.

The world is changing at a rapid pace. Fortunately we are clear on its direction and the type of leadership it will require to reach its destination successfully. An MBA from Anderson would shape me into that leader, to initiate far reaching, beneficial changes and to be properly positioned at the forefront of this global transition.

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Legends

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The man who, legend has it, escaped from a early grave when his uncle pulled him from drowning in a cesspit is notorious for his dirty deeds but what cannot be forgotten are his achievements in the 186 World Cup.

Mexico 86 Maradona inspired Argentina to their second World Cup(Photography/Allsport)

Forget the handball against England, feel the quality of his 50-yard solo goal in the same game and the near repeat performance in the semi-final against Belgium.

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If any man can be given the accolade of having won a tournament single-handedly its this squat, bull-like figure from the barrios.

The Argentina side of 186 were functional and hard-working but it was Maradona who fired them to the final and then set up two of the goals in their - win over West Germany in the final.

In 10, a barely-fit Maradona dived and complained his way to the final where the Germans took their revenge. Few people shared Diegos post-match tears. In fact many rejoiced that such an ugly brute of a team had lost.

Eight years before, in Spain, Maradona, then newly arrived at Barcelona, disgraced himself by being sent off in a Second Phase game with Brazil. Even four years before that the 18-year-old Maradona was a source of great controversy when he was left out of the victorious squad that won on home ground.

USA 14 was the end for Maradona as a player. Playing in an Argentinian side that had hammered Greece, put the promising Nigerians to the sword and bore all the best signs of being tournament winners, Maradona looked back to his best.

But then, after the Nigeria game, he was picked for drugs-screening and tested positive for banned stimulant ephedrine. He was banned from the rest of the tournament and the team fell apart, going out in the second round to Romania.

It was probably the biggest scandal in World Cup history but when talking of Maradona, one must accept the controversy and scandal alongside the image of a footballing demi-god.

World Cup Legends - Roberto Baggio (Italy)

As with Romario and Zinedine Zidane, the Divine Ponytail has a (sadly fading) chance to add to his status as a World Cup hero.

Baggio His penalty miss tarnished a superb World Cup(BenRadford/Allsport)

Baggio had hit the headlines before Italia 0 when Fiorentina fans rioted after his record sale to Juventus. But football fans had to wait until the third game in the group stage to get a real glimpse of Baggio. He didnt disappoint and struck up a great parnership with Salvatore Schillaci that displaced the previous first-choice pairing of Andrea Carnevale and Gianluca Vialli.

That game saw Baggio score the goal of the championships. Picking up the ball just inside his own half, Baggio took on the Czechoslovakian defence and then wrongfooted keeper Jan Stejskal. It was the moment the world saw that in Baggio Italy possessed a real great.

However, Italian boss Azeglio Vicini did not seem to share that feeling and as soon as Vialli returned to full fitness, he was played in the semi-final against Argentina. It turned out to be the wrong decision as Maradonas team squeezed past them on penalties.

Four years later Baggio was a player in his prime. After a slow start (he was even substituted early in the game against Norway), he was the driving force in Italys march to the final. A late equaliser against Nigeria was followed by the winner in the same game.

He repeated that trick with a late winner against Spain. In the semi-final a Baggio brace saw off Bulgaria. All through the tournament Arrigo Sacchis team huffed-and-puffed only for Baggio to bail them out.

In the final, Baggio, carrying a knee injury which should have prevented him from playing, could not weave his magic and in a tournament where he had shone it was his missed spot-kick in a shoot-out which lost the trophy he had fought so hard to win.

That wasnt the end for Il Principe though, he was back at France 8 and starred in the early group stages before being replaced by Alessandro Del Piero, Cesare Maldinis first choice as Christian Vieiris partner.

He even managed to bury his spot-kick ghost with a succesful conversion in the quarter-final with France. It was to be in vain as Italy, again, lost out.

Was that Baggios final hurrah on the World Cup stage? Sadly, a knee ligament injury while playing for Brescia seems to have ended his often-stated wish of bowing out in Japan and Korea. Hope springs eternal for Roby but Italy coach Giovanni Trappatoni recently stated his belief and sadness that Baggio will not make the finals.

Whatever the outcome of his battle to play, Baggio will still be regarded as a true great.

World Cup Legends - Franz Beckenbauer (Germany)

Though the West Germany team are often portrayed as the bad guys in defeating Holland in the 174 final, there can be little doubt about the quality of the victors. And even with players of the talent of Gerd Muller, Paul Breitner and Uli Hoeness, it was Kaiser Franz Beckenbauer who stood out.

West German coach Helmut Schoen congratulates his onfield leader after winning the final in 174(HultonArchive/Allsport)

Beckenbauers talents bestrode three tournaments. In 166 he was the young player of the tournament as West Germany reached the finals.

Playing as an attacking midfielder the 0-year-old scored the decisive goal in the semi-final against the USSR but was asked to play a man-marking role on Bobby Charlton. Charlton was successfully shackled but the Germans lost with one of their most devastating attacking weapons severely restricted.

Four years later, Beckenbauer had been withdrawn to the libero role with which he will forever be associated.

Nevertheless, even from that defensive role he had his revenge on England, scoring the first goal in a two-goal comeback that eventually ousted England in the quarter-finals.

In the semi-final just days later Italy ran out 4- winners in a thrilling extra-time match but Beckenbauer confirmed his heroic status by playing on, heavily strapped-up with a dislocated shoulder.

By 174, Beckenbauer was the experienced elder statesman, marshalling his troops from the back. Using the traditional system of playing their best player at the back, the Germans benefitted from Beckenbauers calmness on the ball, his charges down the middle and his pinpoint passes.

As Germanys greatest ever skippers, he can also be regarded as one his countrys greatest ever managers, having led the Germans to World Cup triumph in 10, becoming the first man to captain and coach his team to the highest footballing accolade of all.

World Cup Legends - Bobby Charlton (England)

Terry Venables recently described this footballing knight as a national treasure and theres no doubting that for most of the world he is a symbol of English football.

Bobby Charlton enjoys a joke with brother, England team-mate and old adversary Jack (left)(HultonArchive/Allsport)

Many a story has been spun about people in far-flung corners of the world associating England with Bobbee Charlton and thats can be attributed in no small part to his exploits in 166.

While Geoff Hurst may have taken the plaudits for his hat-trick in the final, its Charlton who was Player of the Tournament and was European Footballer of the Year that same year.

Manager Alf Ramsey decided to give the Manchester United stalwart a free role behind strikers Hurst and Roger Hunt and Charltons goals and attacking verve were a major factor in Englands victory.

He scored a thunderous goal against Mexico in the group stages and following one of his two goals against Portugal he was applauded back to the centre-circle by every member of the Portugese team.

The final saw the West Germans pick him out as the dangerman and sacrifice their own creative force in Franz Beckenbauer to counteract him.

Charlton, ever emotional, will be forever remembered for sobbing tears of joy when England eventually lifted the Jules Rimet trophy.

In four World Cups - he was an unused squad member in 158, just a few months after surviving the Munich Air disaster - he came to be recognised as one of the worlds best.

Playing in a variety of positions - on the wing, as a centre-forward or inside forward - Charlton is one of the most graceful players to ever walk the earth. Athletic with a superb feint and change of feet he packed a shot so hard that if hit the target few keepers had a chance of stopping it.

In Mexico in 170, Charlton was very much an elder statesman, though younger than he looked. After England went into what looked like a comfortable -0 lead against the Germans with Charlton at his best, Ramsey chose to save his kingpins legs for the semi-final and brought on Manchester Citys Colin Bell.

It came to be seen as a disastrous decision as England blew their lead and eventually lost - in extra-time. With Charlton unable to do anything from the sidelines it was a bathetic ending to a glittering World Cup career.

A true ambassador for English football, and, just like old adversary Franz Beckenbauer, Charlton continues to play a leading role in his countrys footballing affairs.

World Cup Legends - Johan Cruyff (Holland)

One of the tragedies of World Cup history is the failure of the Brilliant Orange team of the 170s in winning the World Cup. And the team that characterised Total Football had Cruyff as the conductor of the orchestra.

Vogts the player trips Johan Cruyff in the 174 World Cup Final.(HultonArchive/Allsport)

Few teams can have had the personality of one players so imprinted on them. Wiry, with the build of a ballet dancer, Cruyff was an unbelievably creative talent from the left side of midfield.

He was ably supported by the likes of Johan Neeskens, Wim Van Hanegem and Ruud Krol, and the Dutch swept their way to the final in 174 where they were every romantics favourite to win.

The first minute of that final characterised that great team. From the kick-off the Dutch swept the ball around with total control and arrogance while the West Germans floundered in their wake.

Then Cruyff set off into the box with extreme intent until he was stopped by a crude Berti Vogts foul. Neeskens did the rest from the spot and the Dutch were leading.

But the arrogance of Cruyff and co was to count against them as the Germans, no mean side and fed up with being teased, fought back to win -1.

Cruyffs sole tournament was in 174, as, at the wish of wife Danny, he refused to travel to Argentina in 178. They reached the final without him and lost narrowly to Argentina but the team still bore all the hallmarks of its former leader.

Despite that fleeting appearance, Cruyff left the World Cup with two eternal snapshots of his class.

A thunderous goal against Brazil in the second phase and the complete bewitching of a Swedish defender that would give the world the term Cruyff turn are quite a legacy for the man whose name will forever be synonymous with Dutch football.

World Cup Legends - Pele (Brazil)

Edson Arantes di Nascimento remains the most famous footballer on earth - more than 5 years after his retirement - and it is his World Cup achievements which have chiefly garnered that accolade.

Pele sobs tears of joy after Brazil win Mexico 70(HultonArchive/Allsport)

Though his achievement of scoring over 1,000 career goals is amazing, the Pele of 158 and 170 is the most potent image.

At just 17, then the youngest player to play in the finals, Pele took the 158 tournament by storm, scoring six goals, including two in the final against Sweden. One of that brace saw him control the ball, hook it over his shoulder and smash in an unerring volley.

Chile in 16 saw Pele injure his hamstring in the second match and miss out on his countrys second successive World Cup win.

Four years later he was again injury-hit, the victim of some disgraceful tackling from Bulgaria and Hungary as Brazil crashed out in the first round.

Mexico 170 is the tournament that fully cemented the Peles position at the head of World Cup legends. Playing in an amazing attacking force, Pele scored four goals and supplied many of the bullets for Rivelino, Jairzinho and Tostao.

His opener in the final against Italy, an object lesson in the bullet header, made him only the second player to score in two World Cup finals but it is the goals that never were which remain the strongest memories of Pele in 170.

An amazing shot from the half-way line against Czechoslovakia which just missed the post and an amazing feint, dribble and shot against Uruguay are two of World Cup footballs enduring images.

World Cup Legends - Ferenc Puskas (Hungary)

Like Johan Cruyff, the story of Ferenc Puskas is the story of a team. Possessing possibly the best left-foot shot in the history of football, the man known as the Galloping Major - by virtue of his playing for army team Honved - was the skipper of a team that were just about everybodys favourite to win the World Cup.

The Galloping Major, talisman of a glorious Hungarian team(HultonArchive/Allsport)

At the 154 tournament in Switzerland, Hungary arrived having been unbeaten for four years in international football. With players like Kocsis, Hidegkuti, Bozsik and Czibor, the Hungarians had taken on all-comers and beaten them.

England had been beaten 6- at Wembley and 7-1 in Budapest and few could envisage anyone stopping them at the World Cup finals.

Playing at inside-forward Puskas gave men of a certain bodyshape hope by being the worlds best player while at the same being short, stocky, barrel-chested, overweight, unable to head and one-footed. Other than that he was absolutely magnificent.

The Hungarians set out their stall with a -0 win over South Korea, following that with an 8- despatching of West Germany. Puskas starred as the Hungarians racked up the goals and points. However he picked up an ankle knock in the German game and missed both the quarter and semi-final.

His team didnt seem to miss him and beat both Brazil and Uruguay 4-. In the final, a return game against the Germans, there was much doubt over whether he would be fit to play.

But, despite being nowhere near match fit, he turned out in his familiar inside-left role and seemed to have shaken off any of the doubts when he scored a trademark left-foot blockbuster after just six minutes. Three minures later winger Czibor put Hungary -0 up and all seemed to be going to plan.

However, in the greatest shock of any final, the Germans fought back to equalise within ten minutes. After that, despite several good chances, the doubts about Puskas were proven as he faded badly in a time when there were no substitutions. And when Helmut Rahn scored with six minutes to go the Hungarians could find no answer.

It was the last chance the World Cup would have to see the Marvellous Magyars as, within two years, Puskas and several other players had defected to the West to escape the Hungarian revolution.

Puskas would have an Indian summer as a European Cup winner with Real Madrid when his waistline had even further expanded but he will be forever associated with the glorious failure of that team of 154.

World Cup Legends - Paolo Rossi (Italy)

Rossis is one of the most remarkable stories in World Cup history. Less than two months before the finals started, Rossi ended a two-year ban - the result of being implicated in a bribery scandal - but was still picked in coach Enzo Bearzots squad for the 18 finals in Spain.

Rossis finest hour, the - victory over Brazil.(Photography/Allsport)

Bearzots selection of him probably came as a result of Rossis promising play at the 178 championships, where Rossi had formed a great parnership with Juventus legend Roberto Bettega.

But now, with Bettega retired, Bearzot needed a predatory striker and Rossi, who had joined Juventus during his ban, fitted the bill.

That decision looked a gamble in Spain as Rossi and Italy stuttered through the first round without winning a game and were even held by the then unknown quantity of Cameroon.

Even the second phase -1 win over Argentina saw a poor showing from Rossi, who looked severely rusty and had not scored in four games.

Everyone knew the next second phase game against Brazil would be his last chance. But in what proved to be an all-time classic encounter, Rossi came through and repaid Bearzots faith with a hat-trick of true striking quality as they edged out Brazils all-star XI -.

And Rossi was just getting into the groove. A brace against Poland put Italy in the final and there he opened the scoring in Italys -1 win over West Germany. That final goal saw him finish top scorer in the entire tournament - when just ten weeks earlier he had been languishing in the ignominy of a ban.

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Bugs

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Due to the competitiveness of today's high school and collegiate athletics, athletes who have the desire to win must work harder during the off-season to stay ahead or even to keep pace with everybody else. This is especially true in baseball. To succeed in the highest level of baseball, the player must dedicate himself to a specific regimen of running, throwing, and strength training during the off-season.

Running is essential to improving a player's speed and cardiovascular endurance. This cardiovascular endurance is specifically crucial to pitchers who should be able to pitch for six to seven innings per game; which usually amounts to 80-0 pitches. "The most important single indicator of overall health is cardiovascular endurance, which is what running develops." (Fixx 6). To keep stress off the throwing shoulder and elbow, the legs have to be strong to handle most of the stress. Major League pitcher Scott Forrester explains the kind of running he did for training. "During spring training, as pitchers we would run 'poles' [sprints of approximately 00-50 ft.] about 10-5 times per practice. This was done just about everyday." (Forrester personal interview). Because baseball requires a high intensity effort for a short period of time, players should run short sprints to improve in explosion of speed. Aerobic exercises that require longer periods of less intense running should be performed to improve muscular endurance and longevity. "To be effective, aerobic work must be a consistent, predictable, and sustained effort. (House 5). A player's running pattern should last throughout the entire off-season.

In addition to a good running regimen, performing a throwing program during the off-season is necessary for a player to build arm strength. Throwing long toss is the best and most efficient way to build arm strength and to prevent injury. "The most common exercise, which is used by most if not all major league pitchers is long toss." (Filer interview). Long toss is basically two players playing catch with one another on flat ground. "Pitchers of all ages should learn and practice their skill in a progression that emphasizes more flat-ground training…" (House 10). They start 60 feet apart, then gradually spread to about 10 feet apart. This specifically strengthens the rotator cuff muscles in the shoulder, as well as increased leg strength. Exercising the throwing arm during the off-season pays great dividends as far as longevity during the season. This should be taken into account by not only a pitcher, but any position player as well because throwing is a fundamental part of the game at any position.

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"A Doll's House"

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"A Doll's House"

"A Doll's House" by Henrik Isben has a very interesting ending because you never see it coming. It ends as Nora walks out the door to begin a new life. Throughout the whole play, Nora seems like she is very happy. She is living a wonderful life with great kids and a loving husband. She is always saying that she would do anything for her husband.

She believes in everything her husband does, and she is sure that if anything happened to her, Torvald would be her savior. Nora is so caught up in her husband she has no clue what the real world holds. She thinks her place is to do anything for her husband, and there is nothing else out there that she is supposed to do. All her life she has been she has been told what to do, first by her father and now her husband. She tells Torvald,"You have never understood me. A great wrong has been done to me, Torvald. First by Papa and then by you" (577A) Then she goes on to say, "It's the truth Torvald. When I lived with Papa, he used to tell me what the thought about everything, so that I never had any opinions but his" (577A). Nora then goes on to say that her father dragged her along as a doll and then passed her right into the hands of Torvald to play with her more.

Nora loves her husband so much, that nothing else matters to her. When her husband gets very ill, Nora took the initiative to safe him. She forged her father's name for a loan to take him to Italy. She has been saving up money and doing odd-end jobs to pay back her loan. When Torvald finds out, he flips out. Nora always thought in the back of her mind that he would take all the blame for her, but this is not what happened. Torvald says, "Nora, I would gladly work for you night and day, and endure sorrow and hardship for your sake. But no man can be excepted to sacrifice his honor, even for the person he loves" (578B).

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When Nora's old friend Christine comes to visit, Nora realizes many things that are wrong in her life. Christine tells Nora how hard life is, and Nora realizes she was never happy when she wasn't working. Christine indirectly tells her that she is still very childish and she needs to grow up. "Nora, Nora, haven't you grown up yet?" (55A). Christine seems to show her that she doesn't know what the real world is like. I think after this Nora realizes she needs to grow up and find out what the world is like outside her husband, her children and the little life she has been living.

After Trovald flips out on her after he finds out about the money Nora borrowed, Nora sits down him for a talk. She tells him that he has never understood her. "No, that's just it. You don't understand me. And I've never understood you'until this evening" (576A). She realizes that Torvald never loved her, and she never loved him. She has been living with a complete stranger, "I realized that for eight years I had been living with a complete stranger, and had borne him three children" (578B). She has been just dragged along as a doll her whole life, and she needs to do for herself and find out what is in the real world. Nora wants to start out new, even if this means that she has to leave her children behind. Torvald cannot believe what his wife is saying and is about to do, "Nora'can I never be anything but a stranger to you" (57B). Nora says, "the miracles of miracles would have to happen" (57B). Nora tells Torvald that Christine will be back tomorrow to get all her stuff, and she wants nothing to do with him anymore. She feels that she cannot live with a complete stranger, and she has to at least try to be something more, "I must stand on my own feet if I am to find out the truth about myself and about life" (577B). Nora needs to do this for herself.

The ending may come as a shock to many readers, but there are a few hints in the play to an ending like this. Nora has a couple recognitions about being treated like a child and doll, and not knowing what it is like to be in the real world. She needs to find out for herself what is out there for her and she wants no one's help only support.

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Aztec Religion

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The creation

The Aztecs, as most highly organized civilizations, needed a religion of their own. They started forming theirs with the following myth At the beginning, Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacihuatl, the only living gods, klived in the World of Darkness where there was only darkness. They used to go for long walks n he dark, where only occasionally they could see the glare of a monster's eyes. Once Tonacacihuatl touched one of these monsters and it became a brilliant point of perfect light. Amazed by this, they started touching the monsters until the sky was full of stars. But they didn't want to be alone anymore. o they went home and created the Four Tezcatlipocas, four brothers with different colours and characteristics

The 4 Tezcatlipocas

TEZCATLIPOCA - Black

God of Night and Sorcery, also known as Smoking Mirror. The most powerful, supreme deity, associated with the notion of destiny. The god of sin and misery. His Nahual (disguise) was that of the Jaguar.

HUITZILOPOCHTLIThe Blue Tezcatlipoca

The God of war and the sun and special guardian of Tenochtitlan. It was Huitzilopochtli who sent the eagle to perch on the cactus to indicate the site of the Mexicas final resting place. His Nahual (disguise) was the hummingbird

QUETZALCOATL The White Tezcatlipoca

The god of civilization and learning, twins and monsters. He discovered corn, and all good aspects of civilization. The Aztec people thought Cortez was an incarnation of Quetzalcoatl returning from the East to retake his lands as told in legend (source). His Nahual was the quetzal bird.

XIPE TOTEC The Red Tezcatlipoca

The god of springtime, regrowth and jewelers. Also known as The Red Mirror. His Nahual was that of the Eagle.

Other important gods

TLALOC the rain god

CHALCHIUHTLICUE The goddess of running Water.

Cult

The Aztec did many things to worship their Gods. They often prayed, punctured their skin in auto-sacrifice. They even sacrificed human lives to their gods

Praying

The above gods, and many more, were praised and revered by the Aztecs as part of

Their everyday activities. Prayer was an integral part of the Aztec culture, and it was usual to pray for anything from health to success at war. Another common prayer was one for life. As odd as that sounds, it was quite logical to the Aztecs. They looked upon general as a sign that their prayers were received. They then continued to pray, with even greater zeal. The most common gods that were prayed

to were Quetzalcoatl and Huitzilopochtli. Also many of the agriculture and less important gods were prayed to.

Blood letting

The Aztecs often pricked themselves in an act of self-sacrifice. This originated from the belief that Quetzalcoatl had sprinkled blood from his penis in order to create humanity for the fifth time. The higher one was in the Aztec society, the more blood he had to give.

Sacrifices

Human sacrifices to the gods were very often in the Aztec Culture, with the most possible estimation being 0,000 victims a year. The most famous specific sacrifice took place in 1487 at the dedication of the main pyramid in Tenochtitlan. Many sources give the number of victims as 80,400. What led the Aztecs to this?

Well, the Gods requested these sacrifices to perform particular tasks, which were very important.

Huitzilopochtli needed food (human hearts) to fight the forces of dark every night and the sun could keep rising every day. He was particularly thirsty for blood. The victims were laid on their backs and held by priests, then a priest would cut open the chest with a flint knife and offer the heart to the god and the the victim was pushed down the steps of the temple.

Xipe needed sacrifices to make the earth fertile. The victim was tied to a pole and arrows were shot at them until they died. The blood pouring from the wounds was like the rain from the sky. Most sacrifices took place in his festivals because the people had more fun there. The most grotesque example is of the god Huehueteotl. Sacrificial victims were drugged and then thrown into a fire at the top of the ceremonial platform. Before the fire killed them, they were dragged out with hooks and their living hearts were pulled out and thrown back into the fire.

Most of the times the Aztecs ate the limps of their victims. This may seem disgusting to us but for them it was a normal thing to do. The elite of the Aztecs and the capturer of the victim ate the bodies. The victims were prisoners of war from other tribes. The commoners were not allowed to eat human flesh. This was an incentive for the Aztecs to fight better and capture enemies, so they could eat them afterwards. Some tribes, which the Aztecs captured, were left to live in relative freedom, so the Aztecs didn't have to kill their own people. People at that time did not breed anything for meat, only a limited number of turkeys. So it was important that the royals had a complete diet, and it was a very strong incentive for the people to conquer other tribes.

The Sacrificial Temples

The emperor thought that a special temple should be built for the sacrifices so, the Aztecs built the Sacrificial Temple. The cities of the Aztec empire always wanted to make their sacrificial temple better than any other cities. They decided not to destroy the old temple, but to build over it! They made temples larger, more extravagant, and more pleasing to the eye with each new layer. In addition, the temples had more steps, more decorations, and a larger sacrificial area. These temples look a lot like the great Egyptian pyramids except they do not have a pointed top. In a rare find, archaeologists found a temple, which was built over six times! Each new temple was more magnificent than the others. Other additions are little figures at the ends of the staircases, which look like dragons. They are called stone serpents heads and there is no clear reason as to why they were placed there. They could have been built for decoration, or, as a greeting for the gods, or, to ward off evil spirits.

The legend of the five suns

The Aztecs believed that from the beginning of time, 5 suns have been created by the gods. $ of them had been destroyed and we are now living in the era of the fifth sun. The table below gives information about the suns

Sun By whom was it created How it was destroyed

First By Tezcatlipoca By Jaguars

Second By Quetzalcoatl Hurricanes

Third By Tlaloc Rain of Fire

Fourth Chalchiuhtlicue Water floods

Fifth All of the gods(Nanahuatzin became the sun)

Not yet destroyed-our current sun. Will be destroyed by earthquakes

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An Era of Theatrical Perfection

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"The Plays The Thing." This quote from William Shakespeare's Hamlet establishes the meaning of life during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I in England. Queen Elizabeth I's reign as queen of England ran from 1558 to 160. This era in England's history is arguably the most productive literary period ever. From books to poems, and eventually drama and theater, this period had it all. However, the most influential aspect of this time would be the theater. The drama and theatrical presentation during the time of Queen Elizabeth I's rule in England included different roots, writers, acting companies, playhouses, and diverse themes and styles for their plays. In this respect, this magnificent era in theater history has been appropriately named after the queen herself Elizabethan Theater.

Elizabethan drama was very diverse in that it encompassed many forms of drama. This drama had many roots, from colleges and universities to plays and acting troupes. First, the schools where plays were read and performed in Latin were crucial as influences to this period. The Inns of Court was one such college that shapes the drama of the period. It was a school for attorneys. Here, the students of this school were exposed to classical learning and the plays of ancient Rome. Ralph Roister Doister, a book by Nicholas Udall, by drawing its content from neoclassicism, helped advance the dramatic construction of the modern play. Another book, Gammer Gurston's Needle also furthered the development of the modern play. Written by a Mr. "S", this book uses the techniques of a Roman comedy to fuse together the subject matter and characters of a play in a medieval farcical manner. Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville united their writing skills to write the book Gorbudoc. Written in 1561, this first English tragedy introduced the concept of blank verse. Another influential man to the period was John Heywood. An early playwright, he introduced the interlude to the English Theater. A further enhancement of the drama was the emergence of a revenge tragedy. The Spanish Tragedy, a book written by Thomas Kyd, was the first revenge drama to be made known. Other, more politically oriented influences include the legalization of acting in the 1570's and the outlawing of religious drama by Elizabeth I. Because of all these influences, the plays of the period had to be dramatically altered and therefore the writers of the period faced the difficult task of writing plays to suit all of these different criteria (Trumbull, "Elizabethan Theatres").

During the Elizabethan period, there emerged many great playwrights, poets, and novelists. More importantly, the writers of the period are very much diverse and distinct from one another. The major Elizabethan playwright of the period was the great Sir William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote everything from tragedies to comedies to historical plays. Besides writing 8 plays within a -year period, Shakespeare was an actor and shareholder in Lord Chamberlain's Company. His most popular plays are Othello, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth (Wild). Because of his importance to this period in history, the writers who came before him are considered to be pre-Shakespearean and those who came after, post-Shakespearean. There were three major pre-Shakespearean writers. The first was John Lyly. He wrote "light, romantic, pastoral comedies" (Wild). He also wrote a very popular play by the name of Endymion. Another pre-Shakespearean playwright was Thomas Kyd. Being deeply influenced by the works of Seneca, Kyd wrote the first revenge tragedy in The Spanish Tragedy (Lee, 105). The third and also leading pre-Shakespearean playwright was Christopher Marlowe. Noted as one of the three major writers of the period, Marlowe is considered the Father of English Tragedy. In his historical tragedies, he introduced the concept of blank verse (Lee, 105). After Shakespeare, the post-Shakespearean playwrights, there were many good writers but none as great as Ben Jonson. Jonson, an actor turned playwright, wrote many masques which were harshly moralistic in scope. He was such a great writer that in 1616, he was made England's poet laureate (Trumbull, "Elizabethan Theatres"). Other, less celebrated contemporaries of the time were Thomas Dekker, George Chapman, Thomas Middleton, Thomas Heywood, and John Marston (Trumbull, "Elizabethan Theatres"). Also during this period, there were many groups that contributed to the writing of plays. The University Wits, an informal group of scholars, were one such group. The playwrights that belonged to this group were Thomas Kyd, Robert Green, Christopher Marlowe, and John Lyly. Besides helping to develop new theatrical conventions, such as elegant prose and complex protagonists, the University Wits made new plays for several acting companies (Trumbull, "Theatre's Transition in Europe"). These acting companies then proceeded to make the plays into a visible reality.

The acting companies during Elizabethan England were so structured and strict that every aspect of the company is fixed and inelastic. From the governmental regulations to the individual members of a company, the acting companies were so tightly controlled that change within them was highly improbable. For starters, the government, in enacting its policies concerning the theater, limited the theater to what it could and could not do. For example, acting wasn't considered an occupation so, under the Tudor Poor Law of 157, actors needed a license to act (Cassady, 6). Other laws limited the number of acting troupes and troupes could only be licensed to members of the royal family (Trumbull, "Theatre's Transition in Europe"). The structures of the companies were also very strict. Economically speaking, a company was democratic and it had three members of economic investment shareholders, householders, and hirelings. Shareholders were those who had an economic interest in the company and shared the profits and losses of the company. Householders were those who had economic interests in the theater and shared the profits and losses of the theaters. Hirelings were actors who were hired for a single performance by a company. Within the company, there were also important, individual roles. For instance, each company had a specific playwright. The gatherer in the company was the most trusted member of the company who collected the penny admission from the audience as they entered (Wild). Because of the many restrictions on these companies, there were few major notable companies. The two most important are the King's Men and Earl of Leicester's Men. The King's Men, also known as Lord Chamberlain's Men, was the leading English acting company. Its leading actor was Richard Burbage and its resident playwright was William Shakespeare. The patron of the company was King James I and they performed in the Globe Theater (Wild). The Earl of Leicester's Men was the first important troupe. Licensed in 1574, this troupe was headed by James Burbage and performed their plays in the Theater (Trumbull, "Theatre's Transition in Europe"). In general, companies had little in common but there were some aspects and events that were accepted or affected the companies. First and foremost, no women were allowed to act. Also, the companies had extremely large repertoires so that they played a different bill each day. Finally, the companies usually consisted of 10-0 men and -5 boy apprentices (Cassady, 8). With the vast number of acting companies at the time, there was a necessity for the creation of stages for them to perform in. These stages, also known as playhouses, came in abundant and ample amounts.

Help with essay on An Era of Theatrical Perfection The playhouses during Elizabethan England all had very similar designs although there were two different types of playhouses. In general, a playhouse was either considered public or private. A public playhouse was an outdoor, open-air theater. It usually varied in size and shape and it was open to all those who wanted to go. It was much cheaper than a private playhouse and they were much more common than the private playhouses as well. A private playhouse, being smaller than a public playhouse, was an indoor, roofed theater. Here, the cost to attend a play was more and during the winter months most plays were performed in these types of playhouses. Regardless of whether the playhouse was a private or a public one, the theater setup was always the same. First, there is the pit. The pit is a courtyard or yard where the groundlings, or penny stinkers, stood to watch the performance. The name penny stinker is derived from that fact that they paid a penny to get in and that they usually stunk because showers were not done daily back then. Then there were the galleries. There were usually three galleries, in the case of the public theaters they were roofed, that were obviously more costly because of the better seating. Moreover, there appeared to be some private galleries for the people of nobility and of the upper classes (Lee, 104). Also, there was a musician's gallery. The musician's gallery was located below the hut and either on the first or third level. The stage itself also had many components. For starters, there was the forestage. This area of the stage jutted out into the central of the pit and here is where most of the action took place. Behind the forestage was a smaller area known as the inner below. This is the curtained discovery area just to the rear of the forestage through which actors generally entered the stage. Above the inner below is the inner above. As is stated in the name, this area is above the inner below, on the second level. It too is a curtained discovery area. Another area behind the forestage is the tiring house. This house was also located at the rear of the stage and it is here where actors would wait and change. Also, there were two doors leading into the tiring house and these were frequently used to represent different locations. Above the tiring house was the hut. Within the hut there was located heavy machinery and equipment. Even further above the hut, and capping of the top of the stage, was a flag. This flag was a certain color and that color pertained to the type or form of play that was going to be performed that day. Finally, as in anything, there has to be an element of religious intervention. For the stage, it is found in two areas heaven and the hell. The heaven was the roof over the forestage from which flying was common. The hell, on the other hand, was the area under the stage where that was used early on as an echo chamber for off-stage voices and spirits (Wild). Although these theaters were very similar in style, there were still many playhouses that had distinguishable characteristics. The first professional English theater of the period was the Theater. Opened in 1576 by James Burbage, it was an open-air amphitheater built outside of London. This theater was dismantled in 1587 and rebuilt in another location in 15 and it then became the Globe. Obviously, this theater was an open-air amphitheater and James Burbage built it as well. In 161, it was burned down and it was rebuilt in 1614. Eventually, it was closed in 164. Another prominent playhouse was Blackfriars. This was the first theater to open as an indoor, private playhouse. Formerly, this building was a monastery but it was converted. It was closed in 1584 and reopened and renamed Blackfriars in 156. Unlike the previous Blackfriars, James Burbage opened this theater and the King's Men used it as a winter performance area (Wild). Other leading playhouses included Newington Butts, Rose, Swan, Curtain, Fortune, Hope, Paul's, and Cockpit theaters (Holman). However, even with the success of the playhouse, there were many obstacles to be hurdled. The merchant class, being the fastest growing populace mostly made of Puritans, did everything they could to prevent the plays. Also, till 1608, the theaters were not allowed inside the city of London, making it a bit more difficult for the playhouses to attract an audience. The final breath of the playhouse occurred in 164 when an act of Parliament ordered the closing of all theaters (Trumbull, "Theatre's Transition in Europe). Despite these difficulties, playhouses were prosperous and the playwrights of the period were forced to write many plays in order to keep them prospering. As a result of the abundant number of plays, there was an extensive field of theme ideas and style propositions that defined the Elizabethan Theater.

Within every play ever written, there is a theme and a style to be understood. In Elizabethan England, although the themes and styles were many, there can be found some similarities amongst them. Thematically speaking, the themes of the plays varied widely from comedies to tragedies. However, in spite of this difference in theme, there only existed four categories of plays historical tragedies, comedies, tragedies, and revenge plays (Wild). The styles of the plays, just like the themes, were also very simple and to the point. First of all, there were no scenery changes. This then led to the need for small and simple props and set pieces. Also, the playwrights faced difficulties because they had to have their characters reveal the time and place of any scene through the dialogue of the play. When dealing with the costumes, this period showed great importance for them. Theatrical costumes were not only necessary, but they were extremely expensive. They were necessary because it was the current fashion and because the dress of the actors would be seen on stage, in broad daylight, by the entire audience. This quote from a book helps to illustrate the significance of these costumes

"Garments of silk and satin and velvet, trimmed with gold and silver lace, spangled with gold or faced with ermine, cut and slashed with all the fantasy of Elizabethan tailoring, were the ordinary wear of the Elizabethan actor." (Smith, 144)

Something else that should be understood is that insensitive to the time period of the play, the dress was predominantly Elizabethan. The only time where there would be distinctive dress would have been to mark the difference between two groups in the same play (Smith, 144-145). Regarding the acting style, there appear to be two differing views. The more formal view of the acting style argues that males did female roles, there were non-realistic scripts, conventionalized stage sets, and a large number of plays. The more realistic view of the acting style reasons that there were contemporary references, convincing characterizations, an emphasis on contemporary life and manners in comedies, truthfulness of human psychology, and the closeness of the audience to the performers. In either case, vocal quality and flexibility were required because of the openness of the stage and the activity and noise of the pit (Trumbull, "Theatre's Transition in Europe").

Elizabethan theater is one of the most recognized periods of the history of England and of theater history itself. As you have read, all of the conventions of this period have not only carried on the legacy of the previous periods of theater history but they have also incorporated innovations that have been further evolved for today's theatrical presentations. This quote from the character John Milton in the movie The Devil's Advocate thoroughly explains what theater during this period has done for theater today "I only set the stage. You pull your own strings."

Because of this magnificent period in theater history, the actors and playwright of today have been able to pull their own strings and further enhance theater as we know it.

Cassady, Marsh. The Theatre And You A Beginning. Ed. Theodore O. Zapel. Colorado Springs Meriwether, 1. 6-8.

Lee, Robert L. Everything about Theatre! The guidebook of theatre fundamentals. Ed. Theodore O. Zapel. Colorado Springs Meriwether, 16. 10-106.

Miller-Schütz, Chantal. "Early Modern Playhouses in London". Shakespeare's Globe Research Database. Ed. Lyn Holman. April. 000. http//www.rdg.ac.uk/globe/oldglobe/Playhouses.htm

Smith, Irwin. Shakespeare's Globe Playhouse. New York Charles Scribner's Sons, 156. 144-145.

Trumbull, Eric. Elizabethan Theatres. 1 June. 000. Northern Virginia Community College http//novaonline.nv.cc.va.us/eli/spd10et/elizab.htm

---. Theatre's Transition in Europe. 1 June. 000. Northern Virginia Community College http//novaonline.nv.cc.va.us/eli/spd10et/medieliz.htm#ttr

Wild, Larry. Elizabethan Theatre. 6 Nov. 17. Northern State University. 17 http//lupus.northern.edu0/wild/th100/eliz.htm

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