Monday, July 12, 2021

GATTACA

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I don't remember the exact date it was, but about two weeks ago, SPSU held a blood drive in the student center. Seeing how I had never given blood before, I was apprehensive to step into the auditorium to check out the scene…but I did, and 40 minutes later, due to my small veins, I had filled a one pint bag with my blood. As I enjoyed my juice and cookies afterwards, I was proud of the fact that my blood could be used to help save a life! Even more satisfying was the fact that my blood, being O Positive, could help anyone, no matter the race, creed, gender, religion, or any other number of factors that differentiates me from another human being.


However, if I had been living in the world of Gattaca, this blood may have been used for a very different reason. My blood could have been used to determine whether I would have been smart enough to get into college and write this paper in the first place. Set in the near future, GATTACA depicts a society which has placed all of its faith in the sequence of the bases, G, A, T and C, (hence the movies title) found in DNA. Seconds after a baby is pulled from the womb, a cold metal probe latches on to his heel and sucks out a blood sample. The sample is fed into a genetic analyzer that promptly spews out a genetic report card, detailing the childs predisposition for such ailments as manic depression, alcoholism and attention deficit disorder, in addition to his life expectancy and cause of death. Parents who want the best for their child see to it that, shortly after conception, the developing embryo is genetically screened and any undesirable physical characteristics or health problems are obliterated with genetic technology.


Now naturally, all of us would be beyond ecstatic to know that our child will never have to suffer from the nausea of chemotherapy after being diagnosed with a terminal cancer, or even that he/she would not have to be admitted to the Betty Ford Clinic for alcoholism, but in addition to having these futuristic creature comforts, you would be putting your child at risk for a life of discrimination. Citizens of GATTACA have come to believe that the information in an individuals DNA solely determines his identity, social worth and potential. Those with the good, healthy genes get the prestigious, intellectual jobs. Those with the bad, diseased genes are not allowed to pursue careers for which they are deemed genetically unfit. The hero, an aspiring astronaut with sub-par DNA, laments that at GATTACA they have discrimination down to a science.


Let's get back to reality for a bit. Today, we know that scientific research is headed in the direction of genetic modification, but not to the extent of GATTACA. In less than a decade, we may be able to know the purpose of each of our genes and we want to use that information in a positive way to advance in the study of man. There is on-going research, on somatic cells in humans and germ cells in mice, that one day may allow scientists to eradicate inheritable disease to everybody's benefit. Hopefully, in the land non-Gattaca, there will be no need for the terms "valid" and "invalid" as demonstrated in the movie. Surely, research of how to improve our genetic material in the "natural" way set forth in GATTACA aims to improve our health, not to segregate society into genetic winners and losers.


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In closing, there are two quotes that struck me as particularly interesting in the movie. The first quote, "Consider God's handiwork; who can straighten what He hath made crooked" comes at the very beginning of the movie. It's really quite interesting because when you bring the notion of religion into scientific conversation, one may argue that God is the One who allowed us to make as much progress as we have in science. He is the one who "gave" us the thought to change man's genetic material in this very manner. It's no wonder that so often, science clashes with religion. People would constantly say, "God gave us the abilities to do these things, so full force ahead!" The second quote was said, by Vincent, in the middle of the movie. "There is no gene for fate." This was a profound quote because amidst everything in the movie that was so streamlined and definite and exact, one cannot predict the outcome of every possible scenario that may or may not occur in life.


While the way we live today is very different than the way the characters of GATTACA live, there is one at least one similarity that is seems to fit appropriately with this Science, Technology, & Society class. Science dictates society and society dictates science. The happy medium between the two is technology. All three are ever-changing, and we cannot live in any world without thinking how Science, Technology, & Society impacts each one of us.


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Questions on Economics

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Question 1 How would a 10% general appreciation of the $A be likely to affect


¡¤ The cost of your overseas trip to Bali?


The cost of my overseas trip to Bali would be cheaper. For example, before $A appreciation, $1AUS could buy $470 Rupiah for our use in Bali. And now the value of $A increase, that means $1AUS could buy about $5000 Rupiah even more. So the $A appreciation is good for travelling for us, it's beneficial for us.


¡¤ The Volume of Australian wool exports sold to Japan?


Because the $A appreciate, the volume of Australian wool exports would decrease. When $A appreciate against other countries, the general price of goods or services will be expensive for those countries. Then countries we traded before will be looking for another country with a cheaper price of goods and services that same to our productions.


¡¤ Education fees for overseas students studying in Australia?


The appreciation of the $A will cause the fewer overseas students studying in Australia because the education fees become dearer for them. The $A appreciate, overseas students should use more their currencies to buy the $A. So it will cost them a lot, and most of them will think about studying in Australia later.


¡¤ The balance on goods and services and CAD for Australia?


The Appreciation of the $A will lead the balance on goods and services and CAD being more deficit for Australia. During the time, the exports would decrease because our goods and services are relative dearer to overseas, and the imports would increase for Australia. So the debts of Australia are much more than credits. The current account deficit for Australia will grows up.


Question How would a 10% general depreciation of the $A be likely to affect


¡¤ The cost of imported CDs?


The depreciation of the $A means that one $A could buy less foreign currency comparing the exchange price before. And it also means the overseas goods and services become expensive to us. So when we purchase CDs from overseas, it will cost us more. We could say the cost of imported CDs increase.


¡¤ Australia's inflation rate?


The Australia's inflation rate would increase by the depreciation of the $A. Because when the $A depreciate, the imports goods and services are relative expensive for Australia. Then the cost of consumers' purchasing on imported goods and services would also expensive. The general price increasing cause the inflation rate rises and lowers the purchasing power of our incomes.


¡¤ The cost of paying interest abroad on Australia's overseas debt?


The cost of paying interest abroad will dearer for Australia. We pay the overseas debt by the overseas currencies. The $A depreciate cause the value of the $A decrease, and we should use more $A to buy a currency dollar than that before. So it's not good for Australia to pay the interest on debt when $A depreciated.


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Friday, July 9, 2021

Management

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• Identifying practices and incentives in our organizational cultures that promote knowledge hoarding.


• Working with senior management, line management, and human resources to develop an organizational culture that rewards the sharing of knowledge and frowns on the hoarding of it. In some instances, this involves new incentive systems. Some organizations offer tangible rewards for contributing to their knowledge bases, like Texas Instruments. Others expect contributions as a part of the job, such as the Big Four consulting firms and Buckman Laboratories, which base a significant percentage of an employees annual review on these contributions.


• Balancing expertise. Rather than allow a single person to become the sole expert in a subject, organizations can provide means of balancing expertise. In some instances, this involves cross-training others in the experts job. Training and performance improvement professionals have helped organizations cross-train employees for many years.. In other instances, this involves working with experts to increase their comfort in sharing knowledge and extending their expertise to other areas. As with cross-training, training and performance professionals have a long history of helping individual performers with specific learning challenges.


• Providing tools to capture experts knowledge. In some cases, these tools are templates that guide experts through the process of sharing information. Templates are forms of sorts that guide users through the process of providing information. They promote knowledge-sharing by structuring and simplifying the activity. Many people dont share knowledge because they dont know what to share or how. In other cases, more complex tools are needed to foster knowledge sharing.


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Thursday, July 8, 2021

Self managed work teams

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Self-Managed Work Teams


Self-managed work teams are groups of employee who are responsible for a complete set of tasks and duties which are related to the production of a final product or an on going process.


Self-managed work teams are the wave of the future, It is estimated that "Self-managed teams have been credited with hundreds of millions of dollars, achieving conceptual breakthroughs and introducing unparalleled number of new products" (Elmuti, 17).These teams are formed through interviews and research of all available employees in order to chose the best possible combination of skills. Yandrick (001), Self-managed work teams can be characterized by features such as multiple skills, common purpose, interdependence, authority and accountability. The better a team is fitted with the right skills and elements the greater the results and benefits received by the department or the company as a whole. Self managed work teams should have a clear and identifiable goal, and success measurement in order to achieve the outcome desired by management and succeed at the goal prescribed. Attaran and Nguyen (1) concluded that self-managed work teams are usually more productive and aggressive in their approach to problem solving. Also, when compared to typical hierarchical management, self-managed teams were found to exhibit more enthusiasm, camaraderie and shared responsibility instead of backbiting and protecting information. In addition, whereby self-managed work teams have flexible tasks, multi-skilled, with interchangeable roles and a cohesive work effort, traditional management rigid tasks and specialized skills, fixed roles and divided work efforts.


According to Attaran and Nguyen (1), team members should have a variety of skills and experiences and are encouraged to develop new ones to increase their knowledge and their value to the team. Teams permit performance and learning at the same time. There is no better way to become a learning organization than to have a team based structure which strives on people learning from each others. Also, self-managed work teams are expected to "lead to improved working conditions, greater opportunities for expression, self-development for participating employees…, to increase productivity, increase market share, improve pricing, and cost reduction" (Elmuti 17). Work teams represent a unique set of individuals with different knowledge, skills and


Self-Managed Work Teams


attributes. It is like a football team where you have many players with different skills that all have to come together to form a viable team that can compete. It is very important that differences be taken into account when dividing up tasks among members. Although each member of a self-managed team has a unique goal and a team goal, each member has to find a way to achieve his or her individual goal while still attaining the team goal (Attaran & Nguyen, 1).


Even though many companies achieved great results using self-managed work teams, there are significant challenges associated with the implementation of self-managed teams. Duhaime and Renn (18), self-managed work teams achieving the highest degrees of success received a great deal of training prior to implementation. Training can be expensive and will divert employees from their daily responsibilities which will add to the total costs. Self-managed teams are not a quick fix to an organization problems. It is a long costly process and an on-going learning process for all the employees which can create a lot of problems because many employees are not comfortable learning and updating their skills constantly. In addition, management could be threatened by their loss of power to work teams and could resist change. And, not all workers are comfortable working in groups and under scrutiny of peers and it is hard sometimes to limit free-riders because of the variety of skills and the self managed nature of the teams.


Self-managed work teams are the wave of the future and a must for any company or organization aiming to succeed in the business world. Self-managed teams, although are costly to implement and takes a long time before the company reaps its rewards, are without a doubt a highly productive management tools.


Self-Managed Work Teams 4


References


Attaran, M., & Nguyen, T. T. (1, July/August). Self-managed work teams. Industrial Management, 41(4), 4. Retrieved October 1, 00.


Duhaim, I., & Renn, R. (18). Book reviews. Academy of management review, p.816, 4p.Retrieved November , 00.


Elmuti, Dean (17). Self-managed work team approach Creative management tool or a fad. Management Decision, p., 7p. Retrieved November , 00.


Yandrick, Rudy (001). A team effort. HR magazine, p. 16, 6p. Retrieved November , 00.


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Tuesday, July 6, 2021

DEFINITION OF CULTURE AND ITS IMPACT TOWARDS ACCOUNTING

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Many researchers have suggested that culture have been important factor that affect the development of accounting systems in international accounting. Bloom and Naciri (18, page 7) defined culture as the total pattern of human behaviour and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts and dependent upon man's capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations through the use of tools, language and systems of abstract thought¡±


They used this definition based on the Websters Third New International Dictionary Unabridged (161). While Belkaoui (14) said that culture plays an important role in the organization of everyday understanding in accounting and implies that accounting knowledge is organized in a culturally standardized format which tells individuals how to react to a particular accounting phenomenon.


Cultures changes in different country have been proven when it is applied in accounting environment. This can be seen clearly in two different countries. According to Pourjalali and Meek (15), they explore the change in cultural values in Iran and found out four changes in cultural variables, which were lower individualism, large power distance, stronger uncertainty avoidance and higher masculinity. While in Spanish case, Blake have found out that the results are quite different from Iran case, which were higher individualism, small power distance and weaker uncertainty avoidance. These results might cause by the move from dictatorship to democracy in Spain. It shows that Spain and Iran have two different cultures that give impact on the accounting environment of respective country.


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As we know, each country has different kind of culture, which makes them to use different kind of accounting systems. That is why we are having problem in differentiating financial statements in those countries. In order to overcome this problem, each country has to use standardized or universal accounting systems. However, this can't be happening because culture have been identified as the most important factors in influencing accounting systems and the process of accounting changes. This is proven in the two case studies that are stated above.


Amat, O., Blake, J., Wraith, P. & Oliveras, E. Dimensions of national culture and the accounting environment ¨C the Spanish case. Journal of Economic Literature.


Verma, S. & Gray, S. The impact of culture on Accounting Development and Change An Exploratory Model.


Verma, S. Culture and Politics in International Accounting An Exploratory Model.


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ACCEPTANCE

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Homosexuality in our society today has become more openly widespread than ever, yet many still view it as something new and strange. Shakespeare wrote of cross-dressing in the Twelfth Night and the famous poet Walt Whitman was a homosexual. So, why does society put an emphasis on homosexuality as being "dirty" or "evil"? Two men or two women should be allowed to join in matrimony and adopt children in more than two states.


Racism and prejudice are synonymous words yet, one would think that to be racist is worse than being prejudice. If one admits that one is a racist society condemns he or she; however, a fear or dislike of homosexuals seems to break a common ground for most heterosexuals in our society. That fear or dislike of a person could be aptly defined as a type of prejudice. Bruce Bawer explains, "In a world of prejudice, there is no other prejudice quite like it. Mainstream writers, politicians and cultural leaders who hate Jews or blacks or Asians but who have long since accepted the unwritten rules that forbid public expression of those prejudices still denounce gays with impunity" (61).


There are many reasons people have as to why same sex couples should not wed. For some it is a deep personal and private reason and for others it is the fear of being exposed to something that is different. Two of the more prominent and maybe more discussed reasons are Aids and child abuse. Lets take each of these reasons and briefly discuss how they affect a persons emotions, alters his or her judgment, and how not to let these reasons weigh so heavily on a person's feelings and perceptions of others.


Child abuse is a very common problem. Many children are abused in some form whether it is physical, verbal, or emotional neglect chances are you may have been or known of a child that has been abused. Sexual assault of children (mainly boys) is a concern for many when considering the problems of same sex families. In a study done of a 175 incarcerated Massachusetts men who were imprisoned for the sexual assault of children, none of the prisoners had relations exclusively with men. Forty percent were involved in heterosexual relationships. It could be concluded from this information that pedophiles are in a class to themselves; they are not limited to homosexual men. Pedophiles are more likely men who are not comfortable with their sexuality. Men who are comfortable enough with their sexuality to marry other men are more likely men who identify well with who they are sexually and therefore not as probable to abuse the children they care for (Graff 16). Victims and abusers come in many races and social classes; they are not limited to homosexual men.


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The number of people in our population who have tested positive for HIV and Aids is sadly climbing. In the early and mid 0's homosexual men accounted for at least 45% of people who tested positive for HIV, so it is not unlikely that people should think that children in the care of homosexual men might contract the virus. Aids cases among heterosexual men are increasingly rising over the numbers of cases of homosexual and bisexual men (Hopkins and Johnston 18). There are many children who are still in the care of their HIV positive heterosexual parents. Many children are also abused by their heterosexual parents and there are also spouses in heterosexual marriages that are being abused by their significant other whose children are forced to watch.


You can point, stare, criticize, analyze and even make it illegal, but ultimately two people who love each other will be together and there is nothing you can do. Aids and child abuse are both horrible things that heterosexual are exposed to and commit yet no one does anything about it. Some heterosexuals have Aids and some commit child abuse but people don't scrutinize heterosexual relationships as they do homosexual relationships. They do this probably because a homosexual relationship isn't the norm but what is normal? Two people who love each other and want to raise a child together are not normal. That is the conclusion to make from all the anti-homosexual opinions. Sexual orientation should not matter when children who need loving and caring families are considered and it definitely not be considered when two consenting adult want to make a formal commitment to one another.



References


Bawer, Bruce. "Homosexuality Is Normal." Sexual Values Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. David


Bender, Bruno Leone, and Charles P. Cozic. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 15. 61.


Graff, E.J. What is Marriage For? Boston Beacon Press, 1.


Hopkins, Kevin R., and Johnston, William B. "AIDS Is a Serious Problem for Heterosexuals"


AIDS Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. David L. Bender, Bruno Leone, and Karen L. Swisher.


San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1. 18.


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Monday, July 5, 2021

Gunman

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My first thought to this article was what in the world was this male or female's motive to


do such a thing? I thought these kind shootings were over with; I thought wrong. It is very sad


and discouraging that you can't be in front of your house talking with a friend and having to


worry about someone passing by and is looking for someone just to shoot. You got to be one sick


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person to do such a thing. The article did not say if it was gang related or if it did have a motive.


Maybe it did, but if it did it would of probably stated that in the paper. A neighbor also said that


it was not the first time that has ever happened. I would be in my house all the time if I lived in


that neighborhood. I would be really cautious and aware what's going on around me. But it is


really hard to say that because your not really aware of bad thing happening like this in your life


because you have better things to worry about like supporting your family and doing your own


thing.


Living in a bad part of town has the most likely possibility to get crimes. It's sad that some


people have no choice but to live in those types of neighborhood because of financial situations.


But what is there to do? More police? I don't think it would stop much. Someone can still go out


and do some violent crimes and have the chance to get away. It takes like 5 minutes sometimes for


police to get to the scene and catch the criminal. But by the time the police are there, the criminals


are gone.Crimes are going to keep on happening whether we like it or not. And we just have to


watch out for it because we really cant take it into our own hands unless your one real pissed off


person. These people that like to live off crimes and gang bang are worth less to our human


existence. We should have harsher punishment for violent crimes and maybe that will lower some


crime rate


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